P The Trouble with Therapy t Sociology and Psychotherapy t st Peter Morrall The Trouble with Therapy The Trouble with Therapy Sociology and Psychotherapy PETER MORRALL Open University Press Open University Press McGraw Hill Education McGraw Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup.co.uk world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 2289, USA First published 2008 Copyright # Peter Morrall 2008 All rights reserved Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4LP A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 9780335218752 (pb) 9780335218769 (hb) ISBN 10: 033521875X (pb) 0335218768 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by YHT Ltd, London Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event For dear Heather Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction Trouble Sceptic Heather 1 Enlightenment Imagination Structuralism Interactionism Constructionism Realism Summary 13 16 19 28 34 38 40 Dysfunctional Conflict 42 44 viii THE TROUBLE WITH THER APY Lottery Rivalry Summary 55 64 75 Arrogant Science Scientization Fallacy Summary 77 81 86 91 99 Selfish Individual Reflexive Sexualized Summary 101 102 109 116 123 Abusive Power Control Sickness Summary 125 126 134 139 143 Infectious Professions Medicalization Therapyitis Summary 145 146 151 156 165 Insane Certified Psychiatry Society Summary 167 170 177 181 185 Deceitful Nirvana Shangri-La Reality Summary 187 192 198 203 206 CONTENTS ix Conclusion Review Redemption Heather 209 209 211 215 Notes Bibliography Index 219 223 241 Index abusive characteristics of therapy 125 44 accreditation 61 acinetobacter baumannii debilitate 154 Adler, Alfred [1870 1937] 47 Adler, Jerry 49 adverse reaction prescribed drugs 154 advertising 114 therapists 160 Afghanistan military intervention in 26 susceptibility to failure 135 Against Therapy Age of Reason 83 alienated work 23 alternative lifestyles 114 alternative medicine 46 Amazon 92 Amazon rainforest destruction of 133 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 84 American College of Surgeons 154 American Counseling Association 51, 71 definition of counselling by 52 social therapy and 74 American Humanist Association 59 60 American Medical Association 50 American Psychiatric Association 178 American Psychoanalytic Association 86 American Psychological Association 87, 122 American Psychological Society see Association for Psychological Science American Psychotherapy Association 71 Amok 179 anal eroticism 45 anomie 22 anti psychiatry movement 181 anti science 85 architecture effect on happiness 202 Arctic concept of madness in 179 armed conflict 204 242 INDEX arrogance permeating therapy process 77 100 therapy and 214 assembly line as example of alienated work 23 Association for Psychological Science 87 asylums development of 180 Australia as ‘happy country’ 199 number of therapists in 63 regulation of therapy in 70 autonomy professions 150 Bacon, Francis [1561 1626] 130 ‘Bad Science’ column 86 Bakan, Joel 170 balloon therapy 56 Banks, Anthony Louis (Tony Banks) [1943 2006] Bates, Yvonne 138 Baylis, Nick 190 Beck, Ulrich 135 Bedlam 180 beggars happiness and 194 behaviour social conditions affecting 20 belief systems 19 Bena Bena 179 Bennett, Michael 73 Ben Shahar, Tal 190 Benson, Ophelia 39 40 Bentall, Richard 206 Berger, Peter 35 best guess 38 Bhaskar, Roy 39 Bhutan as ‘happy country’ 200 Bhutan Sustainable Development Secretariat (SDA) 201 bisexuality 45, 118 Blackburn, Simon 99 Blair, Anthony Charles Lynton 26, 135, 156 government of accused of manipulating science to support political ideology 96 Bocock, Robert 49 Bond, Michael 202 books on therapies 161 Botswana health assessment in 168 70 Botswana Mental Health Test 169 70, 175, 186 bourgeoisie capital favouring 25 Breuer, Joseph [1842 1925] 47 British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy 72, 158 British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 62 British Humanist Association 59 British Medical Journal 153 British Psychoanalytic Council member organisations