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CHAPTER III CÁC VẤN ĐỀ THÁCH THỨC TRONG SỬ DỤNG TÀI NGUYÊN THIÊN NHIÊN TĂNG DÂN SỐ VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN THIÊN NHIÊN The global food demand scenario: • By 2050, the global population will be between 10 and 12 billion as against nearly billion of current population • These next 50 years will be critically important for sustainable agriculture production If food and fiber production are increased by 2.5 to 3.0 times at acceptable costs, then achieving sustainability will be a reality there onwards •Increase of intensive use of natural resources • Does population growth enhance or inhibit the opportunities of a country’s natural resource management? • Does the answer depend on the stage of development? • In the recent period of population decline, what are the possible effects of this decline on natural resources management? Population Growth • Population growth and age structure makes a difference in economic growth (output level depends on output per worker and the number of labor) and hence in the condition of natural resources • Population growth and its composition also affects the level of savings and investment in natural resources • The negative effect of population growth is the application of law of diminishing marginal productivity - Technology have positive effect - Economies of scale have positive effect • Relatively high rate of population growth increases the degree of inequality and elite capture of resources can take place • Income inequality results from the effect of population growth on the labor supply Effects of economic growth on population growth Stage The period immediately prior to industrialization when the birth rates are stable and slightly higher than death rates ensuring population growth Stage The period immediately following the initiation of industrialization, when death rates fall dramatically with no accompanying change in birth rates The decline in mortality results in a marked increase in life expectancy and a rise in the population growth rate Stage The period of demographic transition when there will be large decline in the birth rate which exceed the continued decline in the death rate Demographic Transition Economic approach to population control • Benefit cost approach B/C analysis of a population control compared if some government control measure (investment) would maximize efficiency (benefits) • Micro demographic theory of fertility The demand for children will, as with more conventional commodities, be downward sloping which means the more expensive children become, the fewer will be demanded Issues related to NRM • Issues differ from place to place and with type of resource • Issues can be grouped into: – Environmental – Social – Economical – Legal/institutional Environmental issues: examples • Deforestation • Loss of biodiversity • Soil erosion • Loss of soil fertility • Salinity/acidity etc Economic issues: examples • Sustained yield • Equitable sharing of benefits • Poverty reduction • Employment etc 10 21 Conflicting values • Gender-related issues – e.g men and women may have different concerns and options with regard to the management of a natural resource • The value of biodiversity can be different for different groups within the society (local, national/regional, global levels) Who are the real beneficiaries of biodiversity conservation? - there is an ongoing debate 22 A FRAME-WORK FOR THE STUDY OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONFLICT MANAGEMENT • Understanding conflicts • Study of behaviors of the actors in conflicts related natural resources • Role of context, contents and time in conflict • Conflict Management (CM) means, forums and practices • Consequences of conflicts to natural resources and society • Scope for improvement in CM through social learning 23 Understanding conflict • Conflict is an active stage of disagreement between people with opposing opinions, principles and practices manifested in different forms (grievance, conflict and dispute) (Walker and Daniels, 1997) • According to the stages of transformation of conflict are: (a) Naming, (b) Blaming, (c) Claiming and (d) Dispute 24 Understanding conflict • Conflicts can be categorized into four groups based on its solvability: They are: – A terminal conflict that seems unsolvable by agreement and results in a win-lose situation – A paradoxical conflict which looks obscure and of questionable solvability having a loselose outcome – A litigious conflict which seems solvable and produces a win-win or a consensus result – An Illusory conflict where disputants want the same thing but fail to realize it 25 Understanding conflict • Conflict in society is influenced by the social context (organization and structure of the society), patterns of interaction (escalation or de-escalation), mode (violence, disagreement), time (specific period of time), belief of conflicting parties and degrees of incompatibility of their goals and power structures • In the context of addressing conflict in Natural Resources, two opposing views are common – The first more dominant view held by policy makers and planners assumes that there is a uniform single rational system for NRM across all resources which is predominated by assumptions of experts’ authority such as government departments and their imposition of their conceptions, rules and procedures to resolve conflicts These can be observed in national policy and legal documents related to NR – Another view assumes that all values related to NRM are situational, contextual and socially constructed, and therefore, a uniform single 26 unitary approach in NRM can not function properly Study of behaviors of the actors in conflicts related natural resources • It is very important to identify the key actors involved in the conflicts and the reasons why they are involved These questions directly lead to the study of behavior and actions of these actors • Legal pluralism covers different types of laws such as state law, folk law, customary law, indigenous law and religious law (Benda-Backmann, 1997) which helps in understanding the diversity in the role of cultural, social and normative