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HA ES eet FS ~e * ae eee PR Tee er ee TS TH, Klaime Kirn Darcy Jack xateraction Se me, in, prosaic aes, NHA XUAT BAN TONG HOP THÀNH PHO HO CHi MINH NHA XUAT BAN McGRAW-HILL Interactions Grammar, 5th Edition Published by McGraw-Hill ESL/ELT, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning ISBN 138: 978-0-07-127232-2 ISBN 10: 0-07-127232-1 This edition under ISBN: 978-0-07-127232-2 is specially reprinted in Vietnam by McGraw-Hill Education Asia and Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House is the exclusive distributor of this edition in Vietnam An phẩm in lại phát hành độc quyền Việt Nam duéi su hgp tac gitta McGraw-Hill Education Asia va Nha xuat Tổng hợp Thanh phố Hồ Chí Minh với ISBN: 978-0-07-127939-9- INTERACTIONS GRAMMAR Chịu trách nhiệm xuất bản: NGUYEN THỊ THANH HƯƠNG Biên tập: NGUYÊN VĨNH TRƯNG NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỔNG HỢP THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH 62 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai, Q.1 ĐT: 38225340 - 38296764 - 38247225 - 38296713 - 38223637 Fax: 38222726 - Email: tonghop@nxbhcm.com.vn www.nxbhcm.com.vn - www.dulichmuasam.com In lần thứ nhất, số lượng 5.000 Khổ 20 x 25,5 cm Tại: CÔNG TY CỎ PHÀN IN KHUYÉN HỌC PHÍA NAM 128/7/7 Trần Quốc Thảo, Quận 3, TP Hồ Chí Minh GPXB số: 756-09/CXB/49-109/THTPHCM ngày 19/8/2009 In xong nộp lưu chiều tháng 8/2009 A Special Thank You The Interactions/Mosaic Silver Edition team wishes to thank our extended team: teachers, students, administrators, and teacher trainers, all of whom contributed invaluably to the making of this edition Macarena Aguilar, North Harris College, Houston, Texas a Mohamad Al-Alam, Imam Mohammad University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia & Faisal M Al Mohanna Abaalkhail, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Amal Al-Toaimy, Women’s College, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Douglas Arroliga, Ave Maria University, Managua, Nicaragua Fairlie Atkinson, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea # Jose R Bahamonde, Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida John Ball, Universidad de las Americas, Mexico City, Mexico | Steven Bell, Universidad Ja Salle, Mexico City, Mexico = Damian Benstead, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea Paul Cameron, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Sun Chang, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea & Grace Chao, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C = Chien Ping Chen, Hua Fan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Selma Chen, Chihlee Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan R.0.C & Sylvia Chiu, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Mary Colonna, Columbia University, New York, New York Lee Culver, Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida & Joy Durighello, City College of San - Francisco, San Francisco, California Isabel Del Valle, ULATINA, San Jose, Costa Rica & Linda Emerson, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea & Esther Entin, Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida Glenn Farrier, Gakushuin Women’s College, Tokyo, Japan Su Wei Feng, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Judith Garcia, Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida = Maxine Gillway, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Colin Gullberg, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Natasha Haugnes, Academy of Art University, San Francisco, California « Barbara Hockman, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Jinyoung Hong, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea | Sherry Hsieh, Christ’s College, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C | Yu-shen Hsu, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Cheung