VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY  - UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SUGARCANE UNDER SALINITY CONDITION Supervisor : PhD VU NGOC THANG Department : INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS Student : TRAN THI THUAN Class : K61KHCTT Course : 2016 - 2021 Major : CROP SCIENCE HANOI - 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my own work All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest and have not been used in a different thesis All sources used in this paper were cited in references Hanoi, February 28th ,2021 Student Tran Thi Thuan i ACKNOWLEGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to many people for their advice, instruction and support First and foremost, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Vu Ngoc Thang, Dept of Industrial and Medicinal plants, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for his enthusiastic support, helpful advice and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis I would also like to give my gratitude to my teachers who gave me the necessary knowledge and skills during my time here Especially I would also like to give my gratitude to all of my teachers in faculty of Agronomy In addition, I would like to acknowledge my family, who always stood by me, for their in conditional love and support, both financially and emotionally throughout my work Save the best for last, I want to express my thanks to my friends in Vietnam National University of Agriculture for their friendship and support Hanoi, October 12st, 2020 Council secretary Instructor Student Tran Thi Thuan ii CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ii CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES .vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT ix Chapter I INTRODUCTION .1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives and requirements 1.2.1 Objectives 1.2.2 Requirements Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Situation of sugarcane production on the world and in Vietnam 2.1.1 Situation of sugarcane production in the world 2.2 Sugarcane production in Vietnam 2.2 Saline soil and the influence of salinity on the growth and development of plants 2.2.1 Saline soil in Vietnam 2.2.2 Effects of saline soils on growth and development of plants and plant tolerance to saline conditions 10 2.2.3 Some researchs on the effects of salinity on growth, development and productivity of plant 13 2.3 Applications and research on biochar 14 2.3.1 Biochar and properties 14 2.3.2 The role of biochar 15 iii 2.3.3 Some research results on biochar 16 Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHOD 18 3.1 Object and Material 18 3.1.1 Object 19 3.1.2 Materials 19 3.2 Place and time 20 3.3 Research contents 20 3.4 Methods 20 3.4.1 Research methods 20 3.4.2 Data collection 21 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 4.1 Effect biochar on growth parameters of sugarcane under salinity condition 24 4.1.1 Effects of biochar on the plant height of sugarcane under salinity condition 24 4.1.2 Effects of biochar on the plant diameter of sugarcane under salinity condition 26 4.1.3 Effects of biochar on the leaf number of sugarcane under salinity condition 27 4.1.4 Effects of biochar on the leaf length of sugarcane under salinity condition 29 4.1.5 Effects of biochar on the leaf width of sugarcane under salinity condition 31 4.1.6 Effects of biochar on leaf area of sugarcane under salinity condition 32 4.1.7 Effects of biochar on the dry weight of stem, leaves, root of sugarcane under salinity condition 35 4.1.8 Effects of biochar on the root length of sugarcane under salinity condition 37 iv 4.2 The effect of biochar on the physiology parameters of sugarcane under salinity condition 38 4.2.1 Effects of biochar on SPAD index of sugarcane under salinity condition 38 4.2.2 Effects of biochar on chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of sugarcane under salinity condition 40 4.2.3 Effect of biochar on water saturation deficit (WSD) in the leaf of sugarcane under salinity condition 42 4.2.4 The effect of