of 72 brutalization 173 Bryson, William McGuire (Bill Bryson) 92 Burkeman, Oliver 189 Burton, Mark 75 Burton, Robert [1577 1640] 103 Bush, President George Walker 26 administration of accused of manipulating science to support political ideology 96 call centres as example of alienated work 24 Calvinism capitalism and 32 Cameron, David William Donald 201 capitalism 23, 131 as grand narrative 36 Calvinism and 32 exploitation and 25 globalization and 25 individualism and 107 Centre for Economic Performance Mental Health Policy Group 157 Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research 72 Centre of Bhutan Studies 201 Chad susceptibility to failure 135 Charcot, Jean Martin [1825 93] 45 childhood importance of 57 sexualization of 118 childhood sexual abuse 121 child mortality 206 China concept of madness in 179 evolution of science in 82 Chomsky, Noam 134 Christian evangelism 19 Christianity as grand narrative 36 cities effect of design on human performance 183 Clark, David 74 INDEX 243 classification psychological distress 178 classification schemes relevance to therapy 33 client centred therapy 50 client therapist relationship 78 80 clinical iatrogenesis 153 clostridium difficile 154 Cote d’Ivoire ˆ susceptibility to failure 135 coercive power 129 cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 2, 54, 61 2, 156 7, 198 Cohen, Stanley 106 Cold War end of 27 collectivism happiness and 202 Collier, Paul 210 colonoscopies happiness and 193 commercial manipulation science 95 commodification commodities aspects of social life as 36 commodity fetishism 24, 107 communication 44 Communism 19, 23 Communist bloc collapse in Eastern Europe 23 communities types of 16 computers as example of alienated work 24 Comte, August [1798 1857] 17 18, 20 1, 83 Confederation for Analytical Psychology 72 conflict 44 55 conspicuous consumption 195 constructionism 34 link between cultural relativism and 34 postmodernism and 98 Rogers’ drift towards 51 constructionist sociology 41 consumer demand therapy 158 consumerism 103, 107 rise of 114 consumers humans reconstructed as 36 conversation gestures 109 11 conversion disorder 174 Cooper, Mike 174 Copernicus, Nicholas [1473 1543] 82 copyright infringement 126 Corfield, David 164 corporate power 25, 133 4, 171 corporate psychopathy 133 corporate social responsibility 95 counselling 50 definition of by American Counseling Association 52 de medicalization of 51 distinction between psychotherapy and 52 loss of medical control over 50 training 51 types of 54 UK Council of Psychotherapy on differences between psychotherapy and 52 counsellors recruitment 159 Crawford, Robert 155 crime 35 Critical Psychology International 74 Cuba communism in 23 cultural iatrogenesis 155 cultural marketplace 36 cultural relativism link between constructionism and 34 Current Directions in Psychological Science 87 cyber dating 117 cyberspace happiness and 202 Darfur 60 Darwin, Charles Robert [1809 82] 56, 103 Dawkins, Richard 45, 81 death sexuality and 45 decarceration mental patients 181 deceit therapy and 214 15 Declaration of Independence (USA) achievement of happiness enshrined as absolute right in 189 defence mechanisms 49 deference reduction in 36 dehumanization 173 Delanty, Gerard 83 demedicalization 153 demiseryization 207 democracy threat of global corporations to 134 Democratic Republic of the Congo susceptibility to failure 135 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 244 INDEX areas of human performance considered to be responsibility of 155 depression 103 deprofessionalization 153 Descartes, Rene [1596 1650] 83, 123 ´ developing countries industrialization 147 deviance social causation of 183 deviancy 35 diagnosis correlation with disease 185 fallibility of psychiatric 185 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 178, 185 disaster capitalism 134 disease brutalization by 173 correlation with diagnosis 185 diseases discovery of new 151 disempowerment 137 disseminated power 130 Dorling, Daniel 132 dramaturgy 109 human interaction as 29 therapy and 