Kai-Chong, Shih-Shin University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Leslie Kanberg, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California § Gregory Keech, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California &@ Susan Kelly, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea Myoungsuk Kim, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea & Youngsuk Kim, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea = Roy Langdon, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea & Rocio Lara, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Insung Lee, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea Andy Leung, National Tsing Hua University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Elisa Li Chan, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica § Elizabeth Lorenzo, Universidad Internacional de las Americas, San Jose, Costa Rica Cheryl Magnant, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea & Narciso Maldonado [uit, Escuela Tecnica Electricista, Mexico City, Mexico Shaun Manning, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea Yoshiko Matsubayashi, Tokyo International University, Saitama, Japan & Scott Miles, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea William Mooney, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan R.0.C = Jeff Moore, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea & Mavelin de Moreno, Lehnsen Roosevelt School, Guatemala City, Guatemala Ahmed Motala, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Carlos Navarré, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Dan Neal, Chih Chien University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Margarita Novo, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Karen O’Neill, San Jose State University, San Jose, California Linda O’Roke, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California & Martha Padilla, Colegio de Bachilleres de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Mexico ® Allen Quesada, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Jim Rogge, Broward Community College, Ft Lauderdale, Florida & Marge Ryder, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Gerardo Salas, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica & Shigeo Sato, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan Lynn Schneider, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Devan Scoble, Songkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea § Maryjane Scott, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea Ghaida Shaban, Makassed Philanthropic School, Beirut, Lebanon & Maha Shalok, Makassed Philanthropic School, Beirut, Lebanon ® John Shannon, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Elsa Sheng, National Technology College of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Ye-Wei Sheng, National Taipei College of Business, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Emilia Sobaja, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica YouSouk Yoon, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea Shanda Stromfield, San Jose State University, San Jose, California ® Richard Swingle, Kansai Gaidai College, Osaka, Japan & Carol Sung, Christ’s College, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Jeng-Yih Tim Hsu, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan R.O.C & Shinichiro Torikai, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan = Sungsoon Wang, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea & Kathleen Wolf, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California & Sean Wray, Waseda University International, Tokyo, Japan & Belinda Yanda, Academy of Art University, San Francisco, California Su Huei Yang, National Taipei College of Business, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C & Tzu Yun Yu, Chungyu Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C Welcome