THE VALUED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKFORCE TRAINING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CORRELATION STUDY By Kevin A Cojanu JOHN DeNIGRIS, Ph.D., Faculty Mentor and Chair JOHNNY MORRIS, Ph.D., Committee Member ADOLFO GORRIARAN, Ph.D., Committee Member Kurt Linberg, Ph.D., Dean, School of Business & Technology A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Capella University December 2007 UMI Number: 3288820 UMI Microform 3288820 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company All rights reserved This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © Kevin A Cojanu, 2007 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if workforce development has an impact on changing the economic growth of rural communities in the state of Florida Currently there are no consistent strategies for developing workforce ready individuals in the many rural communities of the United States This research provides data as a point of correlation for defining how workforce development affects the business opportunities for economic growth in rural communities in Florida This study develops ideas regarding the impact of workforce development programs based on the two age categories of “45 and Under” and “Over 45”, as this relates to the advancement of economic growth of rural communities in the state of Florida Participants for this study were drawn from the members in the National Rural Economic Developers Association (NREDA) A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to determine self-reported viewpoints, divided by the two age categories above, regarding business, community, and workforce issues as related to economic development in rural communities that can be applied to the state of Florida The results indicated that those National Rural Economic Developers Association (NREDA) members who self-identified in the researcher’s survey as “45 and Under” and those who self-identified as “Over 45” recognize that (a) businesses have an influence on the workforce development levels in rural communities as this impacts economic development, (b) communities, themselves, have an influence on the workforce development levels in rural communities as this impacts economic development, and (c) community workforce development agencies and educational systems focused on developing workforce ready individuals within rural communities have an impact on economic development Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the most important person in my life, Susan Susan’s love, caring, dedication, and just plain old patience of a saint made all of this possible Susan was my rock, my motivation, and my love She provided me with the stamina to be something more than I thought I could be In this dedication, I can only tell her that the deep love we have for each other has helped us to overcome the hardships we faced This has made us stronger together and forged a bond that is unbreakable – I love you Suzy! Acknowledgments There are many people that need to be part of this acknowledgement First and foremost, my mother, Marlene, who forever pushed me to be all I could be in life, and not because she wanted a doctor in the family My father, Stan, who will not see the successful completion of this milestone because of his passing in 2005, but I know he is watching with pride I truly need to acknowledge the unwavering support of my in-laws, Joni and Charlie They have supported my every effort and my direction in this world, and Charlie always had a joke or story that put everything into perspective My friend, my brother in this world, Randy, who was always asking how it was going and presented me with a sounding board when life got tough In every aspect of life, we meet people that become family whom you love and care for, unconditionally Trisha and Erik, of the Hornitos family, have become just such family I cannot fail to mention Dave and Loree, who left me this year, 2007 I missed their tough love, but their faith helped me through some difficult times My daughter, Megan, who I tried to set an example for in that life is full of challenges, but one must persevere to see success I have great hopes for her future I cannot forget my Aunt Angela in this dedication I believe her love, her attention, and her example created the desire I had to learn all that I could, no matter what My Little Grandpa, gone these many years, still provides the life lessons I have daily in my life I know he is standing proud looking upon my accomplishment and telling everyone “That’s my Grandson.” I wish to acknowledge my superior dissertation committee, Drs John DeNigris, Johnny Morris, and Adolfo Gorriaran for all of their guidance, patience, and well-timed encouragement Also, I would like to acknowledge Dr Susan Pettine who was an excellent sounding board when the well ran dry Her profound knowledge and ideas allowed my creativity to flow Table of Contents Acknowledgments iv List of Tables ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Problem Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Rationale Research Questions and Hypothesis Significance