30 Dryden, Wendy 18 19 Drysdale, George [1824 1904] 119 Dunham, Warren 183 Durkheim, Emile [1858 1917] 21 2, 31 dysfunction therapy and 214 Easterbrook, Gregg Edumund 196 Eastern Europe collapse of Communist bloc 23 economic policy Thatcherite economic system conflict within 25 Egan’s Skilled Helper Model 174 ego 102 Electra complex 48 electronic communication 116 self and 105 Elements of Social Science, The 119 elites 131 emancipation of women 27 embourgeoisement emotional offsetting 164 employment loss of opportunity 148 patterns of 148 empowerment 125 Engels, Friedrich [1820 95] 24 enlightenment beginning in Europe 83 dangers to ideals of 92 Europe 91 theories of sociology 13 41 epistemological; arrogance 94 Epstein, William 90 Eros 49 eroticism 117 Europe early science in 82 enlightenment in 91 European Association for Psychotherapy 66 European Certificate for Psychotherapy 66 European Union 65 expert power 129 exploitation capitalism and 25 failure states most susceptible to 135 fallibility scientific knowledge 99 family varieties of 16 Faris, Robert 183 fascism 32 Feel the Fear and Do it Anyway 126 female sexuality 45 feminist therapy structuralism and 27 Feyerabend, Paul Karl [1924 94] 99 financial institutions 132 financial sponsorship science 95 Financial Times 27 Firebaugh, Glenn 196 First Congress for Freudian Psychology (1908) 47 Fitzpatrick, Michael 153 Fleiss, Wilhelm [1858 1928] 47 Fleming, Sir Alexander [1881 1955] flexible work patterns 148 Fonagy, Peter 89 91 Forrester, Viviane 172 Foucault, Michel [1926 84] 18, 37, 97, 107 8, 120 1, 130 1, 180 France number of therapists in 63 Frankl, George [1921 2004] 75 6, 117 Frank, Robert H 195 free association 49 free trade 133 Freidson, Eliot [1923 2005] 150 Freud, Anna [1895 1982] 102 INDEX 245 Freudian language 86 Freud, Sigmund [1856 1939] 45 9, 73, 86 feuds over psychoanalysis 47 legacy for Western sexuality 121 legacy of 49 relationship with Jung 48 self and 102 Friedman, Milton [1912 2006] friendship whether therapy is better than 210 11 Fromm, Erich Pinchas [1900 80] 172, 188 Fukuyama, Francis 27 Fuller, Steve 94 5, 97 functionalism 21 criticism of 22 Fund for Peace’s Conflict Assessment System Tool 135 funding science and 95 Furedi, Frank 157 Future Foundation 158 Galileo, Galilei [1564 1642] 82 Garb, Howard 88 Gates, William Henry (Bill Gates) 172 Gauntlett, David 114 gender 118 Genuine Progress Indicators 201 George III, King madness of 178 Gergen, Kenneth J 38, 115 16, 136 Germany number of therapists in 63 gestalt therapy 121 Giddens, Anthony 113 15, 158 global capitalism 159 global corporations threat to democracy 134 globalization 104, 131 3, 147 capitalism and 25 individualism and 107 specialization and 150 therapy 26 global problems UN list of 203 ‘global village’ 25 6, 49 global warming 204 God as therapist 164 Goffman, Erving [1922 82] 29 30 Goldacre, Ben 81, 86 Goldman, A 97 Goodwin, Brian 99 Gramsci, Antonio [1891 1937] 25, 32, 166 grand narratives 36 Greece science in ancient 82 Greenpeace 133 Gross International Happiness Project 201 Grossman, Wendy M group therapy 75 gurus avoiding 139 Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang 161 Haiti susceptibility to failure 135 Handbook of Counselling Psychology 174 Handbook of Individual Therapy 18 19 Handbook of Person Centred Psychotherapy and Counselling 274 handcuffs 120 Happier: Finding Pleasure, Meaning and Life’s Ultimate Currency 191 happiness 206 beggars and 194 colonoscopies and 193 commercialization of 189 cyberspace and 202 effect of architecture on 202 geographic locations for 199 200 historical concept of 189 nuns and 192 politicization of 189 pursuit of 187 92 reality and 203 ten point plan for 198 wealth and 196 Happiness Centre 189 90 happiness tips 191 ‘happy’ countries 199 202 Happy Planet Index 199 200 Hare, Robert 133, 171 Harley Therapy 58 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone listed under ‘science’ by Amazon 92 Hawking, Stephen William 92 health contrary scientific evidence about 98 health assessment Botswana 168 