biochar on the relative ion leakage of sugarcane under saline condition 44 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 47 5.1 Conclusions 47 5.2 Suggestions 47 REFERENCES 48 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: World sugarcane production in recent years Table 2.2 Sugarcane production in major continents in recent years Table 2.3 Area, yield and production of sugarcane in Vietnam compared with the world (2018) Table 2.4 Sugarcane production by regions in Vietnam, 2017-2018 Table 4.1 Effects of biochar on leaf area of sugarcane under salinity condition 33 Table 4.2 Effects of biochar on the fresh weight of sugarcane under salinity condition 34 Table 4.3 Effects of biochar on the dry weight of sugarcane under salinity condition 36 Table 4.4 Effects of biochar on the root length of sugarcane under salinity condition 37 Table 4.5: Effect of biochar on the relative water content in the leaf of sugarcane under salinity condition .42 Table 4.6 Effect of biochar on the relative ion leakage of sugarcane under salinity condition 45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Sugarcane seedlings before transplanting to pots 19 Figure 2: Wood chip biochar was used in this experiment 19 Figure 4.1 Effects of biochar on the plant height of sugarcane under salinity condition 25 Figure 4.2 Effects of biochar on the plant diameter of sugarcane under salinity condition 26 Figure 4.3 Effects of biochar on the leaves number of sugarcane under salinity condition 28 Figure 4.4 Effects of biochar on the leaf length of sugarcane under salinity condition 30 Figure 4.5 Effects of biochar on the leaf width of sugarcane under salinity condition 31 Figure 4.7 Effects of biochar on SPAD index of sugarcane under salinity condition 38 Figure 4.8 Effects of biochar on chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of sugarcane under salinity condition .40 Figure 4.9 Effect of biochar on water saturation deficit in the leaf of sugarcane under salinity condition .42 Figure 4.10 The effect of biochar on the relative ion leakage of sugarcane under salinity condition 44 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION MEANING % Percentage ASS After salinity stress BSS Before salinity stress CV Coefficient of variation Et al et alii FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FAOSTAT The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database Fv/Fm Chlorophyll fluorescence performance indices Hectare LSD Least significant difference SPAD Soil Plant Analysis Development SS Salinity stress RWC Relative water content viii ABSTRACT The individual and combined effects of biochar application dose and salinity regimes on the growth and physiology of sugarcane A split-plot experimental design using and was used Biochar as a main factor include five application rates (0, and 10 tons ha-1), while salinity condition as a sub factor included non-salinity and salinity conditions Non-salinity condition is achieved by irrigating with a fully tap water during the growth of sugarcane plants Salinity condition was done by irrigating with salinity water at seedling stage (2 months after transplanting to pots) Specifically, plants in each pot were watering with 200 ml of 100 mM NaCl solution for around 10 days once every day Each of 102 plastic pots (260 mm diameter × 210 mm height) was filled with a old alluvial soils obtained from experimental field at Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam Each pot contained 12 kg of dry soil The biochar was applied at 0; and 10 tons biochar/hectare respectively 0; 35 and 70.65 gram biochar/pot before transplanting sugarcane The results showed that under effects of stress, sugarcane growth was inhibited with reductions in plant height, plant diameter, total leaf number, leaf area, SPAD, partial and total dry weights Under salinity condition, application of biochar at and 10 tons ha-1 to the soil increased plant height, plant diameter, root length, leaf area, the fresh and dry weight, Fv/Fm, the chlorophyll content while decreased the water saturation deficit in the leaves and the relative ion