ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Tauseef Aized Energy Technology and Management Edited by Tauseef Aized Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Sideways Design, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Energy Technology and Management, Edited by Tauseef Aized p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-742-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Energy Technology 1 Chapter 1 Centralizing the Power Saving Mode for 802.11 Infrastructure Networks 3 Yi Xie, Xiapu Luo and Rocky K. C. Chang Chapter 2 A Study on Design of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Tubes as Energy Absorption Element in Vehicles 25 Yuqiu Yang and Hiroyuki Hamada Chapter 3 Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration with Distributed Generation in Three-Phase Distribution System by Fuzzy Multiobjective and Tabu Search 59 Nattachote Rugthaicharoencheep and Somporn Sirisumranukul Chapter 4 Energy Managements in the Chemical and Biochemical World, as It may be Understood from the Systems Chemistry Point of View 79 Zoltán Mucsi, Péter Ábrányi Balogh, Béla Viskolcz and Imre G. Csizmadia Chapter 5 Energy Planning for Distributed Generation Energy System: The Optimization Work 111 Behdad Kiani Chapter 6 Network Reconfiguration for Distribution System with Micro-Grid 125 Yu Xiaodan, Chen Huanfei, Liu Zhao and Jia Hongjie Chapter 7 A Camera-Based Energy Management of Computer Displays and TV Sets 137 Vasily G. Moshnyaga VI Contents Chapter 8 Enhancement of Power System State Estimation 157 Bei Gou and Weibiao Wu Chapter 9 Smart Home Services for a Smart Grid 171 Young-Myoung Kim and Young-Woo Lee Part 2 Energy Management 185 Chapter 10 Management Crisis in Partial Deregulation of Energy Sector and Modeling the Technical and Economic Results of Organizational Management Structure 187 Joseph Yakubu Oricha Chapter 11 Methodology Development for a Comprehensive and Cost-Effective Energy Management in Public Administrations 201 Capobianchi Simona, Andreassi Luca, Introna Vito, Martini Fabrizio and Ubertini Stefano Preface Energy is one of the most important issue of modern civilization. All material developments are strongly linked with energy availability and efficient utilization. Unfortunately, energy resources are not unlimited, especially conventional energy resources are depleting at an enormous pace. Hence, efficient utilization of available resources and development of new energy resources are extremely important in order to maintain material development of human civilization. Energy management, saving and efficient utilization are important in the backdrop of current energy shortfalls. Additionally, energy studies have a wider scope than merely concentrating on technological issues of energy resource development and also include energy policy and planning issues. This book is compiled to address both technology and policy issues and presents a collection of articles from experts belonging to different parts of the world. The articles range from policy to technological issues of energy development and efficient utilization. In order to comprehend this book, some background of energy related issues is required. Students, researchers, academics, policy makers and practitioners may get benefit from this book. Prof. Tauseef Aized University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore Pakistan [...]... case of [1; 2] achieves the best performance It is worth noting that 1 γ2 is closest to 1 for Γ = [1; 2] We have observed similar results for the other three inter-frame δ2 arrival time distributions 10 8 Energy Technology and Management Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Γ [1; 1] [1; 2] [2; 1] [2; 2] Rc/t 1. 54% 1. 04% 1. 07% 1. 25% Ru/w 11 . 51% 4.97% 12 .24% 1. 67% RbB/B,2 81. 37% 42.32% 46.79% 49 .16 % P(W) 0. 