70 healthism 155 towards British psychological improvement 156 64 health police 155 Health Professions Council 72 hegemony 25 heterosexuality 118 Hippocrates [BC 460 370] 45 Histoire de la folie a l’age classique 180 ` ˆ HIV/AIDS 118 246 INDEX Hopital Ge ´ral de Paris 180 ˆ ´ne Hobbes, Thomas [1588 1679] 124 Holmes, Jeremy 61 homeopathy 85 homosexuality 45, 118 House, Richard 90, 165 Hoxter, Hans [1909 2002] 52 Hudson Allez, Glyn 122 human interaction dramaturgy and 29 humanistic therapy 59 62 humanists 59 human performance areas considered responsibility of DHHS 155 conceptualization of in sociology 14 theoretical frameworks for 15 therapy aiming to alter 192 human rights abuse of 134 hypochondria 56 hysteria 45 iatrogenesis forms of 153 Iceland as ‘happy country’ 199 ICONS 201 id 102 ideologies 19 20 ignorance science 92 Illich, Ivan [1926 2002] 151 5, 164 imagination sociological 16 Imu 179 incarceration mental patients 179 81 incest 45 Independent Practitioners Network 165 India evolution of science in 82 individual self and 110 11 individualism 104, 107 happiness and 202 industrialization developing countries 147 inequality 26, 195 infantile sexuality 45 infant mortality 206 infectiousness therapy and 214 informational power 129 30 informed consent 139 Inner Asia Center for Sustainable Development 201 insane society 172 insanity therapy and 214 institutional segregation mentally ill 179 81 interactionism 28 33 International Association for Counselling agencies affiliated to 65 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 178, 185 International Institute for Strategic Studies 204 International Monetary Fund 25, 171 International Psychoanalytical Association 87 constituent organizations 67 foundation of 47 Internet continuing education courses 71 interpersonal communication exploitation of power in 128 inter sexuality 118 intransitive knowledge 39 40 Iraq military intervention in 26 susceptibility to failure 135 Ironside, Virginia 77, 165 Islam as grand narrative 36 Islamic culture patriarchy of 27 James, Oliver 195, 212 Japan concept of madness in 179 jargon use of in sociology 14 Jeffers, Susan 126 Jha, Alok 84 Judaism as grand narrative 36 Jung, Carl Gustav [1875 1961] feud with Freud 47 relationship with Freud 48 Kahneman, Daniel 194 Kapital, Das 24 Klein, Melanie [1882 1960] 149 Klein, Namomi 134 Korea communism in 23 Koro 179 Kuhn, Thomas Samuel [1922 96] 93 4, 97 labelling theory 34 5, 184 INDEX 247 Lacquer, Thomas 121 Lalich, Janja 56 language 44 Layard, Richard Grenville 156 7, 197 Leader, Darian 164 Learning from Wonderful Lives: Lessons from the Study of Well being 190 legal profession control over own work 32 legitimate power 129 Legrain, Philippe 26 lesbiansim 118 libido 49 life expectancy 205 inequality correlating with 195 lifestyle choices 98 Lilienfeld, Scott 88 Lodge, David 64 Lohr, Jeffrey 88 London sexuality in Victorian 119 love 103 Luckmann, Thomas 35 Lynn, Steven 88 Maciejewski, Franz 48 McKnight, John 151 McLeod, John 136 McNamee, Sheila 38 McQuail, Denis 128 madness 175 argument that is a myth 184 concept of 176 historical treatment of 179 81 integral to therapy 173 medical conceptualization of 170 medicalization of 178 80 structural 182 Malaysia concept of madness in 179 Malthusian growth model 119 Mann, David 123 Marxism professionals and 149 structuralism of 23 Marx, Karl [1818 83] 23 8, 195 religion and 165 Weber’s challenge to structuralism of 31 masochism 45 mass media 114 Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff 4, 137, 139, 210 masturbation 45, 119 materialism dehumanization by 173 Mead, George Herbert [1863 1931] 109 12 media technologies self and 105 Medical and Psychiatric Issues for Counsellors 174 medical errors 154 medical intervention harm caused by 153 medicalization doctors against 152 spread of 151 medicalized madness 178 80 medical practitioners privileges and burdens 140 medical profession control over own work 32 psychotherapy and 50 medicine as agency of social control 139 41 professional status of 84 relationship with