leakage The findings suggest that biochar application at 10 tons ha-1 could be recommended for ensuring the best growth and physiological parameters of sugarcane plants ix SE(N= 5%LSD 6) 10DF 0.170655 0.537741 NL NOS 6 0.281367E-01 0.146781 0.886598E-01 0.462511 0.205945 0.648939 RE3 2.56333 2.71500 2.65500 SE(N= 6) 0.668734E-01 5%LSD 10DF 0.210720 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 3) 10DF BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 3) 10DF BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 THAN1 3.76333 3.15667 3.85667 3.76000 4.51333 4.26333 LA1 5.38667 4.74333 6.36000 6.21333 7.53000 7.37000 0.120958 0.381142 0.236938 0.746601 THAN2 6.14000 4.37667 7.81667 5.34667 8.42667 6.22667 LA2 7.93000 6.65667 8.40667 7.34667 8.99000 7.47333 0.308116 0.970884 0.241343 0.760480 THAN3 8.91333 6.41000 10.5567 7.38333 13.2000 7.75333 LA3 9.79667 8.47667 10.7900 8.80000 11.7567 9.27333 RE1 1.59667 1.41333 1.75333 1.68333 2.41667 2.37333 0.664804E-01 0.209482 RE2 2.20000 1.64333 2.70000 2.17333 2.98333 2.27000 0.397913E-01 0.125384 RE3 2.57000 1.87333 2.97667 2.28667 3.23667 2.92333 SE(N= 3) 0.207579 0.291250 0.945733E-01 5%LSD 10DF 0.654089 0.917738 0.298004 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 13:56 :PAGE DRY WEIGHT 11 F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE THAN1 LA1 RE1 THAN2 LA2 RE2 THAN3 LA3 RE3 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 3.8856 18 6.2672 18 1.8728 18 6.3889 18 7.8006 18 2.3283 18 9.0361 18 9.8156 18 2.6444 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 0.47091 0.20950 5.4 0.0001 1.0745 0.41039 6.5 0.0000 0.40558 0.11515 6.1 0.0000 1.4794 0.53367 8.4 0.0002 0.85702 0.41802 5.4 0.0095 0.44050 0.68921E-01 3.0 0.0000 2.3621 0.35954 4.0 0.0000 1.2550 0.50446 5.1 0.0029 0.49345 0.16381 6.2 0.0000 |CT$ | | | 0.0090 0.1299 0.0958 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 |NL | | | 0.7069 0.6016 0.6479 0.8242 0.2991 0.3763 0.1027 0.2871 0.3142 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.1456 0.5170 0.5588 0.5372 0.6551 0.0848 0.0001 0.1837 0.1150 | | | | 58 Leaf area BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE S1 FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 13:59 :PAGE Leaf area VARIATE V004 S1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 11.5145 5.75727 9.66 0.005 CT$ 1.65014 1.65014 2.77 0.124 NL 542534 271267 0.46 0.651 BC$*CT$ 867112E-01 433556E-01 0.07 0.930 * RESIDUAL 10 5.95753 595753 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 19.7515 1.16185 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE S2 FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 13:59 :PAGE Leaf area VARIATE V005 S2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 14.8652 7.43261 57.99 0.000 CT$ 372672 372672 2.91 0.116 NL 769778E-01 384889E-01 0.30 0.750 BC$*CT$ 146778E-01 733890E-02 0.06 0.944 * RESIDUAL 10 1.28169 128169 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 16.6112 977131 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE S3 FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 13:59 :PAGE Leaf area VARIATE V006 S3 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 14.7667 7.38337 62.03 0.000 CT$ 1.57827 1.57827 13.26 0.005 NL 709777E-01 354888E-01 0.30 0.751 BC$*CT$ 463811 231905 1.95 0.192 * RESIDUAL 10 1.19036 119036 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 18.0702 1.06295 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 13:59 :PAGE Leaf area MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$ BC0 BC5 BC10 BC$ NOS 6 S1 6.81167 8.15500 8.71833 S2 7.14500 8.95333 9.17333 S3 7.92667 9.49000 10.0717 SE(N= 6) 0.315107 0.146156 0.140852 5%LSD 10DF 0.992913 0.460542 0.443830 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ KM M CT$ NOS 9 S1 8.19778 7.59222 S2 8.56778 8.28000 S3 9.45889 8.86667 59 SE(N= 9) 0.257284 0.119336 0.115005 5%LSD 10DF 0.810710 0.376031 0.362386 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 6 S1 7.98833 8.04500 7.65167 S2 8.34167 8.50167 8.42833 S3 9.19500 9.21833 9.07500 SE(N= 6) 0.315107 0.146156 0.140852 5%LSD 10DF 0.992913 0.460542 