to Interactions/Mosaic Silver Edition . : ccrnrerrrrrrrrrre x xvi Scope and Sequence . -ccrriieerreerrrrtrrrdrdtrrrdrtrdrdrrdtrrrdrdrririe Chapter BE; THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE; PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES dtr Affirmative and Negative S†atemenfS .eererederrrrrrrrrrdrrrdnrrr 1.1 n naaaaann an ti cố Yes/No Questions and Short AnSWTS ceeerrrrrrrrrrrrrerrrdrdtrrrrrrrtrr 4.3 13 rre rrdinftrrrt rrrddrrrrrd The lmperatiVe Form -crcrerrrreirrrrdrrrrriirdrrr 4.4 14 v nnn HT HH1 0301 E214 LESL 4.5 15 Hy g3 H1 kg TH ng 1131 1311171 The Simple Present Tense .e ĐT 1.6 17 Yes/No Questions and Short Answers in the Present Tense eeeerreen 1.7 19 e trtrrrrrre eeeeree Information Questions in the Simple Present TenS@ 4.8 22 Frequency AdVerbs -eerererrerererrrtrrrrrdrrdrrrtrrdrinrrrrrltrrrtrrreire 1.9 23 rtrrirrrde rrrtrrdrrt 4.10 Questions with Frequency AdVerbS eeeeerrrrrrrtrrrr nrniiir 23 1.11 Frequency Phra§@s -ccrenrrthrhrhrrrrtrrrrrrtrrrtrrdrrrdrrrtrdrrrri a 28 aao .a.a 4.12 Personal 1o nh 1.13 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns - csrrerierrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrmrrie 29 Chapter 32 THERE IS / THERE ARE; POSSESSIVE NOUNS; THE PRESENT -CONTINUOUS TENSE; AND MODALS rit 35 Statements with There is / There af@ enrrrerrrrrrrdtrrderrrrditrirdr 2.1 36 rrrdr Questions with There fs /Ther@ af@ eerrrrrrrrrrrrtrrtntrtrrrrrern 2.2 41 Questions with Whose .ierrrrerrrrrddrrdtrrtrdrtrrrdrdrrdnndnrtlrrrrrrir 2.3 42 111018 hưng 801110 chữ PossessiVe NOUIS 2.4 46 Statements with the Present Continuous TenSe .eerenersetrrrree m 2.5 47 eernnrre Yes/No Questions with the Present Continuous TensS® -eeeere 2.6 ee 47 Information Questions with the Present CONTINUOUS Tense ccec 2.7 52 rrtrrrre Verbs for Feeling or Thoughi -ceeeeerrrrrtrrrrdtrdtrrrrrrrrdrrdd 2.8 HH tgrtrrtrreitrrritrttrrre 53 Verbs for POSS©SSỈOT 2.9 "9-40 Verbs for Sensory PerceptÏ0n ccccncntrrrrrrrttiitrrriiirrrrrrrriiirrrrin 53 211 2.12 2.13 2.14 iv Contents 4a” ccensnHhhư HH mrgrtrtrrredrrrrriitrdie Statements With Modals rir Yes/No Questions with Modals ceeieeerretirrdetrrrrrrrrrrddrdittrrrtri ir Information Questions with ModalS .eeerrrrrrtrrmrrrrdrrrrrrrirrtrr nirinir ttlttnrtrti Meanings of ModalS cceehhHhrrrrrtttrtrrrrrreritrrrtrdrd 57 57 57 58 Chapter lSỈ Living to Eat or EatingtoLive? 62 QUANTITY; COMPARISONS AND MODAL VERBS 3.1 Count and Noncount NOUS HH HH TH TH HH HH HH cư Hy 3.2 SOme€ and AT ch 21 11 11.1 KT 0A an na K¬ lờ 3.5 HOW Many and How Much 3.6 A FOW/A Little sa KH 3.8 c rệt AUOQ Comparisons with -er than and More than Ki KkhiM ` c cc ccccc nh HH HH TH TH ng HH coi ca ga nh nh 3.11 MAKING OFfCFS oo 14a4 3.12 Requesting Permission T Chapter TH TH TH ki HH HH KH TK TT TH T1 105 7k In the Community 92 THE FUTURE; MORE ABOUT VERBS, PREPOSITIONS, AND ARTICLES 4.1 Statements with Be Going to "— 4.2 _ Yes/No Questions with Be GoÏng ẦO 4.3 LH HT ¬ k HT ng ng cư Information Questions with Be Goins †O cHrrdee 4.4 _ Statements with the Simpie Future Tense 4.5 Yes/No Questions with the Simple Future Tense 4.6 Information Questions with the Simple Future Tense ni 100 4.7 _ The Present Continuous for FUtUf@ TỈT 4.8 The Simple Present for Future Tim@ cuc ch co HH HH Hee HH HH 103 103 4.9 _ Inseparable Phrasal Verbs: EXxaInpl@S cLcL nn LH HH HH HH key 108 4.10 Separable Phrasal Verbs: EXaImpÌ@S 4.11 Inseparabie Phrasal VerBS LH HH 4.12 Separable Phrasal VGrDS LH HH HH HH 4.13 Prepositions of PlAC@ 4.14 PrepOSitions OÍ TỈT@ HH HH ng nghệ TH HH 4.15 Indefinite Articles oo 4.16 The Definite Article 4.17 The with Nam@S LL LH - c2 HH HH TH HH HH TH HH HH HH key 108 TH Hư Hư Hy 111 HH Hư 112 n1 11 01 1111111111111 11111 tk ckgrx re 119 kg key 120 o d LH HT TT kg HH KH KTS gs 6116 kEc Contents V THE PAST TENSE; CONNECTING WORDS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 ' ẹ Statements With Past