science 84 threats to scientific basis of 85 Mental health Policy Group 157 mental hypochondria 177 mental patients decarceration 181 incarceration of 180 Merton, Robert King [1910 2003] 42 methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureu (MRSA) 154 Microsoft 172 Middle East evolution of science in Islamic 82 Mill, John Stuart [1806 73] 188, 208 mode of production 23 modern slavery 126 Monbiot, George Joshua Richard 134, 143, 164 Monet, Veronica 211 motherhood 98 perceptions of 27 Moynihan, Ray 153 multinational capitalist businesses 25 murder realist perspective on 40 murder rate 204 Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea [1883 1945] 32 mysticism Rogers’ drift towards 51 myth argument that madness is 184 National Association of Cognitive Behavioral Therapists 62 National Statistics Socio economic Classification 33 248 INDEX nationhood as grand narrative 36 Native Americans concept of madness in 179 natural laws science and 93 Nausee, La 37 ´ Nelson Jones, Richard 174 Netherlands number of therapists in 62 Nettle, Daniel 207 neuropsychology 86 New Age religions 46, 91 New Economics Foundations 201 New Guinea concept of madness in 179 New Labour 26 Newton, Sir Isaac [1642 1727] 83 Nezworski, Teresa 88 Nightingale, Florence [1929 1910] 154 nihilism 81 non directive therapy 50 non verbal communication 44, 109 normative values 19 20 nuns happiness and 192 nursing patriarchal inequity in 149 professional status of 84 objectivity science and 95, 97 Observer, The 133 O’Donohue, William 88 Oedipal complex 45, 48 Open College 62 oppression 117 orgasm 121 orgone therapy 211 outsourcing 147 Pakistan susceptibility to failure 135 Parliamentary Select Committee on Science and Technology 96 Parsons, Talcott [1902 79] 139, 141 patent infringement 126 pathological ignorance 173 patriarchal inequity professions 149 patriarchy 19, 27 Pearls, Fritz [1893 1970] 121 peer review 96 penis envy 49 Perkin, Harold [1926 2004] 149 50 personal power relationship with social power 128 30 person centred therapy 75 Perspectives on Psychological Science 87 pharmaceutical corporations role in medicalization 153 phenomenology 109 physical activity measures 156 Pibloktoq 179 Picard, Liza 119 Pilger, John Richard 134 Pinker, Steven Arthur 45, 81 Polivy, Janet 207 pollution 204 pornography 117 Victorian 119 Porter, Roy [1946 2002] 177, 179 80 positive psychology 189, 197 positivism 83 positivistic science main tenets of 83 post liberal society 135 postmodernism 35 7, 81 constructionism and 98 professionals and 149 postmodernist reasoning 115 poverty brutization by 173 globalization and 134 power abuse of 125 exploitation of in interpersonal communication 128 therapy and 125 44 prescribed drugs adverse reaction to 154 Priebe, Stefan 62 private troubles relationship with public issues 16 17 production mode of 23 profession problems defining 148 50 professionalization therapy 145 51, 165 professional organizations 65 professionals Marxist view of 149 postmodernist perceptions of 149 professional status changing perceptions of 148 professions attemps to undermine 150 autonomy of 150 dominance of 150 prostitution 211 INDEX 249 enforced 126 Protestant Reformation 32 pseudomonas 154 psyche 102 psychiatric diagnosis fallibility of 185 psychiatric hospitals social therapy in 74 psychiatry 177 85 as agent of social control 182 psychoanalysis Freud introduces 46 Freud’s feuds over 47 lack of scientific credibility for 46 psychodynamic theory and 56 self and 102 psychodynamic therapy 122 psychodynamics 56 psycho healthism 157 psychological distress 176 classification of 178 commoditization of 159 61 ever widening definition of 157 psychological improvement healthism and 156 64 Psychological Science in the Public Interest 87 Psychological Wednesday Society 47 Psychologies Magazine 158 psychology as constructed domain 108 diversity of 108 relationship with science 87 types of 55 using science to support 108 psychopathic corporations 170 psychopathy 171 psychotherapists training 51 Psychotherapists and Counsellors