0.443830 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 S1 7.11333 6.51000 8.37333 7.93667 9.10667 8.33000 S2 7.27667 7.01333 9.07000 8.83667 9.35667 8.99000 S3 7.99667 7.85667 9.91667 9.06333 10.4633 9.68000 SE(N= 3) 0.445628 0.206695 0.199195 5%LSD 10DF 1.40419 0.651305 0.627670 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 13:59 :PAGE Leaf area F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE S1 S2 S3 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 7.8950 18 8.4239 18 9.1628 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.0779 0.77185 9.8 0.0048 0.98850 0.35801 4.2 0.0000 1.0310 0.34502 3.8 0.0000 |CT$ | | | 0.1242 0.1161 0.0045 |NL | | | 0.6509 0.7499 0.7514 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.9299 0.9444 0.1921 | | | | 60 Fresh weight BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE THAN1 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V004 THAN1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 76.4360 38.2180 93.59 0.000 CT$ 382722E-01 382722E-01 0.09 0.762 NL 268633 134316 0.33 0.730 BC$*CT$ 634455E-02 317228E-02 0.01 0.993 * RESIDUAL 10 4.08337 408337 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 80.8327 4.75486 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE LA1 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V005 LA1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 52.6458 26.3229 35.61 0.000 CT$ 126672 126672 0.17 0.689 NL 486345 243172 0.33 0.730 BC$*CT$ 534778E-01 267389E-01 0.04 0.965 * RESIDUAL 10 7.39139 739139 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 60.7037 3.57081 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE RE1 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V006 RE1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 18.4359 9.21795 25.30 0.000 CT$ 118422 118422 0.33 0.587 NL 1.23880 619400 1.70 0.231 BC$*CT$ 550778E-01 275389E-01 0.08 0.927 * RESIDUAL 10 3.64280 364280 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 23.4910 1.38182 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE THAN2 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V007 THAN2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 57.6772 28.8386 29.93 0.000 CT$ 19.1787 19.1787 19.90 0.001 NL 486034 243017 0.25 0.784 BC$*CT$ 723145 361572 0.38 0.700 * RESIDUAL 10 9.63571 963571 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 87.7008 5.15887 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE LA2 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT 61 VARIATE V008 LA2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 65.5868 32.7934 29.62 0.000 CT$ 15.6054 15.6054 14.10 0.004 NL 1.33028 665139 0.60 0.571 BC$*CT$ 818107E-01 409054E-01 0.04 0.964 * RESIDUAL 10 11.0695 1.10695 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 93.6738 5.51023 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE RE2 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V009 RE2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 8.13721 4.06861 6.77 0.014 CT$ 12.0213 12.0213 20.01 0.001 NL 283477 141739 0.24 0.796 BC$*CT$ 269811 134906 0.22 0.804 * RESIDUAL 10 6.00846 600846 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 26.7203 1.57178 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE THAN3 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V010 THAN3 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 65.6586 32.8293 24.86 0.000 CT$ 33.2928 33.2928 25.21 0.001 NL 406534 203267 0.15 0.860 BC$*CT$ 1.79944 899718 0.68 0.532 * RESIDUAL 10 13.2040 1.32040 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 114.361 6.72714 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE LA3 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V011 LA3 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 176.344 88.1720 52.95 0.000 CT$ 25.5374 25.5374 15.34 0.003 NL 2.94255 1.47127 0.88 0.446 BC$*CT$ 6.19741 3.09871 1.86 0.205 * RESIDUAL 10 16.6527 1.66527 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 227.674 13.3926 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE RE3 FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT