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GERUND AND INFINITIVES A. GERUND 1. Used as Subject of a sentence : − Listening to music is always interesting. − Learning a language is not easy. 2. Used as Complement of a verb : “be” and “linking verbs” − Her hobby is painting. 3. Used after certain verbs: acknowledge celebrate finish omit report admit consider imagine postpone resent advise defend involve practice resist anticipate delay keep prevent resume appreciate deny loathe prohibit risk avoid discuss mention quit suggest (cant) stand enjoy mind recall tolerate (cant) help excuse miss recommend understand
GERUND AND INFINITIVES A GERUND Used as Subject of a sentence : − Listening to music is always interesting − Learning a language is not easy Used as Complement of a verb : “be” and “linking verbs” − Her hobby is painting Used after certain verbs: acknowledge admit advise anticipate appreciate avoid (can't) stand (can't) help celebrate consider defend delay deny discuss enjoy excuse finish imagine involve keep loathe mention mind miss omit postpone practice prevent prohibit quit recall recommend report resent resist resume risk suggest tolerate understand Verb + Preposition + Gerund adapt to agree (with sb) (about/on sth) apologize (to sb) (for sth) approve of argue (with sb) (about/over sth) ask about be good / clever at be used to be afraid of be fond of believe in benefit from / of care about / for complain (to sb) (about/of sth) confess to concentrate on consist of count on decide on depend on dream about / of feel like get on with insist on look forward to object to pay for persist in plan on put up with rely on specialize in succeed in think of ( be used to = be accustomed to = be familiar with : quen với ) − − − − − I apologized to her for being late for the meeting this morning We're thinking of making the plan more practical People don't care about destroying the environment The director objected to producing the new products I'm tired of doing the same work Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund (Các động từ sau cần object dùng với Gerund ) accuse of blame for charge with congratulate on deter from = discourage discourage from excuse for / from − forgive for help with inform about prevent from punish for remind about / of They accused me of revealing the company's secret − She prevented him from making the same mistake stop from strike as tell about thank for use for warn about − He informed me about taking the make-up test After some phrases : can't bear, can't face, can't stand, can't help, feel like it's no good, it's no use, there’s no point (in) … : chẳng ích it’s (not) worth : đáng để làm (khơng làm) − This book is worth reading − It’s no use asking for his help Passive Gerund : Being + V3 or Having been + V3 − She avoided being recognized by wearing overcoat and sunglasses − He dislikes being called when he is at home − She insisted on being taken to my class meeting last night − They remembered having been kept in a dark and scaring room Perfect Gerund : Having + V3 − The little boy denied spilling / having spilled the sugar − They blamed me for taking / having taken the papers out Expressions followed by VERB + ing have a difficult time / a good time / a hard time / an easy time have difficulty / have no difficulty have (some) problems / have a problem / have no problem / have fun spend one's time / waste one's time go fishing / shopping / camping / swimming / climbing / skiing / hunting … B TO INFINITIVE To-Infinitive follow verbs : afford consent agree decline aim demand appear desire arrange endeavor care = want fail claim threaten grow guarantee hesitate hope long manage offer plan pledge pretend prove refuse resolve seem − Did he agree to help you? − We pretended not to see her when we were in the restaurant − I happened to meet an old friend this morning Dùng “To-Inf” sau số cấu trúc như: • Too + adj / adv + ( for Object) + to-inf • Adj / adv + enough + ( for Object) + to-inf − He is too young to swim in the river − You are not old enough to attend the club • To-inf sử dụng làm tân ngữ tính từ: (Adj + To-inf) − This cake is easy to make − It’s not very difficult to learn a language • “To-inf” dùng sau : for / of − I’ll wait for you to finish your tasks − It was kind of you to help me strive struggle swear tend turn out volunteer wait Verb + how / what / when / where / which / why + To- inf ask - decide - discover - find out - forget - know - learn - remember - wonder − She forgot how to this work Verb + Object + To-Infinitive ( Các động từ sau cần object dùng với To-infinitive) advise enable invite persuade allow force motivate recommend command get oblige remind convince hire order require encourage instruct permit send forbid train urge warn (against) show … how teach / teach … how tell / tell … how … − I advised her not to quit her job now − They forced him to break into the house − The doctor advised my father to drink as much water as possible But The doctor advised drinking as much water as possible (sau V khơng có O ta dùng gerund) − He warns the boys not to come near the dog ( or He warns the boys against coming …) Verb + (Object) + To-Infinitive (Các động từ sau cần không cần object) ask desire know prepare beg expect need promise