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1. Discussion is a treatment of ideas, so more emphasis is put on abstract nouns, verbs of thought, mental activity, logical argument and connectives. 2. Setting of the text involves where the TT would be published as well as which requirements the clients set. n 3. The intention of the text represents the attitude of the writer to the subject matter. 4. The Readership is a group of audience that the text is aimed at. This group is marked with level of education, class, age, sex, etc. 5. The uninformed is a group of readers with little knowledge about the subject matter discussed in the text. 6. Three types of readership include expert, the educated layman and the uninformed. 7. Four types of text include Narrative, Description, Discussion and dialogue. 8. Dialogue is the text type which puts much emphasis on two types of expression: colloquialism Phaticism 9. The average text for translation tends to be for educated, middle class readership in an informal, not colloquial style. 10. Stylistic scales include scales of formality, generality and difficulty and emotional tone.
Trans Theory: Câu hỏi lý thuyết Unit 3: Exercise 1: Adaptation (Free) is also called intralingual translation F In word-for-word translation, the most common meanings of words are used despite some minor grammatical changes In literal trans, words are translated singly by the most common meanings and in context Semantic trans is better than its original while communicative trans is inferior to its original Literal trans (WFW) is characterized by the preservation of the SL word order Communicative trans gives the translator less (more) freedom of lexical choice than semantic translation Semantic translation is written at the author’s linguistic level so it’s personal F F F F F T Exercise 2: Semantic Translation focuses so much on aesthetic features of the ST that it might result in the loss of _ Faithful translation transfers cultural words rather than _ According to Newmark, Translation Methods refers to the overall strategy that a translator applies to a text as a whole Free Trans is a method which reproduces the matter without the manner and the content without the form of the original In Literal Trans method, SL grammatical structures are converted to the nearest equivalent in the TL, and words are translated singly & out of context Faithful Method refers to a method that generates precise contextual meaning of the ST within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures Applying _Adaptation as a translation method, the translator also performs the role of the ST rewriter 8 In communicative translation, both the contents and the language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the reader Unit & Exercise 1 TL readership is always identical to SL readership The role of text analysis is to identify what the text is about and how it is organized (guild the translation process) In terms of stylistic scales, there is a reciprocal relationship between formality and emotional tone The intention of the translator is always identical to that of the text Exercise 2: F F T F Discussion is a treatment of ideas, so more emphasis is put on abstract nouns, verbs of thought, mental activity, logical argument and connectives Setting of the text involves where the TT would be published as well as which requirements the clients set n The intention of the text represents the attitude of the writer to the subject matter The Readership is a group of audience that the text is aimed at This group is marked with level of education, class, age, sex, etc The uninformed is a group of readers with little knowledge about the subject matter discussed in the text Three types of readership include expert, the educated layman and the uninformed Four types of text include Narrative, Description, Discussion and dialogue Dialogue is the text type which puts much emphasis on two types of expression: colloquialism & Phaticism The average text for translation tends to be for educated, middle class readership in an informal, not colloquial style 10 Stylistic scales include scales of formality, generality and difficulty and emotional tone Unit 4: Translation Procedure Ex 1: Modulation Descriptive Equivalent helps to generate clear images of SL concepts to the TL readers Naturalization Transference helps to maintain local color of the SL When cultural Equivalent is applied, a SL cultural word is replaced by a TL neutral Cultural word Through Trans is, by nature, a form of literal translation Translation procedure refer to the overall strategy that a translator applies to a text as a whole to a sentence or the smaller units of language Cultural Through translation is used for recognized terms such as names of common collocation, etc Functional equivalent neutralized or generalized the source language word Shift involves a grammatical change from the source language to the target language Applying transference, (Naturalization) a translator transfers and adapts the source language word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL 10 Passive for active is a translation sub-procedure of transposition modulation 11 In couplets, two procedures are combined to translate an entire sentence ( one single unit of language) F F F T F F T T F F F Ex 2: Once the translator uses CULTURAL EQUIVALENT as a translation procedure, an SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT is a trans strategy regarded as a way of deculturizing a culture-specific concept The translator may apply the DESCRIPTIVE equivalent to bring a clearer image of the SL concept to the TL readers Unit Ex 1: Connotative equivalence is achieved thru word choice Text-normative equivalence is found in specific text types Pragmatic equivalence (Text normative) relates to text-type specific features or text and language norms for given text types Denotative equivalence (Connotative) is the equivalence of the extra-linguistic content of a text, otherwise called “stylistic equivalence” Equivalence is by nature, an interlingual (INTRALINGUAL) relationship Interlingual: between languages Intralingual: between text in language T F F F Ex2: Formal equivalence focuses on the form of the text: rhythm, verse form, word play, metaphor and so on Denotative equivalence is the one in which the SL and TL words refer to the same things in the real world Equivalence is the between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST One to part means a TL expression covers part of the concept designated by a single SL expression To achieve pragmatic equivalence, text normative or even denotative equivalence may be ignored Unit Ex 1: A translation may be accurate without being clear In back- translation, the back translator writes out the meaning he gets from the translation back into the source language after reading the source text In a readability test, the tester will listen and take notes of any places where the reader hesitates What is readable for one audience may not be readable for T F T T another Ex 2: Three main criteria for accessing the quality of a translation include accuracy, clarity and naturalness In back translation, the back translator should be bilingual in the source and receptor language In comprehension tests, the respondents should be ordinary people from various classes of the society who speaks the TL fluently EX 3: B, G F C, E I, H A D Unit 6: Trans Error Ex 1: Lack of S-V agreement is a syntax error There isn’t always a direct relationship between the number and gravity of errors An ambiguity error occurs when terminology is consistently used When a cohesion error is made, it is hard to follow the TT The inappropriate of the style of the translation for publication is considered a register error The TT is unnatural when it contains some addition or omission F T F T F F