LASERS – APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY Edited by Krzysztof Jakubczak Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Edited by Krzysztof Jakubczak Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry, Edited by Krzysztof Jakubczak p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-755-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Thin Films and Nanostructures 1 Chapter 1 Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Fabricated Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 3 Chih Wei Luo Chapter 2 Production of Optical Coatings Resistant to Damage by Petawatt Class Laser Pulses 23 John Bellum, Patrick Rambo, Jens Schwarz, Ian Smith, Mark Kimmel, Damon Kletecka and Briggs Atherton Chapter 3 Effect of Pulse Laser Duration and Shape on PLD Thin Films Morphology and Structure 53 Carmen Ristoscu and Ion N. Mihailescu Chapter 4 Laser Pulse Patterning on Phase Change Thin Films 75 Jingsong Wei and Mufei Xiao Chapter 5 Laser Patterning Utilizing Masked Buffer Layer 93 Ori Stein and Micha Asscher Part 2 Laser-Matter Interaction 107 Chapter 6 Interaction Between Pulsed Laser and Materials 109 Jinghua Han and Yaguo Li Chapter 7 Pulse Laser Ablation by Reflection of Laser Pulse at Interface of Transparent Materials 131 Kunihito Nagayama, Yuji Utsunomiya, Takashi Kajiwara and Takashi Nishiyama Chapter 8 Pulsed-Laser Ablation of Au Foil in Primary Alcohols Influenced by Direct Current 151 Karolína Šišková VI Contents Chapter 9 Application of Pulsed Laser Fabrication in Localized Corrosion Research 173 M. Sakairi, K. Yanada, T. Kikuchi, Y. Oya and Y. Kojima Part 3 Biological Applications 191 Chapter 10 Laser Pulse Application in IVF 193 Carrie Bedient, Pallavi Khanna and Nina Desai Chapter 11 Dynamic Analysis of Laser Ablation of Biological Tissue by Optical Coherence Tomography 215 Masato Ohmi and Masamitsu Haruna Chapter 12 Polarization Detection of Molecular Alignment Using Femtosecond Laser Pulse 229 Nan Xu, Jianwei Li, Jian Li, Zhixin Zhang and Qiming Fan Part 4 Other Applications 247 Chapter 13 Deconvolution of Long-Pulse Lidar Profiles 249 Ljuan L. Gurdev, Tanja N. Dreischuh and Dimitar V. Stoyanov Preface Recent advents in laser technology and discoveries in laser physics have enabled their very new and exciting applications. Some of them cover production of new materials: nano-particles, periodic structures in nano-scale, and thin films. Others allowed better understanding of laser-matter interaction when sample is subjected to intense laser pulses of various time duration, shape in space and time domains as well as different spectral components contained in a pulse. This allowed control of molecules behavior in electromagnetic field, control of chemical reactions or even direct examination of intra-atomic processes with femtosecond or even attosecond resolution. Lasers are also a perfect tool for medicine: since there is no contact of a tool with the tissue they are naturally aseptic; there is now tool wear and potential bio- contamination is minimized leading to minimum after-treatment trauma. Their development allowed appearing of new metrology: optical coherence tomography (OCT) which is now a routinely used device in vast majority of the hospitals. Finally, they found their use is very sophisticated applications like in-vitro fertilization or varicose veins treatment with a fiber laser with extremely short required patient stay in the hospital. Dr. Krzysztof Jakubczak Croma Polska Sp. z o.o. Warsaw Poland [...]... polarization and the incident angles of the laser beam The period and orientation of ripples and even the size and density of dots can be controlled by these parameters 4 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 2 Fabrication of hexagonal-phase ZnSe nanoparticles Zinc selenide (ZnSe) has been studied extensively since the 19 70s for implementation in IIVI semiconductors, due to its promising opto-electrical... of distance and angles between the nearest diffraction points and the center (biggest) point, the crystal structure of ZnSe nanoparticles was identified as a hexagonal and the orientation of each diffraction point is 6 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry marked in Fig 4(b), which consists with the results of XRD in Fig 3(a) The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum in the inset of Fig... pulses in science and industry In this chapter, we demonstrate the generation of nanoparticles and nanostructures (including ripples and dots) using fs laser pulses Initially, we selected the II-VI semiconductor ZnSe to demonstrate the fabrication of nanoparticles Following the irradiation of fs laser pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm and pulse duration of 80 fs, many hexagonal-phase ZnSe nanoparticles... mJ/cm2 With an increase in the laser fluence to 19 8 mJ/cm2 and 220 mJ/cm2, the average size of the ZnSe nanoparticles increased to 20 nm and 22 nm, respectively This indicates that the size of ZnSe nanoparticles can be controlled by laser fluence Furthermore, the generation rate of ZnSe nanoparticles using fs laser pulses is approximately 3.63 10 10 s -1 (or 7.26 10 6 per pulse) with a fluence of 13 5 mJ/cm2... compressed plasma in laser driven implosions has been characterized as the ablating or exploding pusher according to the surface ablation pressure and bulk pressure due to the preheating through electrons In 2003, Batani et al (Batani et al., 2003) derived the shock pressure with the laser and target parameters expressed as 3 P(Mbar)  11 .6( 1 7 1 I 4  4 A 16 Z  t  8 )  ( ) ( ) 2Z 3.5 10 14 (1) where I... According to the early research, ZnSe transforms from a cubic structure to the hexagonal structure when the temperature is above the transition temperature (Ttr) of 16 98 K (Rudolph et al., 19 95) When ZnSe crystals are irradiated by the femtosecond laser pulses, the 8 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry temperature of the ZnSe crystals increases In the case of pulse lasers, an increases in the... density in this study and corresponding ablation pressure The dashed line represents the pressure of cubichexagonal phase transition, was obtained from ref (Greene et al., 19 95) Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Fabricated Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 9 peak power density of the laser of 0 ~ 3.0 10 12 W/cm2 In this study, the maximum pressure induced by the laser reached approximately 1. 5 Mbar According... (0 01) -oriented normal Fig 7 (a) Resistance versus temperature curve measured on an as-deposited YBCO thin film Inset: schematic illustration of the pulse laser deposition (PLD) system; (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of an as-deposited YBCO thin film 10 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry to the (10 0) LaAlO3 (LAO) substrate The temperature-dependent resistance of an (0 01) oriented YBCO thin.. .Part 1 Thin Films and Nanostructures 1 Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Fabricated Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses Chih Wei Luo Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Republic of China 1 Introduction Recently, the processing of materials by femtosecond (fs) laser pulses has attracted a great deal of attention, because fs pulse energy can be precisely and rapidly... et al., 2 010 ), nanocones (Nayak et al., 2008), and nanospikes (Zhao et al., 2007b) have been induced in various materials using single-beam fs laser pulses in air In addition, fs laser ablation for metals and semiconductors in a vacuum environment (Amoruso et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2007a) and in liquid (Tsuji et al., 2003) have also been extensively investigated These results are a strong indicator . LASERS – APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY Edited by Krzysztof Jakubczak Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Edited by Krzysztof. 2 011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Lasers – Applications in. Change Thin Films 75 Jingsong Wei and Mufei Xiao Chapter 5 Laser Patterning Utilizing Masked Buffer Layer 93 Ori Stein and Micha Asscher Part 2 Laser-Matter Interaction 10 7 Chapter 6 Interaction