of the Study Definition of Terms Assumptions 10 Limitations 11 Nature of the Study 11 Organization of the Remainder of the Study 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 14 Introduction 14 Overview 14 Community Involvement 16 Workforce Development Associations 31 Business Involvement 42 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 51 Introduction 51 Foundation for the Methodology 51 Research Design Strategy 54 Sampling Design: Population and Sample 55 Measures 56 Data Collection Procedures 57 Pilot Testing 58 Data Analysis Procedures 58 Limitations of Methodology 59 Internal Validity 60 External Validity 61 Expected Findings 61 Ethical Issues 62 Conclusion 63 CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 64 Introduction 64 Review of Research Questions and Hypotheses 64 Review of Data Collection 65 Pilot Study 66 Findings Related to Hypothesis 67 APPENDIX B: SURVEY DATA: HYPOTHESIS #1 Table B1 Hypothesis 1, Question Question 1: I feel that it is important that local businesses influence the level of workforce development in rural communities Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count over 45 Total Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree 16 11 17.9 8.2 9.7 21 11 19.1 8.8 10.3 37 17 20 37.0 17.0 20.0 Strongly Disagree 13 10.2 10.8 21 21.0 Strongly Agree 1.0 1.0 2.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 186 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 486 481 Value 3.447a 3.480 666 df 97 a cells (20.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 97 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 065 Asymp a Std Error 059 Approx T 1.074 Approx Sig .283 149 129 1.074 283 036 037 491 011 012 393 017 018 944 481e 026 027 944 481 013 013 944 481 c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability c 000 b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c 000 a Not assuming the null hypothesis d Based on chi-square approximation b d d e e Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Workforce Training and Economic Development 127 Table B2 Hypothesis 1, Question Question 2: I feel that it is important that outside businesses seeking to relocate influence the level of workforce development in rural communities Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count over 45 Total Strongly Disagree 5.3 5.7 11 11.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Disagree Agree 10 19 13.1 7.8 18.4 17 10 19 13.9 8.2 19.6 27 16 38 27.0 16.0 38.0 Strongly Agree 2.4 2.6 5.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 117 100 Value 7.384a 7.773 659 df 194 97 a cells (20.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 2.42 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 075 Asymp a Std Error 066 Approx T 1.095 Approx Sig .273 170 142 1.095 273 000 000 076 047 121 016 012 198 038 026 1.474 100e 058 039 1.474 100 028 019 1.474 100 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Workforce Training and Economic Development 128 Table B3 Hypothesis 1, Question Question 3: I feel that it is important for businesses to be able to work with local training organizations to influence the level of workforce development in rural communities Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count over 45 Total Strongly Disagree 5 1.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree 10 33 1.9 9.7 32.0 10 33 2.1 10.3 34.0 20 66 4.0 20.0 66.0 Strongly Agree 2.9 3.1 6.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 233 111 Value 5.579a 7.518 068 df 3.324 97 a cells (60.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 48 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 026 Asymp a Std Error 121 Approx T 209 Approx Sig .835 043 200 209 835 000 000 058 018 238 006 005 715 048 020 2.200 111e 056 025 2.200 111 041 017 2.200 111 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 129 Table B4 Hypothesis 1, Question Question 4: I believe that it is important for businesses to have a cooperative plan in place with local training organizations to influence the level of workforce development in rural communities Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Strongly Disagree 1.0 1.0 2.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree 35 2.4 8.7 32.5 11 32 2.6 9.3 34.5 18 67 5.0 18.0 67.0 Strongly Agree 2.4 2.6 5.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 3.334a 4.113 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 504 391 096 df 2.773 97 a cells (60.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 97 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 052 Asymp a Std Error 107 Approx T 472 Approx Sig .637 085 173 472 637 000 000 034 024 509 010 015 452 026 019 1.361 391e 031 022 1.361 391 022 016 1.361 391 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 130 Table B5 Hypothesis 1, Question Question 5: I believe that it is important for businesses to have a cooperative plan in place with local training organizations to influence the level of workforce development in rural communities Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count over 45 Total Disagree 1.9 2.1 4.