practices within a NRM boundary and/or among NRM boundaries • Laws and regulations administered by government are only one of the many forces to change human behavior and action There are other guiding factors such as customary practices, religious rules, local norms, economic opportunities and technological advancement, which considerably influence human behavior in relation to control, use and management of NR People adopt customary practices locally to address the changing circumstances called “local laws” that greatly influence NRM in society 27 Role of context, contents and time in conflict • The origin, escalation and resolution of a conflict is highly influenced by its context Historical, cultural, political, economic, institutional and social context, power relationships, norms, values, practices and property rights and ownership issues play crucial roles in conflict The degree and intensity of the same conflict can change over time • Issue of property rights and conflicts in NRM are about access and control and profit from their use Property rights are a central issue in NR-related conflict NR such as forests or land, traditionally used for one particular purpose are now allocated to other purposes which rights over such resources also change through government acts or local practices These changes affect or alter the existing access and control patterns as well as ownership patterns and can ultimately induce conflicts 28 Conflict Management (CM): means, forums and practices Generally both right-based (legal) and interest based (alternate) approaches are observed in contemporary conflict management practices • Right-based approaches focus on litigation and adjudication procedures through the courts and police • In contrast, interest-based approaches look for mediation, negotiation and other collaborative methods to resolve conflicts • But many times, right-based claims may also pursue particular interests and may be settled without reference to rights; and interest-based conflict can also be settled according to rights • In managing NR related conflicts, education and the appeal for appliance to rules are more pragmatic options than coercion and threats 29 Conflict Management (CM): means, forums and practices Negotiation, mediation in conflict, arbitration in conflict, adjudication in conflict (third party intervention) and litigation in conflict are common conflict management methods observed in managing natural resources • Negotiation is a voluntary process that deals with a conflict situation between the negotiating parties on a face to face discussion basis • Meditation in conflict is the intervention in a conflict resolution, of an acceptable, impartial, and neutral third party who has no decision-making authority but assists contending parties to negotiate and acceptable settlement of issues in the disputes 30 Conflict Management (CM): means, forums and practices • In arbitrating conflict, both conflicting parties consent to the intervention of the third party whose judgment they agree to accept in advance • In adjudication a third party who has the authority to intervene a dispute intervenes and renders decision with the means s/he has at her/his disposal, and also enforces compliance with the decision • Litigation is a formal process which looks for legal solutions when one of the conflicting parties files in court 31 Consequences of conflicts to natural resources and society • Outcomes and consequences of conflict need to be critically examined to seek an improvement in a conflict situation The quality of outcomes and its social applications are more important than the resolution itself • There are generally three types of outcome: lose-lose (negative), win-win (positive) and win-lose (one party gains) All three types of outcome depend upon the severity, complexity and managerial approach of the conflict It is not always possible for bringing about win-win situation but a well-planned facilitation may increase its chances Time is another important factor 32 to determine the quality of any outcome Scope for improvement in CM through social learning • Social learning is an alternate, action-oriented perspective, which deals with the complex problems related to NR by using participatory processes Social processes include: creation of a common platform (forum) for collective action, interactive goal setting, accommodation, shared learning, vision building from multiple realities, leadership development, resource mobilization and concerted actions (Roling, 1999) • In NRM multiple actors are involved and therefore they construct multiple realities Hence the perspective of looking at the things broadens on the basis of potential multiple realities constructed by people through 33 negotiations and agreements Scope for improvement in CM through social learning • Soft systems thinking are developed as an alternative way of thinking in response to the failure of the hard system approaches to deal with the societal problems In the context of the NRM, many conflicts emerge due to lack of proper attention to soft-system aspects and too strong a focus on hard systems alone • Adaptive management has emerged as a guiding principle for sustainable NRM which focuses on interface between society and natural resources The interactive process associated with adaptive management requires good facilitation and negotiation skills, institutional interests and flexibility to seek for new ways and innovative strategies for conflict management Important four steps include: joint conflict assessment/analysis, intervention strategy and action plans design, actual implementation of action plans and reflection and modification 34 Các vấn đề công quản lý tài nguyên ... design, actual implementation of action plans and reflection and modification 34 Các vấn đề công quản lý tài nguyên ...TĂNG DÂN SỐ VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN THIÊN NHIÊN The global food demand scenario: • By 2050, the global population will be between... examples • Sustained yield • Equitable sharing of benefits • Poverty reduction • Employment etc 10 Các vấn đề pháp lý thể chế • How much to decentralize? Two school of thoughts : – a complete and radical