for Social Responsibility 213 psychotherapy distinction between counselling and 52 Freud and 45 history of 44 6, 48 medical profession and 50 NHS Direct Online Health Encyclopaedia description of 53 UK Council of Psychotherapy on differences between counselling and 52 Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia 54 agencies affiliated to 69 70 social therapy and 74 public issues relationship with private troubles 16 17 Public Library of Science Medicine 152 Public Understanding of Science 91 Putnam, Robert David 202 qualifications 66 radicalism lack of in social sciences Radical Psychology Network 74 realism 38 40 realist sociology 41 reality happiness and 203 recruitment counsellors 159 reductionism therapy and 18 19 referent power 129 reflexivity 109, 114 registration 61 regulation therapy 165 Reich, Wilhelm [1897 1957] 121, 211 Relate 5, 87 8, 157 advertising by 122 social therapy and 74 Relate Institute 157 relationships counselling patterns of problems within religion 81 challenges to 83 Freud’s view of 46 Marx view of 165 repression 117 18 research scientific 95 research papers ghost writing of 96 reward power 129 risk 135 involved in therapeutic process 138 Ritzer, George 18 Rogerian therapy 104 Rogers, Carl Ransom [1902 87] 50 1, 60, 104, 121, 138 Rorschach Test 88 Rose, Nikolas 107 8, 135 Rose, Steven P 95 Roth, Anthony 89 91 Rowe, Dorothy rule breaking 35 Rules of Life, The 163 250 INDEX Ruscio, John 88 Russell, Bertrand Arthur William [1872 1970] 93 Russia economic meltdown in 27 number of therapists in 62 sadism 45 St James Alliance 213 St Mary of Bethlehem of London (Bedlam) 180 salt attempts to outlaw Stilton cheese on grounds of 156 Samuels, Andrew 213 Sartre, Jean Paul Charles Aymard [1905 80] 37 saturation self 115 16 Save Darfur Coalition 60 scepticism Schaler, Jeffrey A 211 Scheff, Thomas 184 Schultz, T 105 Schumaker, John 187 Science 85 science as grand narrative 36 commercial manipulation of 95 credibility of 94 criticism of 92 financial sponsorship 95 funding and 95 historical development of 82 ignorance of 92 natural laws and 93 nature of 81 objectivity and 95 out house criticism of 97 promotion of 81 relationship with medicine 84 relationship with psychology 87 used to support psychology 108 scientific journals publication of findings in 96 scientific knowledge fallibility of 99 scientific research 95 Scull, Andrew 182 Second Congress for Freudian Psychology (1910) 47 Segal, Hanna 149 self altered perceptions of 106 as product of society 112 determining 105 escaping 106 focus of therapy on 209 10 individual and 110 11 psychoanalysis and 102 saturation with 115 16 sexuality and 116 17 sinister 103 therapy and 101 24 Victorian interest in 103 self actualization 50 self control 137 self help 54 Self Help: With Illustrations of Character, Conduct and Perseverance 103 self help literature 103 selfish capitalism 212 selfishness therapy and 214 self worth 30 Seligman, Martin 189, 207 Sense about Science 96 sex therapy obsessed with 121 sexual abstinence 119 sexual abuse childhood 121 sexuality alterations to 114 ancient civilizations 120 Freud’s analysis of 45 Freud’s legacy for Western 121 historical traits 118 20 self and 116 17 variations in 118 Victorian London 119 sexual liberation twentieth century 118 Sharia Law 59 Shiva, Vandana 133 Shouldn’t I Be Feeling Better By Now? 138 sickness 139 42 role of therapists in 141 Singer, Margaret 56 Skeptic, The slips of the tongue 49 Smail, David 76, 90, 97, 165, 211 Smiles, Samuel [1812 1904] 103 Smith, Richard 153 soap operas 114 social action theory Max Weber 31 social atavism social capital 201 social conceptualization ignored by therapy 210 INDEX 251 social conditions affecting behaviour 20 social constructionism 38 social contract 35, 135 social control 134 medicine as agency of 139 41 psychiatry as agent of 182 therapy as agency of 126, 136 9, 141 social deviance 179 social disorganisation theories 183 social epistemology 97 social exclusion 135 social groups 16 social iatrogenesis 154 social identity 132 social