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 10 30 10.7 30.0 12 32 11.3 32.0 22 62 22.0 62.0 Strongly Agree 4.4 4.6 9.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 541 528 Value 2.156a 2.220 202 df 1.627 97 a cells (50.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 1.94 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 037 Asymp a Std Error 036 Approx T 1.005 Approx Sig .315 064 062 1.005 315 000 000 022 028 545 003 005 819 014 018 765 528e 017 022 765 528 012 015 765 528 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 APPENDIX C: SURVEY DATA: HYPOTHESIS #2 Table C1 Hypothesis 2, Question Question 1: I feel that it is important that local community leaders influence the level of workforce development to impact economic development Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count over 45 Total Disagree 6.8 7.2 14 14.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 31 10.7 27.6 15 26 11.3 29.4 22 57 22.0 57.0 Strongly Agree 1.9 2.1 4.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 354 344 Value 3.258a 3.323 399 df 712 97 a cells (25.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 1.94 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 057 Asymp a Std Error 097 Approx T 578 Approx Sig .563 106 174 578 563 000 000 034 035 358 018 020 154 020 021 928 344e 025 027 928 344 016 017 928 344 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Workforce Training and Economic Development 132 Table C2 Hypothesis 2, Question Question 2: I feel that it is important that individual citizens influence the level of workforce development to impact economic development Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 30 9.2 28.6 13 29 9.8 30.4 19 59 19.0 59.0 Disagree 4.8 5.2 10 10.0 Strongly Agree 4.4 4.6 9.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 389 380 Value 3.017a 3.079 690 df 159 97 a cells (37.5%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 4.36 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 047 Asymp a Std Error 101 Approx T 453 b Approx Sig .650 085 180 453 650 000 000 031 034 394 010 013 392 018 020 894 380e 023 026 894 380 015 016 894 380 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 133 Table C3 Hypothesis 2, Question Question 3: I feel that it is important that local community groups influence the level of workforce development to impact economic development Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Disagree 3.4 3.6 7.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Agree Nor Disagree 29 10.7 29.1 13 31 11.3 30.9 22 60 22.0 60.0 Strongly Agree 3.9 4.1 8.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 1.989a 2.034 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 575 565 686 df 163 97 a cells (50.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 3.39 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 036 Asymp a Std Error 045 Approx T 777 Approx Sig .437 064 080 777 437 000 000 021 027 579 004 006 756 012 017 729 565e 015 021 729 565 010 014 729 565 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 134 Table C4 Hypothesis 2, Question Question 4: I believe that it is important for local communities to have input into a cooperative plan with local training organizations to influence the level of workforce development to impact economic development Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Disagree 3.4 3.6 7.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 32 9.7 29.1 13 28 10.3 30.9 20 60 20.0 60.0 Strongly Agree 4.8 5.2 10 10.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 472 467 Value 2.519a 2.548 862 df 030 97 a cells (37.5%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 3.39 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 060 Asymp a Std Error 094 Approx T 612 106 165 612 541 c c 000 026 032 477 013 017 295 015 019 807 467e 019 023 807 467 013 016 807 467 b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero Approx Sig .541 000 a Not assuming the null hypothesis d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 135 Table C5 Hypothesis 2, Question Question 5: I value the input of local communities in influencing the level of workforce development to impact economic development Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Disagree 3.4 3.6 7.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 32 9.7 29.6 12 29 10.3 31.4 20 61 20.0 61.0 Strongly Agree 4.4 4.6 9.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 2.254a 2.300 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 521 513 152 df 2.049 97 a cells (50.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 3.39 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 048 Asymp a Std Error 098 Approx T 479 b Approx Sig .632 085 170 479 632 000 000 023 029 526 009 013 476 014 018 772 513e 017 022 772 513 012 015 772 513 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability c c d d e e APPENDIX D: SURVEY DATA: HYPOTHESIS #3 Table D1 Hypothesis 3, Question Question 1: I feel that it is important that workforce development agencies and educational systems collaborate to develop workforce-ready individuals Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Strongly Disagree 5 1.