610 9 0.5487.. .Part 1 Energy Technology 0 1 Centralizing the Power Saving Mode for 802 .11 Infrastructure Networks Yi Xie1 , Xiapu Luo2 and Rocky K C Chang2 2 Department 1 Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1 China 2 Hong Kong, SAR China 1 Introduction With the rapid development of wireless networks, efficient energy management for wireless... suffering from channel contention) According to the DCF and Table 1, bmin is around 1. 13ms when c = 2 and Δ = [15 ; 25]ms (i.e., ρ ≈ 12 % < 30%) Impact of BI We investigate the impact of β when it changes from 10 ms to 200ms with the default PSM settings: Γ = [1; 1] and Θ = [ 31; 31] As shown in Figure 2(a), P is high when β is too small, because much energy is wasted on clients’ frequent wake-ups When β... to 20 11 Mbps 2 Mbps 512 bytes 28 bytes 14 bytes 14 bytes 1. 4 W 0.9 W 0.7 W 0.060 W 0.003 J 20μs 10 μs 50μs Table 1 Simulation parameters used in this chapter 4 Rc/t : Nc , where Nt is the total number of transmission attempts by AP and all clients, and Nt Nc is the total number of collided frames by AP and all clients Nu 5 Ru/w : Nw , where Nw is the total number of wake-ups by all clients, and Nu... clients s j , j = 1, , c, which run on IEEE 802 .11 b with a transmission rate of 11 Mps We have chosen IEEE 802 .11 b over Centralizing the Power Saving ModeNetworks Centralizing the Power Saving Mode for 802 .11 Infrastructure for 802 .11 Infrastructure Networks 7 5 IEEE 802 .11 a/g for its less complex protocols Moreover, IEEE 802 .11 a/g’s rate adaptation algorithms will make the analysis much more difficult The... MATLAB-based IEEE802 .11 simulators, such as for IEEE802 .11 a (MATLAB Central, 2003) and the PHY layer of IEEE802 .11 b (MATLAB Central, 2009) Our simulator implements the details of the IEEE 802 .11 b DCF with PSM, including the PS-Poll, beacon frames (with TIM), backoff algorithm, and congestion window But we have excluded other nonessential elements (e.g., authentication and (de)association) and the RTS/CTS... T/P (10 5 bpJ) 7 .15 78 7.9674 7.2 316 5.8260 d1 (ms) 37.4 29.8 81. 0 12 5.4 d2 (ms) 32.3 60.0 28.0 61. 3 Table 2 Simulation results for different Γs under EXP inter-frame arrival distribution for c = 2, β = 50ms, and Δ = [15 ; 25]ms 5 Centralized PSM 5 .1 The main algorithm This section presents the centralized PSM (C-PSM) scheme that allows the AP to determine and deploy optimal PSM settings for itself and. .. include Δ, β min , β , and Θ β min is a lower bound of β∗ , and ∗ ∗ β and Θ are the step sizes for searching β and Θ , respectively The algorithm executes the ∗ , Γ∗ , and Θ∗ following steps to yield β Step 1 (Determining the candidates of β∗ and Γ∗ ) The purpose of this step is to obtain a number of β∗ and Γ∗ candidates for the second step We first consider a Γ∗ candidate: [ L1 ; ; Lc ] Let L j... Power Saving Mode for 802 .11 Infrastructure for 802 .11 Infrastructure Networks 5 3 The rest of this chapter is organized as following In section 2, we summarize previous energy- saving schemes for IEEE802 .11 infrastructure networks The system models and a PSM simulator are described in section 3 We motivate C-PSM by discussing the impacts of BI and LIs on energy efficiency and other performance metrics... candidate β i , we consider three Γ∗ candidates: ∀j β 1 Γi ,1 = [ L1 /β i ; · · · ; Lc /β i ], 2 Γi,2 = [ L1 /β i ; · · · ; Lc /β i ], where x gives the round-off value of a real number x, and 3 Γi,3 = [ L1 /β i ; · · · ; Lc /β i ] Step 2 (Determining β∗ and Γ∗ ) The purpose of this step is to obtain the best β∗ and Γ∗ from a set of candidates identified in Step 1 The criterion is based on minimizing . R T/P (10 5 bpJ) d 1 (ms) d 2 (ms) [1; 1] 1. 54% 11 . 51% 81. 37% 0. 610 9 7 .15 78 37.4 32.3 [1; 2] 1. 04% 4.97% 42.32% 0.5487 7.9674 29.8 60.0 [2; 1] 1. 07% 12 .24% 46.79% 0.6032 7.2 316 81. 0 28.0 [2; 2] 1. 25%. transmission rate of 11 Mps. We have chosen IEEE 802 .11 b over 6 Energy Technology and Management Centralizing the Power Saving Mode for 802 .11 Infrastructure Networks 5 IEEE 802 .11 a/g for its less. Estimation 15 7 Bei Gou and Weibiao Wu Chapter 9 Smart Home Services for a Smart Grid 17 1 Young-Myoung Kim and Young-Woo Lee Part 2 Energy Management 18 5 Chapter 10 Management Crisis in Partial