FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS SYSTEM DESIGN FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS SYSTEM DESIGN HARRY R ANDERSON, Ph.D., P.E CONSULTING ENGINEER USA Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West 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appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, Harry R Fixed broadband wireless system design / Harry R Anderson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-470-84438-8 (alk paper) Wireless communication systems – Design and construction Cellular telephone systems – Design and construction Broadband communication systems I Title TK5103.4 A53 2003 621.3845 – dc21 2002033360 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84438-8 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford, Surrey This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production Contents Preface Fixed Broadband Wireless Systems 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 xvii Introduction Evolution of Wireless Systems Models for Wireless System Design Demand for Communication Services Licensed Frequency Bands License-Exempt Bands Technical Standards 1.7.1 IEEE 802.11 Standards 1.7.2 IEEE 802.16 Standards 1.7.3 ETSI BRAN Standards Fixed, Portable, and Mobile Terminals Types of Fixed Wireless Networks 1.9.1 Point-to-Point (PTP) Networks 1.9.2 Consecutive Point and Mesh Networks 1.9.3 Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) Networks 1.9.4 NLOS Point-to-Multipoint Networks Organization of this Book Future Directions in Fixed Broadband Wireless Conclusions References 1 10 12 13 14 14 15 17 17 17 18 19 20 22 23 23 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 25 2.1 2.2 2.3 25 25 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 2.4 2.5 Introduction Maxwell’s Equations and Wave Equations Plane and Spherical Waves 2.3.1 Impedance of Free Space and Other Transmission Media 2.3.2 Power in a Plane Wave 2.3.3 Spherical Waves Linear, Circular, Elliptical, and Orthogonal Polarizations Free-Space Propagation 2.5.1 Path Attenuation between Two Antennas 2.5.2 Field Strength at a Distance vi CONTENTS 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Reflection 2.6.1 Specular Reflection 2.6.2 Physical Optics 2.6.3 Reflections from Rough Surfaces Diffraction 2.7.1 Wedge Diffraction 2.7.2 Knife-Edge Diffraction Fresnel Zones and Path Clearance Material Transmission 2.9.1 Transmission into Structures 2.9.2 Transmission through Foliage Atmospheric Refraction 2.10.1 Statistics of Varying Refractivity Gradients 2.10.2 Sub-Refraction 2.10.3 Super-Refraction and Ducting Atmospheric Absorption Rain Attenuation and Depolarization Free-Space Optics (FSO) Propagation 2.13.1 Beam Divergence 2.13.2 Fog, Snow, and Rain Attenuation 2.13.3 Atmospheric Scintillation Conclusions References 33 33 35 37 40 40 45 51 53 54 54 56 59 61 61 62 62 65 66 67 67 68 68 Propagation and Channel Models 71 3.1 71 72 73 73 74 75 75 75 77 77 78 3.2 3.3 Introduction 3.1.1 Model Classifications 3.1.2 Fading Models Theoretical, Empirical, and Physical Models 3.2.1 Theoretical Channel Models 3.2.1.1 Theoretical, Non-Time-Dispersive 3.2.1.2 Theoretical, Time-Dispersive 3.2.2 Empirical Channel Models 3.2.2.1 Empirical, Non-Time-Dispersive 3.2.2.2 Empirical, Time-Dispersive 3.2.3 Physical Channel Models 3.2.3.1 Physical, Non-Time-Dispersive, Not Site-Specific 3.2.3.2 Physical, Non-Time-Dispersive, Site-Specific 3.2.3.3 Physical, Time-Dispersive, Site-Specific Generic Wideband Channel Model 3.3.1 Wideband Channel Response 3.3.1.1 Time–Variant and Static Channels 78 78 79 79 83 85 vii CONTENTS 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.3.1.2 Tapped Delay Line Model 3.3.1.3 Frequency Domain Representations Empirical Models 3.4.1 IEEE 802.16 (SUI) Models 3.4.2 COST-231 Hata Model 3.4.3 MMDS Band Empirical Path Loss 3.4.4 3D Path Loss Surface Models Physical Models 3.5.1 Free Space + RMD 3.5.1.1 Line-of-Sight Assessment 3.5.1.2 LOS Path Analysis 3.5.1.3 NLOS Path Analysis 3.5.2 Multiple Obstacle Analysis 3.5.2.1 Epstein–Peterson Method 