Tense Verbs nu 2212111 2n Yes/No Questions and Short Answers with Main Verbs information Questions with Main Verbs Used to 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Information Questions with the Past Tense of Be TT Compound Sentences with And, But, OF, and So s nh e 149 154 " THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE; SUPERLATIVES AND OTHER COMPARATIVES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 vi Contents aa= “co 155 160 14 The Present Perfect Tense Ever, Never, Already, Just, Recently, Still, and Yet Hee SUP€FlafÏV@ FOFS Q12 SO AN TO TH HH Hee TA HH HH KH KH KH HH KH key Either and Neith@r c2 tt 20c rerrrrrserreeeeece Expressing Contrasts With But cccsccsscsssssessssssssecsssssssnisssssessssessseeesecc eseecces, 169 175 184 184 186 Chapter Health 194 KINDS OF VERBS, PRONOUNS, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES 7.1 Verb + Object + InfinitiVe e _— 7.2_ Modal Verbs G1111 1111111111 TH Ty TH Hà H1 11111171 17117111 7117157 1171 10611 rxkp 200 7.3 ReflexiVe PrOnOUS Hee V- S1 11111 81k TH pace KH 01 kg 197 206 7.4 Tag Questions ¬— 7.5 Subject PronoUuns -vees ¬ 7.6 Reduction of Relative Clauses to Relatives PhraSeS nha Haee 216 r0) sánh Chapter [3| ¬ 210 —— ., Entertainment and the Media 222 THE PAST, INFINITIVES, MODAL VERBS, AND PRONOUNS 8n Pa 225 8.2 Yes/No Questions with the Past Confinuous TenSe cnHaee 226 8.3 Information Questions with the Past Continuous TenSe@ c.eneneee 226 8.4 The Simple Past Versus the Past Continuous 229 8.5 When and While Là H451 1111 1511111 Hà ch KH H11 15111111 1H tk 230 8.6 Infinitives After VerbS eeeeee H111 11111211111 kg 235 8.7 Infinitives After Adj©eCV©S uc ngkg kết 1T KH hy 239 8.8 Infinitives Of PUPPOSE 241 8.9 Summary of Modal VerbS eescccsessseesseessesseeesstsesnesssessneeee van "— 245 8.10 006i 8.11 Indefinite Pronouns mm 2n 8n ố 248 " —¬ Contents 249 Vv Chapter Social Life THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSES; ADVERBS 9.1 9.2 9.3 254 OF DEGREE The Present Perfect Tense scessssssssesssssssssesssssesecsssssvssssasssssssststesscessseecece ses , 258 Questions with the Present Perfect Tense 258 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Chapter Customs, Celebrations, and Holidays 288 MORE ABOUT VERB FORMS: GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND VERB COMPLEMENTS 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 —_ 10.8 Contents an Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects c2 nen 291 Gerunds as Objects of PrepOSitionS .cccccccccscsssssssessssssssesssssssesessesstees sesseeecccccce 297 Gerunds After Adjectives and Prepositions 299 Each of the following sentences describes the grammar you learned in this chapter Read the sentences and then check the best box for how well you understand each structure Needs improvement | can use gerunds and infinitives to talk about celebrations | can use gerunds with prepositions to talk about holidays | can use gerunds after adjectives and prepositions to describe holidays and celebrations | can use gerunds with phrasal verbs to talk about customs and holidays | can use verbs before objects, gerunds, infinitives, and simple forms of verbs to describe parties and customs i practiced taking a test about gerunds, infinitives, and verbs aa Q Good Qa Great a Q Q Q Q a Q Q n Q a Q Q Q a a Customs, Celebrations, and Holidays 315 Parts of Speech, Sentence Parts/Word Order Chart, and Grammar Terms The parts of speech are adjective, adverb, article, conjunction, noun, preposition, pronoun, and verb „4© WH SS qe Mariko cổ and xả xs a9 is 0” SSxe y a no oo oa oo ge young Ae 30 she is studying Verb Mariko Mariko is studies cạo S se woman xế* wo English cọc? grr from vŸ oe © there ey oor sợi S xe Japan ô8 She Phrase gs Orđ She is oo Fs& woe adh ge living cá© always ` in oe© or © rsS San Diego, oeÄẤ studies very hard Subject Verb Object from Japan | Mariko studies English