VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: “EFFECTS OF SOIL IMPROVER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM ON RICE (Oryza sativa L.) UNDER CADMIUM CONTAMINATED SOIL” Supervisor : PhD Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dinh Department : Experimental Methods and Biostatistics Student : Nguyen Thi Phuong ID code : 611716 Class : K61 - KHCTT Course : 2016 - 2020 HANOI - 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my own work All results and data in this title are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes All sources used in this paper were cited in references Hanoi, ………………, 2021 Student i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been providing me with precious support and advice Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, PhD Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dinh, Department of Experimental Methods and Biostatistics, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for her enthusiastic support, helpful advice and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of the teachers of Agronomy Faculty of the Viet Nam National University of Agriculture: for their encouragement, supporting and advising Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and intimate friends who have always been by my side, give me support and strength to complete this graduation thesis ii CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii CONTENTS iii CONTENT OF TABLE vi CONTENT OF GRAPH viii CONTENT OF ACRONYMS ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of study 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Requirements CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.1.1 Characteristics of rice and effects of external factors to rice 2.1.2 Characteristics of soil improvers 2.1.3 Heavy metal Cadmium content in soil 2.1.4 Heavy metal concept 2.1.5 The impacts of heavy metals on plants 12 2.1.6 Accumulation of heavy metals in crop products 13 2.1.7 Toxicity of heavy metals to plants 13 2.1.8 Accumulation of heavy metals in productivy of rice 14 2.2 Practical basis 15 2.2.1 The results of research in the world related to the effects of soil improver is to limit the negative effects of heavy metal Cadmium to growth plant 15 iii 2.2.2 The results of research in Vietnam related to the effects of soil improver is to limit the negative effects of heavy metal Cadmium to growth plant 19 CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 3.1 Materials 21 3.1.1 Plant materials 21 3.2 Location and time 21 3.3 Research content 21 3.4 Methods 22 3.5 Cultivation methods 22 3.5.1 Time of seasonal 22 3.5.2 Plant techniques 22 3.6 Data collection 23 3.7 Data analysis 25 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 Heavy metal contaminated soil in regions 26 4.2 Effects of soil improver on growth characteristics of rice under contaminated cadmium soil 27 4.2.1 The effects of soil improver on the plant height of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 27 4.2.2 The effects of soil improver on the number of leaves of rice rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 30 4.2.3 The effects of soil improver on the number of branch of rice rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 31 4.3 The effects of soil improver on the physiological indicators of rice under contaminated cadmium soil 33 4.3.1.The effects of soil improver on the SPAD of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 33 iv 4.3.2 The effects of soil improver on the leaf area of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 35 4.3.3 The effects of soil improver on the stem dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 36 4.3.4 The effects of soil improver on the leaf dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 37 4.3.5 The effects of soil improver on the indicates thin, thickness leaf of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 38 4.4 The effects of soil improver on yield component and grain yield of rice under contaminated cadmium soil 42 4.5 Correlation between grain yield and Cd accumulation in rice grain 49 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 50 5.1 Conclusion 50 5.2 Recommendation 51 REFERENCES 53 THE FIGURE DURING CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENT 57 DATA TO RUN IRRISTAT 63 v CONTENT OF TABLE Table 2.1 Typical ranges of heavy metal concentrations in fertilizers, farmyard 11 Table 2.2 Concentrations of heavy metals in fertilizer 11 Table 2.3 FAO/WHO maximum permissible values of heavy metals in vegetables 15 Table 2.4 Safety limits suggested by Malaysian food Act (1983) and food regulations (1985) for some heavy metals in vegetables 15 Table 4.1 Names and locations of sampling stations for paddy soils and paddy rice samples 26 Table 