injustice socialism 23 as grand narrative 36 social issues UN list of 203 social power 127 relationship with personal power 128 30 social problems individualizing 152 social responsibility therapists 212 13 social sciences lack of radicalism in social status Weber’s notion of 33 social therapy 73 Social Venture Network Asia 201 society Marxist concept of 24 self as product of 112 structures of 20 superstructure of 24 Thatcherist view of types of 16 Society for Ecology and Culture 201 sociological imagination 14 sociology background to 17 19 conceptualization of human performance in 14 definition of 18 enlightening theories of 13 41 holistic approach to 20 interactionism and 28 33 interactionist perspective in 30 reputation of therapy and 211 14 use of jargon in 14 Somalia susceptibility to failure 135 Soviet Union collapse of communism in 23 specialization globalization and 150 Spinelli, Ernesto 50 1, 58 qualifications 52 Spirit in Business 201 spiritual practice therapy as 165 spoiled identity 30, 109, 184 standard setting 62 status groups 32 Stekel, Wilhelm [1868 1940] 47 stigma 109 Stilton cheese attempts to outlaw on grounds of salt content 156 Storr, Anthony [1920 2001] 46 Strangroom, Jeremy 39 40 Strasbourg Declaration on Psychotherapy (1990) 66, 86 structuralism 19 28 feminist therapy and 27 Marxist 23 therapy and 27 structuralist sociology challenge to therapists 40 structural madness 182 structuration 113 15 structured power 131 Sub Saharan Africa 26 Sudan susceptibility to failure 135 Suffism 44 Sufi Psychology Association 44 suicide Durkheim’s study of 21 superego 102 superstructure society 24 sweatshops 126 revival of 24 Switzerland number of therapists in 62 symbolic interaction 28 9, 109, 111 syndromes discovery of new 151 Szasz, Thomas Stephen 6, 90, 184 Tach, Laura 196 Taleb, Nassim 94 Tallis, Frank 103 tarot reading 161 Taylor, Laurie 106 Templar, Richard 162 terrorism 204 252 INDEX rise of 114 Thanatos 49 Thatcher, Margaret Hilda 3, 150 personality traits 111 12 Thatcherism theoretical frameworks types of 15 Theory and Practice of Counselling and Therapy 174 therapeutic alliance 90 therapeutic community 74 therapeutic efficacy 89 90 therapeutic enterprise concept of 43 definition of 42 fragmentation of 56 totality of 43 therapeutic process risks involved 138 therapeutic psychologies historical examples 44 55 therapies books on 161 core theoretical frameworks 56 62 therapist God as 164 therapists advertising 160 authority of 51 challenge of structuralist sociology to 40 non psychiatrists as 50 number of 62 role in sickness 141 selection of 63 sex with clients 122 social responsibility of 212 13 Therapy 64 therapy abusive characteristics of 125 44 aiming to alter human performance 192 arrogance and 214 arrogance permeating process 77 100 as agency of social control 126, 141 asocialness of 209 11 as spiritual practice 165 attempts to regulate in UK 71 cognitive behavioural 2, 198 conflict in 55 consumer demand 158 deceit and 214 15 dramaturgy and 30 dysfunction and 214 expanding claims of 164 explosion in types of 55 future direction of 211 14 globalization of 26 infectiousness and 214 insanity and 214 madness integral to 173 objectives of 42 obsession with sex 121 patriarchal inequity in 149 power and 125 44 professionalization of 145 51, 165 regulation in Australia 70 regulation in US 71 regulation of 165 relevance of classification schemes to 33 scientization of practices 99 self and 101 24 selfishness and 214 social conceptualization ignored by 210 social control and 136 social repositioning of 33 society deceived into 187 222 sociological review of 215 18 sociological viewpoint sociology and 211 14 spread of 145 structuralism and 27 training for whether friendship is better than 210 11 worldwide nature of 65 therapy addicts 176 therapyitis 210 notion of 163 therapy junkies 78 therapy survivors 77 Thomas, Bethan 132 total institutions 109 totalitarianism 32 Totton, Nick 76, 143 training courses 62 transexuality 118 transitive knowledge 39 40 transnational corporates 132 