every night does her homework ; She 317 Singular Plural Subject =one = two or more = the main person, place, thing or idea in a sentence aboy onedog three dogs Mariko came yesterday She is from Japan Her mother is going to visit her soon Verb Object = an action or situation = the receiver of an action Mariko came yesterday She is from Japan Mariko met her mother at the airport Mariko bought a present for her mother Phrase = two or more words together yesterday afternoon from Japan in the United States Sentence = asubject/verb combination that expresses a complete idea Mariko came yesterday afternoon She is from Japan She is living in the United States (not: She from Japan She in the United States.) 318 Numbers and Calendar Information This chart gives you both the cardinal and the ordinal numbers Note that the thirties, forties, and so on, follow the same pattern as the twenties Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal zero Ordinal twenty twentieth one two three four five first second third fourth fifth twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth seventeen eighteen seventeenth eighteenth nineteen nineteenth Days of the Week Sunday Monday Sun Mon Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Tues Wed Thurs Fri Saturday Sat Months (one) hundred (one) thousand (one) hundredth (one) thousandth (one) million (one) millionth of the Year January February March April May June Jan Feb Mar Apr Seasons winter spring summer autumn or fall July August September October November December Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ’ 319 Simple Form arise “arose awake awoke/awaked “be bear | Past ` beat become begin bend bet bite Past Participle | Simple Form arisen flee fled Past Participle fled fly flew flown Was/were been forbid forbade forbidden bore borne/born forget forgot forgotten beat beat forsake forsook forsaken became become freeze begun bent bet get give go began bent bet bit | awaked/awoken | Past bitten froze got gave went grind ground grew grown bled blow blew blown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged break broke broken have had had heard heard broadcast build ground bled breed grow got/gotten given gone bleed bring _ frozen bred bred brought brought hide hid hidden broadcast broadcast hit hit hit hold held held hurt built built hear burst burst burst hurt hurt buy bought bought keep kept cast cast cast know knew catch caught caught lay laid laid choose kept known chose chosen lead led led cling clung clung leap leapt leapt come came come leave left left cost cost cost lend lent lent creep crept crept let let let cut cut deal dig dealt dug did lie , lay lain dealt dug cut light lose litAighted lost litlighted lost done make made made draw drew drawn mean meant meant drink drank drunk meet met met drive drove driven eat ate fall fell overcome eaten pay overcame paid overcome paid fallen prove proved proved/proven* feed fed fed put put put feel felt felt quit fight fought fought find found found 320 read ride quit quit read read rode ridden Appendix Simple Form | Past continued Past Participle | Simple Form ring rang rise rose awaked/awoke ran n run say see seek sell send set shake shoot show shut said saw sought sold sent set shook shot showed shut sing sang sink sank sit sleep slide slit speak spend spin split spread spring sat slept slid slit spoke spent spun split _| spread sprang arisen stand j{ been borne/born beat become begun bent bet steal stick sting strike strive swear sweep swim swing Past stood stole stuck stung struck strove swore swept swam swung bitten bled blown take teach tear took taught tore bred think thought broken brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chosen ' clung come tell told throw thrust understand upset wake wear weave wind threw thrust understood upset woke/waked wore wove wound withdraw write withdrew wrote Past Participle stood stolen