VARIATE V012 RE3 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 22.8551 11.4275 24.77 0.000 CT$ 18.2207 18.2207 39.49 0.000 62 NL 699110E-01 349555E-01 0.08 0.927 BC$*CT$ 2.02308 1.01154 2.19 0.161 * RESIDUAL 10 4.61416 461416 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 47.7829 2.81076 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE 10 FRESH WEIGHT MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$ BC0 BC5 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC5 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC5 BC10 BC$ NOS 6 6) 10DF BC$ NOS 6 6) 10DF BC$ NOS 6 THAN1 16.0933 18.9567 21.1250 LA1 14.4050 16.8500 18.5733 RE1 5.24833 5.87333 7.63833 THAN2 26.6583 29.0767 31.0350 0.260876 0.822029 0.350984 1.10596 0.246401 0.776417 0.400743 1.26276 LA2 24.4750 26.4733 29.1350 RE2 7.31500 8.20667 8.96000 THAN3 35.5683 36.8150 40.0967 LA3 30.6050 36.4867 37.8050 0.429525 1.35345 0.316451 0.997147 0.469113 1.47819 0.526825 1.66004 RE3 8.60167 10.1967 11.3500 SE(N= 6) 0.277313 5%LSD 10DF 0.873824 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ KM M SE(N= 5%LSD KM M SE(N= 5%LSD KM M CT$ NOS 9 9) 10DF CT$ NOS 9 9) 10DF CT$ NOS 9 THAN1 18.7711 18.6789 LA1 16.6933 16.5256 RE1 6.33444 6.17222 THAN2 29.9556 27.8911 0.213004 0.671184 0.286577 0.903016 0.201185 0.633942 0.327205 1.03104 LA2 27.6256 25.7633 RE2 8.97778 7.34333 THAN3 38.8533 36.1333 LA3 36.1567 33.7744 0.350706 1.10509 0.258381 0.814167 0.383029 1.20694 0.430151 1.35542 RE3 11.0556 9.04333 SE(N= 9) 0.226425 5%LSD 10DF 0.713475 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL SE(N= 5%LSD NL NOS 6 6) 10DF NL NOS 6 THAN1 18.8950 18.6667 18.6133 LA1 16.8367 16.5383 16.4533 RE1 6.28667 6.55667 5.91667 THAN2 28.6917 29.0550 29.0233 0.260876 0.822029 0.350984 1.10596 0.246401 0.776417 0.400743 1.26276 LA2 26.5917 26.4250 RE2 8.32000 8.14833 THAN3 37.6267 37.2833 LA3 34.3983 35.3117 63 SE(N= 5%LSD 6) 10DF NL NOS 6 27.0667 8.01333 37.5700 35.1867 0.429525 1.35345 0.316451 0.997147 0.469113 1.47819 0.526825 1.66004 RE3 10.1350 10.0250 9.98833 SE(N= 6) 0.277313 5%LSD 10DF 0.873824 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 SE(N= 5%LSD BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 3) 10DF BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 3) 10DF BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 THAN1 16.1133 16.0733 19.0200 18.8933 21.1800 21.0700 LA1 14.4167 14.3933 16.9467 16.7533 18.7167 18.4300 RE1 5.40667 5.09000 5.92667 5.82000 7.67000 7.60667 0.368934 1.16253 0.496367 1.56407 0.348463 1.09802 THAN2 27.6267 25.6900 30.3800 27.7733 31.8600 30.2100 LA2 25.4867 23.4633 27.3200 25.6267 30.0700 28.2000 RE2 8.01667 6.61333 8.97000 7.44333 9.94667 7.97333 0.566737 1.78581 0.607441 1.91407 0.447529 1.41018 THAN3 36.5767 34.5600 38.5900 35.0400 41.3933 38.8000 LA3 31.0900 30.1200 37.6533 35.3200 39.7267 35.8833 RE3 10.0600 7.14333 10.8533 9.54000 12.2533 10.4467 SE(N= 3) 0.663425 0.745043 0.392180 5%LSD 10DF 2.09048 2.34766 1.23577 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH2 23/ 2/21 14:58 :PAGE FRESH WEIGHT 11 F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE THAN1 LA1 RE1 THAN2 LA2 RE2 THAN3 LA3 RE3 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 18.725 18 16.609 18 6.2533 18 28.923 18 26.694 18 8.1606 18 37.493 18 34.966 18 10.049 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.1806 0.63901 3.4 0.0000 1.8897 0.85973 5.2 0.0000 1.1755 0.60356 9.7 0.0002 2.2713 0.98162 3.4 0.0001 2.3474 1.0521 3.9 0.0001 1.2537 0.77514 9.5 0.0139 2.5937 1.1491 3.1 0.0002 3.6596 1.2905 3.7 0.0000 1.6765 0.67928 6.8 0.0002 |CT$ | | | 0.7624 0.6888 0.5865 0.0013 0.0038 0.0013 0.0006 0.0029 0.0001 |NL | | | 0.7304 0.7304 0.2308 0.7840 0.5711 0.7959 0.8595 0.4459 0.9271 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.9931 0.9650 0.9272 0.7001 0.9642 0.8044 0.5317 0.2048 0.1613 | | | | 64 Volume of roots BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE V1 FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 14: :PAGE Volume of Roots VARIATE V004 V1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 67.6461 33.8230 