4.2 The effects of soil improver on the plant height of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 28 Table 4.3 The effects of soil improver is on the number of leaves of rice rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 30 Table 4.4 The effects of soil improver on the number of branch of rice rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 32 Table 4.5 The effects of soil improver on the SPAD of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 34 Table 4.6 The effects of soil improver on the leaf area of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 35 Table 4.7 The effects of soil improver on the stem dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 36 Table 4.8 The effects of soil improver on the leaf dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 37 Table 4.9 The effects of soil improver on the indicates thin, thickness leaf of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 38 vi Table 4.10 The effects of soil improver on the panicle dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 39 Table 4.11 The effects of soil improver on the root dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 40 Table 4.12 The effects of soil improver on the total dry weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 41 Table 4.13 The effects of soil improver on panicles number / plant of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 42 Table 4.14 The effects of soil improver on the number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle under contaminated Cadmium soil 43 Table 4.15 The effects of soil improver on the 1000 grain weight of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 45 Table 4.16 The effects of soil improver on grain yield of rice under contaminated Cadmium soil 46 Table 4.17 Cadmium accumulation in rice grain after cultivating rice plants in Cd-contaminated soil with/without the addition of soil improver 47 Table 4.18 Cadmium accumulation in soil after cultivating rice plants in Cd-contaminated soil with/without the addition of soil improver 48 vii CONTENT OF GRAPH Graph 4.1 The growth dynamics of plant height of rice 27 Graph 4.2 The total dry weight of rice 41 Graph 4.3 The correlation between grain yield and Cd accumulation in rice grain, significant at P < 0.01 49 viii CONTENT OF ACRONYMS CT Treatment DAS After day sowing DMC Dry matter content FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations LA Leaf Area RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design TY Total Yield ix BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE SN42DAS FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice VARIATE V006 SN42DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF VARIATE V007 SN49DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF VARIATE V008 SN56DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF VARIATE V009 SN63DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 7.77143 1.29524 2.73 0.036 NL 5.02857 1.25714 2.65 0.057 * RESIDUAL 24 11.3714 473809 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 24.1714 710924 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE SN49DAS FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 11.3714 1.89524 2.94 0.027 NL 3.71429 928571 1.44 0.251 * RESIDUAL 24 15.4857 645238 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 30.5714 899160 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE SN56DAS FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 27.7714 4.62857 7.09 0.000 NL 4.74286 1.18571 1.82 0.157 * RESIDUAL 24 15.6571 652381 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 48.1714 1.41681 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE SN63DAS FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 34.7429 5.79048 5.63 0.001 NL 6.11429 1.52857 1.49 0.237 * RESIDUAL 24 24.6857 1.02857 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 65.5429 1.92773 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT SE(N= 5%LSD 5) 24DF NOS 5 5 5 SN21DAS 3.00000 3.00000 3.00000 3.00000 3.40000 3.00000 3.40000 SN28DAS 4.20000 4.20000 4.00000 4.40000 5.40000 4.00000 5.20000 SN35DAS 5.20000 5.40000 5.60000 5.80000 7.40000 5.40000 7.00000 SN42DAS 7.20000 7.60000 7.40000 7.20000 8.60000 7.40000 8.00000 0.138013 0.402822 0.190238 0.555251 0.234013 0.683017 0.307834 0.898482 69 CT NOS 5 5 5 SN49DAS 9.00000 9.60000 9.20000 9.20000 10.4000 8.60000 10.0000 SN56DAS 11.6000 12.2000 11.0000 12.0000 13.2000 10.2000 12.2000 SN63DAS 13.0000 13.2000 12.6000 13.2000 15.0000 11.8000 14.4000 SE(N= 5) 0.359232 0.361215 0.453557 5%LSD 24DF 1.04850 1.05429 1.32381 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL SE(N= 5%LSD NOS 7 7 7) 24DF NL NOS 7 7 SN21DAS 3.00000 3.14286 3.14286 3.14286 3.14286 SN28DAS 4.28571 4.28571 4.42857 4.42857 5.00000 SN35DAS 