stuck stung struck/stricken* striven sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust understood upset woken/waked worn woven wound withdrawn written *These participles are often used with the passive voice 321 This chart summarizes the basic spelling rules for endings with verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs Rule Word -8 -ed -er -est -ing For most words, simply add -s, -ed, -er; -est, or -ing without making any other changes clean cool cleans cools cleaned cooled cleaner cooler cleanest coolest cleaning cooling Rule Word -8 -ed -er -est -ing For words ending in a consonant + y, change the carry happy carries carried carrier happier happiest y to before adding -s, -ed, -er, or -est lonely study Worry studies worries studied worried Do noé change or drop the lonelier loneliest worrier carrying y before adding -ing For most words ending in é, drop the e before adding -ed, -e7, -est, or -ing Exceptions: studying worrying dance late nice save write danced saved agree dancer later nicer saver writer latest nicest saving writing agreeing canoe For many words ending in begin one vowel and one hot consonant, double the final | mad consonant before adding plan -ed, -er, -est, or -ing occur These include one-syllable refer words and words with run stress on the final syllable shop win 322 dancing canoeing planned © occurred referred shopped beginner hotter madder planner runner shopper winner hottest maddest beginning planning occurring referring running shopping winning Appendix continued ll Rule Word In words ending in one -S enter happen open travel visit Exceptions: including words ending in w, x, or y fix play sew For most words ending in J or Uf, change the fto uv and add -es half loaf shelf halves loaves shelves Exceptions: belief chief proof roof beliefs chiefs proofs roofs For words ending in ch, sh, 8, %, Z, and sometimes o, add -es church wash class fix quiz tomato zero churches washes classes fixes quizzes tomatoes zeroes Exceptions: dynamo ghetto monarch piano portfolio radio studio dynamos ghettos monarchs pianos portfolios radios studios ` safe person child people children woman women man alumnus criterion memorandum phenomenon syllabus index men alumni criteria memoranda phenomena foot tooth -est buses opener traveler fixed played sewed fixer player sewer happening opening traveling visiting bused busing fixing playing sewing halved shelved -ing entering happened opened traveled visited halving shelver shelving safes feet teeth deer fish goose — ox analysis curriculum synthesis nucleus -er entered vowel and one consonant, not double the final consonant if the last syllable is not stressed bus -ed analyses curricula syntheses nuclei basis hypothesis thesis stimulus deer fish geese series species series species oxen bases hypotheses theses stimuli crisis oasis radius radii syllabi or syllabuses indices or indexes 323 Pronunciation Guidelines for -s and -ed Endings '-s Endings: The -s ending of verbs and nouns is pronounced in three different ways: /-s/, /-2/, and /-Iz/, Practice the words below, paying attention to the pronunciation of the endings /-s/ fal hops beings boxes picks goes buzzes starts needs kisses studies washes ‘travels /-12/ watches — -ed Endings: The -ed ending of verbs is pronounced in three different ways: -t, -d, and -rở Practice the words below, paying attention to the pronunciation of the endings .