78.93 0.000 CT$ 684499E-01 684499E-01 0.16 0.698 NL 1.61648 808239 1.89 0.201 BC$*CT$ 929997E-02 464998E-02 0.01 0.990 * RESIDUAL 10 4.28507 428507 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 73.6254 4.33090 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE V2 FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 14: :PAGE Volume of Roots VARIATE V005 V2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 59.5308 29.7654 48.76 0.000 CT$ 13.9040 13.9040 22.78 0.001 NL 1.28253 641267 1.05 0.387 BC$*CT$ 163511 817554E-01 0.13 0.876 * RESIDUAL 10 6.10474 610474 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 80.9856 4.76386 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 14: :PAGE Volume of Roots MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$ BC0 BC5 BC10 BC$ NOS 6 V1 6.98000 9.94333 11.6750 V2 11.1067 13.7967 15.5267 SE(N= 6) 0.267241 0.318976 5%LSD 10DF 0.842086 1.00510 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ KM M CT$ NOS 9 V1 9.59444 9.47111 V2 14.3556 12.5978 SE(N= 9) 0.218201 0.260443 5%LSD 10DF 0.687561 0.820664 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 6 V1 9.48833 9.19000 9.92000 V2 13.3100 13.2667 13.8533 SE(N= 6) 0.267241 0.318976 5%LSD 10DF 0.842086 1.00510 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ 65 BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 V1 7.06667 6.89333 10.0100 9.87667 11.7067 11.6433 V2 11.8667 10.3467 14.6800 12.9133 16.5200 14.5333 SE(N= 3) 0.377936 0.451100 5%LSD 10DF 1.19089 1.42143 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH 23/ 2/21 14: :PAGE Volume of Roots F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE V1 V2 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 9.5328 18 13.477 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.0811 0.65460 6.9 0.0000 2.1826 0.78133 5.8 0.0000 |CT$ | | | 0.6984 0.0008 |NL | | | 0.2010 0.3871 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.9902 0.8761 | | | | 66 Root length BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE D1 FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE Root lenght VARIATE V004 D1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 32.0030 16.0015 10.41 0.004 CT$ 180002 180002 0.12 0.737 NL 217077 108538 0.07 0.932 BC$*CT$ 456399 228199 0.15 0.864 * RESIDUAL 10 15.3703 1.53703 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 48.2267 2.83687 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE D2 FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE Root lenght VARIATE V005 D2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 53.5367 26.7683 20.29 0.000 CT$ 24.7808 24.7808 18.78 0.002 NL 1.15448 577240 0.44 0.662 BC$*CT$ 3.41764 1.70882 1.29 0.317 * RESIDUAL 10 13.1958 1.31958 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 96.0854 5.65208 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE Root lenght MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$ BC0 BC5 BC10 BC$ NOS 6 D1 80.1700 81.6267 83.4300 D2 88.3050 88.9783 92.2533 SE(N= 6) 0.506133 0.468968 5%LSD 10DF 1.59484 1.47773 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ KM M CT$ NOS 9 D1 81.8422 81.6422 D2 91.0189 88.6722 SE(N= 9) 0.413256 0.382910 5%LSD 10DF 1.30219 1.20656 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 6 D1 81.7917 81.5900 81.8450 D2 89.5883 89.7583 90.1900 SE(N= 6) 0.506133 0.468968 5%LSD 10DF 1.59484 1.47773 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ - 67 BC0 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 BC$ KM M KM M KM M CT$ NOS 3 3 3 D1 80.1333 80.2067 81.6400 81.6133 83.7533 83.1067 D2 89.2233 87.3867 89.7933 88.1633 94.0400 90.4667 SE(N= 3) 0.715781 0.663220 5%LSD 10DF 2.25545 2.08983 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE Root lenght F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE D1 D2 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 81.742 18 89.846 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.6843 1.2398 1.5 0.0037 2.3774 1.1487 1.3 0.0004 |CT$ | | | 0.7374 0.0016 |NL | | | 0.9319 0.6616 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.8640 0.3167 | | | | 68 