5.71429 6.28571 6.00000 5.71429 6.14286 SN42DAS 7.00000 7.57143 7.57143 7.85714 8.14286 0.116642 0.340446 0.160780 0.469273 0.197777 0.577255 0.260167 0.759356 SN49DAS 8.85714 9.42857 9.42857 9.57143 9.85714 SN56DAS 11.2857 11.8571 11.4286 12.0000 12.2857 SN63DAS 12.7143 13.1429 13.1429 13.8571 13.7143 SE(N= 7) 0.303606 0.305282 0.383326 5%LSD 24DF 0.886142 0.891034 1.11882 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE BRANCH 22/ 2/21 10:56 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of branch of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE SN21DAS SN28DAS SN35DAS SN42DAS SN49DAS SN56DAS SN63DAS GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 3.1143 35 4.4857 35 5.9714 35 7.6286 35 9.4286 35 11.771 35 13.314 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 0.32280 0.30861 9.9 0.1049 0.70174 0.42538 9.5 0.0000 0.95442 0.52327 8.8 0.0000 0.84316 0.68834 9.0 0.0360 0.94824 0.80327 8.5 0.0270 1.1903 0.80770 6.9 0.0002 1.3884 1.0142 7.6 0.0010 |NL | | | 0.8751 0.0245 0.1890 0.0573 0.2512 0.1575 0.2370 | | | | The SPAD of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE 21DAS FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice VARIATE V003 21DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 73.7828 12.2971 2.88 0.029 NL 56.0526 14.0131 3.28 0.028 * RESIDUAL 24 102.471 4.26964 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 232.307 6.83255 - 70 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE 42DAS FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice VARIATE V004 42DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 162.408 27.0680 13.57 0.000 NL 30.4200 7.60501 3.81 0.015 * RESIDUAL 24 47.8720 1.99467 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 240.700 7.07941 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE 63DAS FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice VARIATE V005 63DAS LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 216.267 36.0446 16.03 0.000 NL 64.5583 16.1396 7.18 0.001 * RESIDUAL 24 53.9497 2.24791 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 334.775 9.84634 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HAVEST FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice VARIATE V006 HAVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 107.458 17.9096 14.65 0.000 NL 8.68858 2.17214 1.78 0.166 * RESIDUAL 24 29.3394 1.22248 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 145.486 4.27899 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 21DAS 43.2600 44.1800 47.0200 46.6200 47.0800 47.0800 46.4400 42DAS 43.0600 44.2000 46.1800 45.3000 41.0400 41.0400 40.1800 63DAS 31.4800 38.2400 36.7400 35.8400 33.3400 33.3400 31.2000 HAVEST 24.9000 29.7400 29.3400 29.7600 29.3400 29.3400 26.6800 SE(N= 5) 0.924082 0.631612 0.670508 0.494465 5%LSD 24DF 2.69714 1.84350 1.95703 1.44320 - 71 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 21DAS 44.7857 47.4143 44.3000 45.9857 47.2857 42DAS 42.8286 44.5429 42.7286 41.6571 43.2429 63DAS 35.9857 35.7286 34.1429 32.6143 33.0857 HAVEST 28.7000 29.1143 27.9000 28.6714 27.8286 SE(N= 7) 0.780992 0.533809 0.566683 0.417899 5%LSD 24DF 2.27950 1.55804 1.65399 1.21973 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SPAD 22/ 2/21 13:45 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the SPAD of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE 21DAS 42DAS 63DAS HAVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 45.954 35 43.000 35 34.311 35 28.443 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.6139 2.0663 4.5 0.0293 2.6607 1.4123 3.3 0.0000 3.1379 1.4993 4.4 0.0000 2.0686 1.1057 3.9 0.0000 |NL | | | 0.0278 0.0155 0.0006 0.1656 | | | | The LAI of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE LAI 22/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the LAI of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 15.4794 2.57990 2.45 0.054 NL 3.85799 964497 0.92 0.471 * RESIDUAL 24 25.2318 1.05133 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 44.5692 1.31086 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE LAI 22/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the LAI of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 HARVEST 13.4200 13.7320 13.7560 14.1340 15.5340 14.1680 13.5120 SE(N= 5) 0.458547 5%LSD 24DF 1.33837 - 72 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 13.6429 14.5786 13.8014 13.9329 14.2271 SE(N= 7) 0.387543 5%LSD 24DF 1.13113 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE LAI 22/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the LAI of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 14.037 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.1449 1.0253 7.3 0.0539 |NL | | | 0.4713 | | | | The stem dry matter of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE SHOOT 22/ 2/21 20:52 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the stem dry matter of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 66.0064 11.0011 1.56 0.202 NL 38.5211 9.63028 1.36 0.276 * RESIDUAL 24 169.527 7.06364 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 274.055 8.06044 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE SHOOT 22/ 2/21 20:52 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the stem dry matter of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 HARVEST 21.5040 23.5060 23.6040 22.6460 26.1800 22.2840 22.9680 SE(N= 5) 1.18858 5%LSD 24DF 3.46914 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 21.7157 24.5471 22.5657 23.1371 24.2429 73 SE(N= 7) 1.00454 5%LSD 24DF 2.93196 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SHOOT 22/ 2/21 20:52 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the stem dry matter of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 23.242 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.8391 2.6578 11.4 0.2022 |NL | | | 0.2757 | | | | The leaf dry matter weight of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 21:50 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the leaf dry matter weight of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 31.9525 5.32542 3.06 0.023 NL 15.5781 3.89451 2.24 0.094 * RESIDUAL 24 41.7494 1.73956 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 89.2800 2.62588 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 21:50 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the leaf dry matter weight of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 HARVEST 4.61200 6.96000 6.28400 5.75200 7.80800 5.53000 5.89400 SE(N= 5) 0.589841 5%LSD 24DF 1.72158 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 5.10143 6.71571 5.97571 5.83286 6.97429 SE(N= 7) 0.498506 5%LSD 24DF 1.45500 - 74 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 21:50 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the leaf dry matter weight of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 6.1200 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.6205 1.3189 21.6 0.0228 |NL | | | 0.0941 | | | | The panicle dry matter weight of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE PANCTILE 22/ 2/21 22:19 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the panicle dry matter weight of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 59.6355 9.93925 0.96 0.471 NL 42.9099 10.7275 1.04 0.408 * RESIDUAL 24 247.708 10.3212 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 350.253 10.3016 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE PANCTILE 22/ 2/21 22:19 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the panicle dry matter weight of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 DF HARVEST 18.6280 16.9740 18.7080 17.7200 21.1680 17.6820 19.6360 SE(N= 5) 1.43674 5%LSD 24DF 4.19345 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 17.1257 20.5843 18.5443 18.4814 18.4900 SE(N= 7) 1.21427 5%LSD 24DF 3.54412 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE PANCTILE 22/ 2/21 22:19 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the panicle dry matter weight of rice 75 F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 18.645 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 3.2096 3.2127 17.2 0.4714 |NL | | | 0.4083 | | | | The root dry matter weight of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 22:49 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the root dry matter weight of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 31.9525 5.32542 3.06 0.023 NL 15.5781 3.89451 2.24 0.094 * RESIDUAL 24 41.7494 1.73956 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 89.2800 2.62588 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 22:49 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the root dry matter weight of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 HARVEST 4.61200 6.96000 6.28400 5.75200 7.80800 5.53000 5.89400 SE(N= 5) 0.589841 5%LSD 24DF 1.72158 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 5.10143 6.71571 5.97571 5.83286 6.97429 SE(N= 7) 0.498506 5%LSD 24DF 1.45500 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE DRY LEAF 22/ 2/21 22:49 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the root dry matter weight of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 6.1200 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.6205 1.3189 21.6 0.0228 76 |NL | | | 0.0941 | | | | The total dry weight of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HARVEST FILE TOTAL 24/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the total dry weight of rice VARIATE V003 HARVEST LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 501.431 83.5718 2.04 0.099 NL 251.113 62.7783 