#,V “d/ helped carried needed looked climbed ° persisted watched zipped 324 “d/ robbed waited traveled wanted Photo Credits Page 3: © Digital Vision/Getty Images; 33: ©BananaStock/PunchS5tock; 68: © Karl Weatherly/Getty Images; 93: Photo by Bob Nichols, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; 133: © Digital Vision/PunchStock; 161: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Andrew Resek, photographer; 195: © PhotoLink/Getty Images; 223: © Bloom Productions/Getty Images; 255: © BananaStock/JupiterImages; 289: © Creatas Images/Jupiterlmages 325 a, an, 67, 126, 278 about to, 97 adjectives in comparisons, 78-81 With infinitives, 239 possessive, 29, 248 with prepositions, 299 with so and such, 278 superlative forms, 175-176 adverbs in comparisons, 78-81 of degree, 278, 281, 285 frequency, 22-23 in phrasal verbs, 108 with present perfect tense, 169 with so and such, 278 superlative forms, 175-176 afew, 75 after, 97, 155 a little, 75 all, 259-260 a lot of, 69-70 already, 169 always, 259-260 and, 154 any, 68 articles, 126-127 as as, 78~79 as much/as many, 83 as soon as, 155 be with but, 186 in contractions, 5, 20, 148 for expressing similarities, 184 forms of, with infinitives, 239 past continuous tense, 225-226 past tense, 148-149 in relative phrases, 216 because, 155 been, 267 before, 97,155 be going to, 96-97, 100 but, 154, 186 by, 206 can, 56-58, 88, 245 326 Skills Index wae clauses dependent/independent, 154-155 relative, 214, 216-217, 219-220 comparisons with as as, 78-79 with as much/as many, 83 with -er than, 80-81 with fewer than, 88 with less than, 78-79, 83 with more than, 80-81, 83 complex sentences, 155 compound sentences, 154 contractions with be forms, 5, 8, 18, 20, 148 with modal verbs, 200 with present perfect tense, 258 with simple future tense, 100 contrasts, expressing, 186 could, 88, 245 count/noncount nouns, 66-68 a few/a little with, 75 a lot of with, 69 comparisons, 83 how many/how much with, 74 many/much, with, 69-70 some and any with, 68 units of measure with, 72 definite articles, 126-127 dependent clauses, 155 did, 140-141, 184 did not, 136 did't, 136, 140-141, 143, 184 direct objects, 108 do, 184 does, 184, 200 doesiv’t, 184, 200 don't, 184 -ed endings, 136 either, 183-184 enough, 280-281, 285 -er than, 80-81 ever, 165, 169 Sewer than, 83 for, 119, 259-260 frequency adverbs, 22-23 frequency phrases, 23 future tense, 100 gerunds after adjectives with prepositions, 299 after verbs, 307-309 as objects of prepositions, 297 with phrasal verbs, 302 as subjects, 291 testing practice, 313-314 See also -ing forms going to, 96 had better, 200, 219-220, 245 has, 165, 257-258, 267-268 have, 165, 257-258, 267-268, 317 have to, 200, 219-220, 245 how, 20, 141 how long, 258 how many, T4 how much, 74 15 of, 97, 155 imperative form, 13-14 in, 260 indefinite articles, 126 indefinite pronouns, 249, 252-253 independent clauses, 154-155 infinitives after adjectives, 239 after verbs, 235, 308 of purpose, 241 as subjects, 291 ; testing practice, 252-253, 318-314 to in, 235, 299 with verbs and objects, 197 information questions/answers with be forms, 149 with be going to, 97 with modal verbs, 57 with past continuous tense, 226 with past tense, 141 with present continuous tense, 47 with present perfect continuous tense, 268 with present perfect tense, 166, 258 with simple future tense, 100 with simple present tense, 19-20 -ing forms in past continuous tense, 225 in present continuous tense, 46-47 in present perfect continuous tense, 267-268 See also gerunds inseparable phrasal verbs, 108, 111 irregular verbs, 147-148, 164 at, 239, 291 just, 169 less than, 78-79, 83 let, 311 let’s, 14 make, 311 many, 69-70 may, 56-58, 88, 245 might, 56-58, 245 modal verbs, 56-58 for advice and obligation, 200 for requests, offers, and permission, 88, 100 summary of, 245 , testing practice, 219-220, 252 more than, 80-81, 83 much, 69-70 must, 200, 219-220, 245 neither, 183-184 never, 169 nonaction verbs, 52-53, 229, 268 not, 148, 197, 225, 291 not any, 68 not enough, 281 (not) ever, 165 nouns, 42 See also count/noncount nouns object pronouns, 28, 217, 248 objects and gerunds, 309 gerunds as, 297 with infinitives, 235 with phrasal verbs, 108 reflexive pronouns as, 206 in sentence patterns, 197 verbs before, 311 of, 72, 119 offers, making, 88 one ofthe , 175 ov, 154 particles, 108 past continuous tense, 225-226, 228-280, 252 past participles, 