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree 10 34 2.4 11.1 30.5 13 29 2.6 11.9 32.5 23 63 5.0 23.0 63.0 Strongly Agree 2.4 2.6 5.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 141 056 Value 6.902a 9.216 566 df 330 97 a cells (60.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 48 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 074 Asymp a Std Error 095 Approx T 752 Approx Sig .452 128 159 752 452 000 000 071 022 145 016 018 183 057 022 2.416 056e 069 028 2.416 056 049 018 2.416 056 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 137 Table D2 Hypothesis 3, Question Question 2: I feel that it is important that workforce development agencies and educational systems reach out to businesses and include them in the process to develop workforce-ready individuals Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 10 29 9.7 30.5 10 34 10.3 32.5 20 63 20.0 63.0 Disagree 1.5 1.5 3.0 Strongly Agree 5.3 5.7 11 11.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 729a 735 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 866 865 819 df 052 97 a cells (25.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 1.45 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 025 Asymp a Std Error 071 Approx T 343 Approx Sig .731 043 121 343 731 000 000 008 017 868 003 008 863 005 011 432 865e 005 013 432 865 004 009 432 865 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 138 Table D3 Hypothesis 3, Question Question 3: I feel that it is important that workforce development agencies and educational systems reach out to communities and include them in the process to develop workforce-ready individuals Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree 34 10.2 31.0 13 30 10.8 33.0 21 64 21.0 64.0 Disagree 1.9 2.1 4.0 Strongly Agree 3.9 4.1 8.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 503 493 Value 2.350a 2.406 191 df 1.708 97 a cells (50.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 1.94 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 050 Asymp a Std Error 103 Approx T 472 Approx Sig .637 085 173 472 637 000 000 024 030 508 012 018 320 015 019 791 493e 018 023 791 493 013 017 791 493 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 139 Table D4 Hypothesis 3, Question Question 4: I believe that it is important for workforce development agencies and educational systems to create a system that provides a continuous flow of workforceready individuals Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Strongly Disagree 5 1.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree 10 33 2.4 11.1 30.0 13 29 2.6 11.9 32.0 23 62 5.0 23.0 62.0 Strongly Agree 2.9 3.1 6.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 4 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 161 064 Value 6.563a 8.876 196 df 1.673 97 a cells (60.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 48 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 061 Asymp a Std Error 098 Approx T 603 Approx Sig .546 106 167 603 546 000 000 068 018 165 013 015 286 054 021 2.437 064e 066 027 2.437 064 046 017 2.437 064 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e Workforce Training and Economic Development 140 Table D5 Hypothesis 3, Question Question 5: I value the input of workforce development agencies in creating an educational system that develops workforce-ready individuals Age Demographics * Observed Frequencies Crosstabulation Age Demographics 45 and under over 45 Total Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Count Expected Count Disagree 2.9 3.1 6.0 Observed Frequencies Neither Agree Agree Nor Disagree 11 32 11.1 29.1 12 28 11.9 30.9 23 60 23.0 60.0 Strongly Agree 3.9 4.1 8.0 Total 47 47.0 50 50.0 97 97.0 Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 2.887a 2.990 3 Asymp Sig (2-sided) 409 393 981 df 001 97 a cells (50.0%) have expected count less than The minimum expected count is 2.91 Directional Measures Nominal by Nominal Lambda Goodman and Kruskal tau Uncertainty Coefficient Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Symmetric Age Demographics Dependent Observed Frequencies Dependent Value 048 Asymp a Std Error 090 Approx T 517 Approx Sig .605 085 158 517 605 000 000 030 032 414 010 013 411 018 020 891 393e 022 025 891 393 015 017 891 393 a Not assuming the null hypothesis b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis c Cannot be computed because the asymptotic standard error equals zero d Based on chi-square approximation e Likelihood ratio chi-square probability b c c d d e e ... presents the research data and the analysis of the data relating to the research questions Chapter provides a summary and discussion of the results, conclusions and recommendations, and connects the. .. work and educate them along the way to develop the more desired soft skills and hard skills to make an impact on the available workforce- capable resources In an attempt to increase the female workforce, ... labor is effectively replacing the United States as the premier labor market Kastsinas and Moeck (2002) compare the ‘have’ and the ‘have–nots’ in the ability to offer technology availability and