[...]... Emancipation of Woman, and Man 572 572 576 582 xvi Contents 23 Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism 1 Enlightenment against Empire 2 Slavery and the Early Enlightenment 3 Empire and National Identity 590 590 603 609 24 Rethinking Islam: Philosophy and the ‘Other’ 1 Islam and Toleration 2 Bayle and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 3 Ibn Tufayl and the Hidden Wisdom of the East 4 The Clandestine Enlightenment ... Historians and the Writing of ‘Intellectual History’ 3 L’Esprit philosophique 3 3 15 26 2 Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1 Spinoza and Spinozism in the Radical Enlightenment 2 Locke, Hume, and the Making of Modernity 43 43 51 PART II: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY 3 Faith and Reason: Bayle versus the Rationaux 1 Europe’s Religious Crisis 2 Consensus gentium and the Philosophes 3 Voltaire and the. .. 457 18 The Rise of ‘History of Philosophy 1 Pre -Enlightenment ‘History of Philosophy 2 German Eclecticism and the Rise of a New Discipline 3 ‘Radical Renaissance’ 471 471 476 481 19 From ‘History of Philosophy to History of l’Esprit humain 1 Fontenelle, Boulainvilliers, and ‘l’histoire de l’esprit humain’ 2 Diderot and the History of Human Thought 496 496 504 20 Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vico’s... completing the destruction of what still remains in the world of the generous sentiments of the ancient Greeks and Romans who placed love of country and the public good, and the welfare of future generations, before fortune and before life’.²² The precise danger, he says, lay in the fact that the ‘good morality and true religion which natural reason itself teaches us’ were no longer upheld owing to the impact... Society, and the Universities 1 The Problem of ‘Atheism’ 164 164 xiv Contents 2 Academic Disputations and the Making of German Radical Thought 3 An Alternative Route? Johann Lorenz Schmidt and ‘Left’ Wolffian Radicalism 4 Natural Theology, Natural Law, and the Radical Challenge 8 Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism in the Early Enlightenment: Science, Philosophy, and Religion 1 English Physico-theology... of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel) 13 The Advent of the Greek Englightenment: engraved portrait of the scholar-statesman, Nikolaos Mavrocordatos (1670–1730), hospodar (governor) of Moldavia (1709–16) published in 1724 14 Montesquieu in 1728 (Courtesy of the Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon) 15 Title-page of the first volume of Proceedings of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences of. .. legitimize themselves in terms of, and depend on, non-traditional, and newly introduced, fundamental concepts What historians of modernity are really striving to pinpoint when they set out to investigate the phenomenon of modernity , then, and within modernity the problem of ‘revolution’, is the difference between social, cultural, and political renewal expressed theologically, traditionally, and dynastically,... debates in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries generated the radical edge of the western Enlightenment Here, my aim is to offer a much wider and more general reassessment of the Enlightenment as it developed down to the early part of the battle over the Encyclopédie (1751–2), giving particular emphasis to the Enlightenment s essential duality, that is the internal struggle between the opposing... much the most fundamental and important thing about it Peter Gay’s two-volume survey of the Enlightenment, The Rise of Modern Paganism (1966) and The Science of Freedom (1969), may be in some respects a towering achievement of the historiography of the 1960s But arguably it rests on a pivotal mistake revealed in the very opening sentence: ‘there were many philosophes in the eighteenth century, but there... streams of Enlightenment Rousseau, initially in the late 1740s and early 1750s an ally of Diderot and a radical philosophe, subsequently, in the 1760s, rebelled against both branches of Enlightenment, becoming the moral ‘prophet’ as it were of one form of Counter -Enlightenment. ²⁷ Of the two enlightenments, the moderate mainstream was without doubt overwhelmingly dominant in terms of support, of cial . class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" ENLIGHTENMENT CONTESTED This page intentionally left blank Enlightenment Contested Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752 JONATHAN I. ISRAEL 1 1 Great. sur- vey and work of reference, enabling the general reader, as well as the student and professional scholar, to get more of a grip on what the ideas of the Enlightenment actually were, and one. Marriage, Chastity, and Prostitution 576 3. The Erotic Emancipation of Woman, and Man 582 Contents xv 23. Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism 590 1. Enlightenment against