163-166 past tense continuous, 225-226, 228-230, 252 irregular verbs, 147-148 for questions/answers, 140-141 simple, 1386-137, 228-229, 230, 252 with used to, 143 permission, asking, 88 personal pronouns, 27-28 phrasal verbs, 108, 111-112, 302 phrases, relative, 216 please, 88 possessive adjectives, 29, 126, 248 ' possessive nouns, 42 ag Skillsindex 327 possessive pronouns, 29, 248 prepositions with adjectives, 299 gerunds as objects of, 297 in phrasal verbs, 108, 302 of place and time, 119-120 present continuous tense, 46-47, 103 present perfect continuous tense, 263, 267-268, 274, 285 present perfect tense, 165-166, 257-258 adverbs used with, 169 past participles in, 1638~165 testing practice, 285 time expressions with, 165, 259-260, 263 versus present perfect continuous tense, 274 present tense continuous, 46-47, 103 frequency adverbs in, 22-23 with future time, 97, 103 information questions/answers, 19-20 -s endings in, 15—16 simple, 15, 19-20, 103 yes/no questions/answers, 17 pronouns indefinite, 249 object, 28, 217, 248 personal, 27-28 with phrasal verbs, 108 possessive, 29, 248 reflexive, 206, 219-220, 248 subject, 28, 248 summary of, 248 with tag questions, 210 testing practice, 252 pronunciation -ed endings, 137 -s endings, 16 questions/answers with be forms, 8, 148 with be going to, 96-97 with frequency adverbs, 23 with how many/how much, 74 with modal verbs, 57, 200 with past continuous tense, 226 with past tense, 140-141 with present continuous tense, 47, 103 with present perfect continuous tense, 268 with present perfect tense, 165-166, 258 with simple future tense, 100 tag questions, 210, 219-220 with there is/there are, 36 with whose, 41 recently, 169 328 Skills Index moe reflexive pronouns, 206, 219-220, 248 relative clauses, 214, 216-217, 219-220 relative phrases, 216 requests, making, 88 -self forms, 206 separable phrasal verbs, 108, 112 should, 200, 219-220, 245 similarities, expressing, 183-184 ’ simple future tense, 100 simple past tense, 186-187, 228-230, 252-253 simple present tense, 15, 19-20, 103 ` since, 259-260, 263 since when, 258 so, 154, 183-184, 278, 285-286 some, 68 spelling rules for -7ng forms, 47 for past tense of regular verbs, 136 for -s endings, 15 for superlative forms, 176 still, 169 subject gerund as, 291 infinitive as, 291 pronouns as, 28, 248 in questions, of relative clause, 214 who/fwhat as, 141, 166 subject pronouns, 28, 248 such, 278, 285-286 superlative forms, 175-176 tag questions, 210, 219-220 testing practice, 219-220, 252-253, 285-286, 313-314 that, 41, 126, 214, 216-217 the, 126-127 there is/there are, 35-36 these, 41, 126 this, 41, 126 those, 41, 126 time expressions with past tense, 137 prepositions for, 120 with present perfect continuous tense, 267 with present perfect tense, 165, 259-260, 263 with since, 263 with when/while, 230 to, 235, 299 too, 1838-184, 281, 285-286 too many/too much, 281 units of measure, 72, 74 used to, 143 verbs before objects, 13, 56, 311 ' gerunds after, 307-309 infinitives after, 219-220, 235, 308 irregular, 147-148, 164 modal, 56-58, 88, 100, 200, 219-220, 245, 252-253 nonaction, 52-53, 229, 268 with object and infinitive, 197 past participles, 163-164, 165 phrasal, 108, 111-112, 302 See also infinitives; present tense want, 197 wast, 148 werent, 148 what, 19, 141, 148, 166, 268 when, 20, 97, 141, 155, 230 where, 19, 141 which, 214, 216-217 while, 97, 230 who, 19, 141, 148, 166, 214, 217, 268 whom, 19, 141,217 whose, 41 why, 20, 141 will, 56-58, 88, 100, 245 with, 119 won't, 2450 would, 88, 245 yes/no questions/answers alternative words for, 11 with be forms, 8, 148 with be going to, 96 with modal verbs, 57 with past continuous tense, 226 with past tense, 140 with present continuous tense, 47 with present perfect continuous tense, 268 with present perfect tense, 165, 258 with present tense, 17 with simple future tense, 100 yet, 169 you, 88 Baas Skillsindex 329