choose help offer want dare intend pay wish − They wished to talk with the president about their salary − I want him to play the song again − The man wants to cross the street would like "To infinitive" dùng sau số danh từ: "ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, demand, desire, determination, effort, offer, plan, promise, refusal, request, willingness, wish " - She was annoyed by his unwillingness to his share of the work “To-inf” dùng để diễn tả mục đích kết − We go to school to widen our knowledge − He grew up to be a handsome young man Ta dùng “To-Infinitive” sau danh từ đại từ để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ trường hợp sau: a Sau từ số thứ tự ( first / second ), sau next, last , only sau cấu trúc so sánh − He was the last man that left the ship → he was the last man to leave the ship − Mary is the only one that understands him → Mary is the only one to understand him − The first man that we must see is Tom → The first man (for us) to see is Tom b Khi câu nói diễn tả mục đích cho phép − He has a lot of documents that he must type → He has a lot of documents to type − She has some homework that she has to finish → She has some homework to finish − The children need a garden which they can play in → The children need a garden to play in Passive Infinitive : to be + V3 − He hoped to be invited to the party − The boys don’t wish to be asked to the principal’s room − He doesn’t like to be called piggy C BARE INFINITIVE Ta dùng Bare Infinitive sau động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verbs) “Would rather / had better” − − Notes: − − You had better (not) work harder I'd rather (not) stay at home người (S1) muốn người khác (S2) làm điều ta phải chia động từ Quá Khứ I’d rather you did your homework now He’d rather his friends didn’t leave so early Sau động từ giác quan như: “see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice ” sau động từ “make, let, help, have + O” (causative form : have s.o s.th) − I saw him unlock the door − The teacher made us a lot of exercises − He had me repair his bike Notes: See , hear , feel, watch, listen to, notice + bare-inf : diễn tả hành động chấm dứt hay hành động xảy chấm dứt thời điểm − We saw him leave the house − I heard them make arrangements for their journey See , hear , feel, watch, listen to, notice + Gerund : diễn tả hành động xảy hay cịn tiếp diễn ta nói − I heard someone coming up the stairs − I saw them going for a walk in the park some days ago Notes : Các động từ (ngoại trừ let) bị động phải dùng to infinitive − I was made to finish the report in 24 hours − We are helped to lose weight by jogging − The boys were seen to steal the fruits − ************************ Một số động từ với To-Infinitive Gerund thay đổi nghĩa Các động từ theo sau “To-Infinitive” “Gerund” khơng khác khác nghĩa • hate, love, like, prefer doing s.th : có ý nói chung chung − I hate getting up early − We love listening to music • hate, love, like, prefer to s.th: đề cập đến ý thích theo thói quen (cụ thể) − We prefer to go out for lunch on Sundays − I don’t like to disturb colleagues at home • Begin, start Các động từ dùng với Gerund hay To-inf khơng có khác biệt nhiều nghĩa Tuy nhiên ta dùng “To-inf ” động từ dùng dạng tiếp diễn theo sau Start / Begin động từ “understand realize” − When we finished our class, it was starting to rain − We began to realize that we were in danger Các động từ theo sau “To-Infinitive” “Gerund” khác nghĩa Remember / forget • • Remember / forget doing s.th : nhớ hay quên hành động / việc làm khứ (past events) − Sorry I don’t remember meeting you before − They will never forget visiting Australia last year Remember / forget to s.th : nhớ / quên phải làm việc (an obligation) − Remember to bring the books back to the library − I forgot to turn off the lights before leaving home Try / attempt • • Try / attempt to s.th : cố gắng hay nỗ lực làm việc gì, thành cơng hay thất bại − I tried to warn him but it was too late Try / attempt doing s.th : thử làm việc − Have you tried surfing? It’s great − Try taking an aspirin You’ll feel better Mean • • Mean to s.th : cố ý hay có ý định làm việc − Sorry, I didn’t mean to hurt you Mean doing s.th : có nghĩa là, có liên quan tới việc − If we catch the early train, it will mean getting up at 5.00 Regret • • Regret doing s.th : hối tiếc, hối hận việc xảy khứ − I regret being so rude to you yesterday Regret to s.th : thông báo tin xấu (lấy làm tiếc sửa phải làm điều gì, thường ngịai ý muốn.) − I regret to inform you that you have failed the exam Stop • • Stop to s.th : dừng lại để làm việc − Jane stopped to buy us some coke Stop doing s.th : dừng việc làm (thôi, không làm hành động nữa) − He has to stop smoking and drinking because of his ill-health Go on • • Go on to s.th : tiếp tục làm việc khác − After she received the test paper, she went on to it Go on doing s.th : tiếp tục làm việc làm − They went on singing after a short rest Consider • • Consider to s.th : diễn tả ý kiến ( coi / xem ) − She is considered to be the finest pianist of her generation Consider doing s.th : xem xét, nghĩ đến việc (= think about) − I sometimes consider changing another job Need / want • • Diễn tả ý chủ động − I need to cut this paper Diễn tả ý bị động − This paper needs cutting