Tyranny of Health, The 153 ultimate consciousness 192 unconscious existence and influence of 57 United Kingdom attempts to regulate therapy in 71 low on happiness chart 201 number of therapists in 62 United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy 72 on differences between counselling and psychotherapy 52 United Nations 65, 132 list of social issues compiled by 203 INDEX 253 United Nations Economic and Social Council 66 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 65 United States low on happiness chart 201 regulation of therapy in 71 unnecessary operations 154 Values Center 201 Vanuatu as ‘happy country’ 200 vegetarianism rise of 114 verbal communication 44, 109 Viagra 120 Vienna Psychoanalytical Society 47 violence 204 brutization by 173 virginity 45, 118 volence sexuality and 45 Voltaire [Francois Marie Arouet] [1694 ¸ 1778] 83 voluntarism 113 15 war of position 32 War on Democracy 134 wealth distribution of 204 happiness and 196 Weberian research 31 Weber, Maximilian Carl Emil (Max Weber) [1864 1920] 30 3, 50 challenge to structuralism of Marx 31 Webster, Richard 46 Well being Institute 190 well being nurses 156 What Works for Whom: a Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research 89 Wheen, Francis James Baird 27 Wilkinson, Iain 173 Wilkinson, Richard 195 Williams, Hywel 25 Williams, Archbishop Rowan Douglas 164 Windigo 179 witch doctoring 126 Wollaston, Sam 56 Wolpert, Lewis 81, 106 women emancipation of 27 Freud’s theories and 49 Wood, James 88 Woolfe, Ray 174 workers exploitation of 133 working class Engels’ study of English 24 work poverty 148 World Bank 25, 171 World Certificate for Psychotherapy 66 World Council for Psychotherapy 66 social therapy and 74 World Health Organization (WHO) 141, 177 World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) 204 World Trade Organization (WTO) 23 Wosket, Val 174 Wright, Donna 62 Wright Mills, Charles [1916 62] 16 Zimbabwe economic crisis in 148 susceptibility to failure 135 Zola, Irving Kenneth [1935 94] 151 t The Trouble with Therapy Sociology and Psychotherapy An increasing number of people are engaging in therapy As a consequence there is a growing debate about the benefits of therapy and its place in global society In this exciting new book Peter Morrall argues that therapy should be treated with healthy scepticism and provides a compelling, contemporary, and controversial argument as to how we should construct this sceptical view Different aspects of therapy are illustrated in the book using a troubled character called Heather, who undergoes therapy and features in vignettes throughout the book This innovative, engaging, and compelling analysis of therapy is a wake-up call about therapy It is essential reading for anyone interested in psychotherapy, counselling, sociology or the human condition Peter Morrall is Senior Lecturer in Health and Sociology at Leeds University, UK He has nearly thirty years experience in the field of madness working; researching; teaching; writing t Whilst not against therapy, the author calls into question its very nature Is it dysfunctional, arrogant, selfish, abusive, infectious, insane and deceitful? st Using sociological critique the author offers a sociology of psychotherapy as well as placing sociology itself into therapy The author explores the links between therapy and science, therapy and power, therapy and reality, madness and normality, and personal misery and the values of global society Pst .. .The Trouble with Therapy The Trouble with Therapy Sociology and Psychotherapy PETER MORRALL Open University Press Open University Press McGraw Hill Education McGraw... referring to the elements of therapy (the therapists, their habits, their organizations, and the stack of ‘stuff’ that therapy generates) Aside from wishing to contribute to the understanding of the nature... and synthesizing its effects on people and society It is placing sociology ‘in’ therapy and offering a sociology ‘of’ psychotherapy I am ‘for therapy? ?? Or rather I am for an enlightened therapeutic