1.53 0.224 * RESIDUAL 24 982.619 40.9425 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 1735.16 51.0342 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE TOTAL 24/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the total dry weight of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 HARVEST 58.4940 62.3500 62.8500 60.6120 71.0280 59.7080 62.5960 SE(N= 5) 2.86155 5%LSD 24DF 8.35207 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 HARVEST 58.3257 66.2443 61.6543 62.0100 64.3643 SE(N= 7) 2.41845 5%LSD 24DF 7.05879 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE TOTAL 24/ 2/21 21: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the total dry weight of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE HARVEST GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 62.520 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 7.1438 6.3986 10.2 0.0987 77 |NL | | | 0.2236 | | | | The number panicle per plant of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE PANICLE FILE PANICLE 25/ 2/21 16: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on number panicle per plant VARIATE V003 PANICLE LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 24.7429 4.12381 4.20 0.005 NL 12.8571 3.21429 3.28 0.028 * RESIDUAL 24 23.5429 980952 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 61.1429 1.79832 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE PANICLE 25/ 2/21 16: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on number panicle per plant MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 PANICLE 7.00000 7.60000 6.60000 8.20000 9.40000 7.40000 7.80000 SE(N= 5) 0.442934 5%LSD 24DF 1.29280 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 PANICLE 6.85714 7.28571 7.71429 8.14286 8.57143 SE(N= 7) 0.374348 5%LSD 24DF 1.09262 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE PANICLE 25/ 2/21 16: :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on number panicle per plant F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE PANICLE GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 7.7143 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.3410 0.99043 12.8 0.0051 78 |NL | | | 0.0279 | | | | The indicates thin, thickness leaf of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DAY FILE DAY 26/ 2/21 16:16 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the indicates thin , thickness leaf of ri VARIATE V003 DAY LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 111760 186267E-01 1.95 0.113 NL 598686E-01 149671E-01 1.57 0.214 * RESIDUAL 24 229011 954214E-02 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 400640 117835E-01 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE DAY 26/ 2/21 16:16 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the indicates thin , thickness leaf of ri MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 DAY 0.346000 0.502000 0.456000 0.410000 0.516000 0.386000 0.436000 SE(N= 5) 0.436856E-01 5%LSD 24DF 0.127506 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 DAY 0.368571 0.462857 0.435714 0.421429 0.491429 SE(N= 7) 0.369210E-01 5%LSD 24DF 0.107762 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE DAY 26/ 2/21 16:16 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the indicates thin , thickness leaf of ri F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE DAY GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 0.43600 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 0.10855 0.97684E-01 22.4 0.1126 79 |NL | | | 0.2141 | | | | Panicles number / plant BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE PANICLE FILE PANCTILE 26/ 2/21 16:56 :PAGE the effects of heavy metal Cadmium on panicles number / plant of rice VARIATE V003 PANICLE LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 24.7429 4.12381 4.20 0.005 NL 12.8571 3.21429 3.28 0.028 * RESIDUAL 24 23.5429 980952 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 61.1429 1.79832 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE PANCTILE 26/ 2/21 16:56 :PAGE the effects of heavy metal Cadmium on panicles number / plant of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 PANICLE 7.00000 7.60000 6.60000 8.20000 9.40000 7.40000 7.80000 SE(N= 5) 0.442934 5%LSD 24DF 1.29280 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 7 7 PANICLE 6.85714 7.28571 7.71429 8.14286 8.57143 SE(N= 7) 0.374348 5%LSD 24DF 1.09262 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE PANCTILE 26/ 2/21 16:56 :PAGE the effects of heavy metal Cadmium on panicles number / plant of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE PANICLE GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 7.7143 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 1.3410 0.99043 12.8 0.0051 80 |NL | | | 0.0279 | | | | The