3.5.2.2 Deygout Method 3.5.3 Longley–Rice Model 3.5.4 TIREM Model 3.5.5 Anderson 2D Model 3.5.6 NLOS Dominant Ray Path Loss Model 3.5.6.1 Building Clutter Loss 3.5.7 Ray-Tracing 3.5.8 Simplified Indoor Model Conclusions References 88 89 89 90 93 94 96 97 98 98 99 102 102 105 106 107 107 107 108 110 115 120 122 123 Fading Models 127 4.1 127 128 129 130 132 134 137 138 140 143 144 146 147 149 149 151 152 153 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Introduction 4.1.1 Link Performance with Fading Atmospheric Fading Models 4.2.1 Microwave Multipath Fading Mechanisms 4.2.2 Vigants–Barnett Model 4.2.3 ITU-R P.530-8 Model 4.2.4 Dispersive (Frequency-Selective) Fading 4.2.4.1 Coherence Bandwidth 4.2.4.2 Dispersive Fade Margin Rain Fading Models 4.3.1 Crane Rain Fade Model 4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-8 Model 4.3.3 Short-Range Rain Fading 4.3.4 Other Precipitation Losses 4.3.5 Cross-Polarization Discrimination Fading Model Correlated Rain Fading Model Free Space Optics Fog Fading Models Fading Models for NLOS Links viii CONTENTS 4.6.1 4.7 4.8 NLOS Multipath Fading Models 4.6.1.1 Rayleigh Distribution 4.6.1.2 Rician Distribution 4.6.1.3 Nakagami Distribution 4.6.2 NLOS Shadow Fading Models 4.6.3 Composite Fading–Shadowing Distributions Conclusion References 154 154 157 158 160 161 162 163 Propagation Environment Models 165 5.1 5.2 165 166 166 167 169 171 172 173 175 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 183 183 186 187 187 188 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Introduction Topography 5.2.1 Topographic Maps 5.2.2 Terrain DEMs 5.2.3 DEM Data from Satellite and Aerial Imagery Buildings and Other Structures 5.3.1 Vector Building Databases 5.3.2 Canopy Building Databases 5.3.3 System Analysis Errors from Using Canopy Databases Morphology (Land Use/Land Cover or Clutter) Atmospheric and Meteorology Factors 5.5.1 Atmospheric Refractivity 5.5.2 Rain Rates 5.5.3 Fog Data Mobile Elements of the Propagation Environment Mapping Fundamentals 5.7.1 Spheroids, Ellipsoids, and Geoids 5.7.2 Geodetic Systems, Datums, and Datum Transformations 5.7.3 Map Projections 5.7.4 Coordinate Systems Conclusions References Fixed Wireless Antenna Systems 189 6.1 6.2 189 190 192 194 195 197 199 201 202 Introduction Antenna System Fundamentals 6.2.1 Radiation from an Elemental Dipole Antenna 6.2.2 Directivity and Gain 6.2.3 Antenna Radiation Patterns 6.2.4 Polarization 6.2.5 Antenna Efficiency and Bandwidth 6.2.6 Electrical Beamtilt, Mechanical Beamtilt, and Null Fill 6.2.7 Reciprocity 496 ATMOSPHERIC AND RAIN DATA Table A.1 1996 Crane rain rates for map regions A to H % of year exceeded A B B1 B2 C D1 D2 D3 E F G H 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 28.1 20.9 17.5 13.8 9.9 6.9 5.5 4.0 2.5 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 52.1 41.7 36.1 29.2 21.1 14.6 11.6 8.6 5.7 3.8 2.9 2.0 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 42.6 32.7 27.8 22.3 16.1 11.3 9.0 6.8 4.5 2.9 2.2 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 63.8 50.9 43.8 35.7 25.8 17.6 13.9 10.3 6.8 4.4 3.4 2.4 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.2 71.6 58.9 50.6 41.4 29.5 19.9 15.6 11.5 7.7 5.2 4.1 2.9 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.2 86.6 69.0 60.4 49.2 36.2 25.4 20.3 15.3 10.3 6.8 5.3 3.8 2.2 1.2 0.6 0.2 114.1 88.3 75.6 62.1 46.8 34.7 28.6 22.2 15.1 9.9 7.6 5.3 3.0 1.5 0.9 0.3 133.2 106.6 93.5 78.7 61.6 47.0 39.9 31.6 22.4 15.2 11.8 8.2 4.6 2.0 0.8 0.0 176.0 145.4 130.0 112.0 91.5 72.2 62.4 50.4 36.2 24.1 18.4 12.6 7.0 3.3 1.8 0.2 70.7 50.4 41.4 31.9 22.2 15.0 11.8 8.5 5.3 3.1 2.2 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 197.0 159.6 140.8 118.0 90.2 66.8 55.8 43.8 31.3 22.0 17.7 13.2 8.4 5.0 3.4 1.8 542.6 413.9 350.3 283.4 209.3 152.4 125.9 97.2 66.5 43.5 33.1 22.6 12.4 5.8 3.3 1.1 Table A.2 ITU-R rain regions Rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) % of year exceeded 0.001 0.003 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 ITU-R rain rates for map regions A to Q A B C 22 32 42 14 21 26 12 15 0.8 2.8