Relative ion leakage BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DRRION1 FILE ION 26/ 2/21 2:28 :PAGE ion VARIATE V004 DRRION1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC 18.9280 9.46400 16.08 0.001 C$ 138909E-03 138909E-03 0.00 0.985 NL 252978 126489 0.21 0.812 BC*C$ 6.37167 3.18584 5.41 0.025 * RESIDUAL 10 5.88642 588642 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 31.4392 1.84937 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DRRION2 FILE ION 26/ 2/21 2:28 :PAGE ion VARIATE V005 DRRION2 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC 41.3467 20.6734 39.44 0.000 C$ 9.81245 9.81245 18.72 0.002 NL 3.86501 1.93250 3.69 0.062 BC*C$ 1.74603 873016 1.67 0.237 * RESIDUAL 10 5.24179 524179 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 62.0120 3.64777 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE ION 26/ 2/21 2:28 :PAGE ion MEANS FOR EFFECT BC 10 BC NOS 6 DRRION1 20.5500 19.8983 18.1233 DRRION2 19.4183 17.9400 15.7300 SE(N= 6) 0.313221 0.295573 5%LSD 10DF 0.986969 0.931360 MEANS FOR EFFECT C$ KM M C$ NOS 9 DRRION1 19.5267 19.5211 DRRION2 16.9578 18.4344 SE(N= 9) 0.255743 0.241334 5%LSD 10DF 0.805857 0.760452 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 6 DRRION1 19.6417 19.3617 19.5683 DRRION2 17.1050 17.7467 18.2367 SE(N= 6) 0.313221 0.295573 5%LSD 10DF 0.986969 0.931360 - 69 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC*C$ 0 5 10 10 BC KM M KM M KM M C$ NOS 3 3 3 DRRION1 19.8700 21.2300 19.8167 19.9800 18.8933 17.3533 DRRION2 18.2467 20.5900 17.4867 18.3933 15.1400 16.3200 SE(N= 3) 0.442961 0.418003 5%LSD 10DF 1.39579 1.31714 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE ION 26/ 2/21 2:28 :PAGE ion F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE DRRION1 DRRION2 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 19.524 18 17.696 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.3599 0.76723 3.9 0.0008 1.9099 0.72400 4.1 0.0000 |C$ | | | 0.9851 0.0016 |NL | | | 0.8116 0.0625 |BC*C$ | | | 0.0254 0.2370 | | | | 70 Water saturation deficit (WSD) BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DTHN1 FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE VARIATE V004 DTHN1 LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 169.575 84.7875 18.39 0.001 CT$ 238.930 238.930 51.83 0.000 NL 9.06015 4.53008 0.98 0.410 BC$*CT$ 3.52173 1.76086 0.38 0.696 * RESIDUAL 10 46.0986 4.60986 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 467.185 27.4815 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DTHN2 FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE VARIATE V005 DTHN2 SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= BC$ 97.1796 48.5898 38.78 0.000 CT$ 147.118 147.118 117.41 0.000 NL 6.46664 3.23332 2.58 0.124 BC$*CT$ 1.88101 940506 0.75 0.500 * RESIDUAL 10 12.5301 1.25301 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 17 265.176 15.5986 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$ BC0 BC5 BC10 BC$ NOS 6 DTHN1 29.9667 27.6767 22.6200 DTHN2 25.8633 24.9317 20.5350 SE(N= 6) 0.876533 0.456985 5%LSD 10DF 2.76199 1.43998 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ KM M CT$ NOS 9 DTHN1 23.1111 30.3978 DTHN2 20.9178 26.6356 SE(N= 9) 0.715686 0.373127 5%LSD 10DF 2.25515 1.17574 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 6 DTHN1 27.5933 25.8583 26.8117 DTHN2 24.3467 24.0350 22.9483 SE(N= 6) 0.876533 0.456985 5%LSD 10DF 2.76199 1.43998 MEANS FOR EFFECT BC$*CT$ BC0 BC$ KM CT$ NOS DTHN1 25.8200 DTHN2 23.4533 71 BC0 BC5 BC5 BC10 BC10 M KM M KM M 3 3 34.1133 23.9633 31.3900 19.5500 25.6900 28.2733 21.9233 27.9400 17.3767 23.6933 SE(N= 3) 1.23961 0.646275 5%LSD 10DF 3.90604 2.03644 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SL-TH 22/ 2/21 16: :PAGE F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE DTHN1 DTHN2 GRAND MEAN (N= 18) NO OBS 18 26.754 18 23.777 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |BC$ SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 5.2423 2.1471 8.0 0.0005 3.9495 1.1194 4.7 0.0000 |CT$ | | | 0.0000 0.0000 |NL | | | 0.4098 0.1237 |BC$*CT$ | | | 0.6958 0.5003 | | | | 72