number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE FILLED FILE GRAIN 27/ 2/21 20:53 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of filled and unfilled grains p VARIATE V003 FILLED LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 5411.94 901.990 1.27 0.306 NL 1703.03 425.757 0.60 0.668 * RESIDUAL 24 16995.8 708.157 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 24110.7 709.139 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE UNFILLED FILE GRAIN 27/ 2/21 20:53 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of filled and unfilled grains p VARIATE V004 UNFILLED LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 149.600 24.9333 2.34 0.063 NL 56.7429 14.1857 1.33 0.286 * RESIDUAL 24 255.257 10.6357 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 461.600 13.5765 BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE % FILE GRAIN 27/ 2/21 20:53 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of filled and unfilled grains p VARIATE V005 % LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 104.875 17.4791 4.28 0.005 NL 16.3583 4.08957 1.00 0.427 * RESIDUAL 24 97.9337 4.08057 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 219.167 6.44608 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE GRAIN 27/ 2/21 20:53 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of filled and unfilled grains p MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 5 5 5 FILLED 111.400 117.000 117.200 131.400 149.400 115.600 115.400 UNFILLED 13.4000 8.00000 8.60000 12.0000 7.60000 8.40000 10.6000 % 89.5200 93.6000 93.3600 91.2200 95.1800 93.3200 91.6800 SE(N= 5) 11.9009 1.45847 0.903390 5%LSD 24DF 34.7354 4.25687 2.63674 - 81 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS FILLED UNFILLED % 132.714 11.7143 91.8000 124.857 10.1429 92.3857 112.429 9.14286 92.2143 117.429 7.85714 93.8286 125.000 10.1429 92.5429 SE(N= 7) 10.0581 1.23263 0.763504 5%LSD 24DF 29.3568 3.59771 2.22846 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE GRAIN 27/ 2/21 20:53 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the number of filled and unfilled grains p F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE FILLED UNFILLED % GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 122.49 35 9.8000 35 92.554 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 26.630 26.611 21.7 0.3061 3.6846 3.2612 33.3 0.0632 2.5389 2.0200 2.2 0.0046 |NL | | | 0.6679 0.2859 0.4267 | | | | The 1000 grain weight of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE 1000 FILE 1000 27/ 2/21 20:59 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the 1000 grain weight of rice VARIATE V003 1000 GRA LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 57.0788 9.51313 2.67 0.040 NL 15.8755 3.96888 1.11 0.374 * RESIDUAL 24 85.6140 3.56725 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 158.568 4.66377 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE 1000 27/ 2/21 20:59 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the 1000 grain weight of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS 1000 19.6860 20.4560 21.4100 20.0020 5 23.6780 19.9520 21.1500 SE(N= 5) 0.844659 5%LSD 24DF 2.46532 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS 1000 21.3114 21.0857 20.7857 19.6843 21.6571 SE(N= 7) 0.713868 5%LSD 24DF 2.08358 - 82 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE 1000 27/ 2/21 20:59 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on the 1000 grain weight of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE 1000 GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 20.905 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.1596 1.8887 9.0 0.0396 |NL | | | 0.3741 | | | | Total yield of rice BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NSTT FILE NSTT 28/ 2/21 0:43 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on yield of rice VARIATE V003 NSTT LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= CT 2437.64 406.273 4.13 0.006 NL 420.387 105.097 1.07 0.395 * RESIDUAL 24 2362.59 98.4414 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 34 5220.62 153.548 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE NSTT 28/ 2/21 0:43 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on yield of rice MEANS FOR EFFECT CT CT NOS NSTT 83.0460 87.9280 99.7460 94.6540 5 110.276 95.1100 101.846 SE(N= 5) 4.43715 5%LSD 24DF 12.9508 MEANS FOR EFFECT NL NL NOS NSTT 93.5157 96.2257 102.753 93.8657 94.0729 SE(N= 7) 3.75007 5%LSD 24DF 10.9454 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NSTT 28/ 2/21 0:43 :PAGE The effects of heavy metal Cadmium on yield of rice F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE NSTT GRAND MEAN (N= 35) NO OBS 35 96.087 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 12.391 9.9218 10.3 0.0056 83 |NL | | | 0.3948 | | | |