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Đây là ppt trình bày về 3 chủ đề: Processes of Saying,processes of Being, Circumstantial elements của học phần DẪN NHẬP NGỮ PHÁP CHỨC NĂNG. Chúc các bạn sử dụng tài liệu vui vẻ. PHẦN PPT NÀY LÀ NHÓM MÌNH LẤY THÔNG TIN TỪ TRONG GIÁO TRÌNH CHÍNH THỐNG VÀ ĐÃ THUYẾT TRÌNH VÀ TRÌNH BÀY THÀNH CÔNG PHẦN NÀY.
Clause as representation Group Table of contents Processes of Saying 01 • Definition • Function 03 Circumstantial elements • Definition • Types 02 processes of Being • Definition • Phonologically • Contrast 04 Mini game 01 Processes of saying definition Processes of saying and communicating are verbal processes The participant who communicates is the Sayer, and is typically human, while what is communicated is the ‘Said’ and may be a reported statement, a reported question or a reported directive (order, request, etc.) A Recipient, the addressee, is required with tell, and a Target may also be present in some verbal processes (Angela Dowling & Philip Locke) Verbal processes are processes of ‘saying’ or ‘communicating’ and are encoded by such verbs as say, tell, repeat, ask, answer and report function The action of communicating is close to cognitive processes such as thinking Verbs of saying, telling and others can be followed by a clause that represents either the exact words said (direct report) or a reported version of the meaning (indirect report) She said: promise) ‘I won’t be late’ (quoted statement or She said promise) she wouldn’t be late (reported statement or She said: advice) ‘Don’t go to see that film’ (quoted directive: 02 Processes of being (Existential Clauses) Existential clauses - Represent that something exists or happens (or assert the existence of a noun) Examples: ● There will be a full moon tonight ● There is a radio in my room The word ‘there’ in such clauses has no representational function; but it is needed as a Subject Phonologically ● 'there’ is non-salient ● vowel often reduced to lazy sound (schwa) distinct from the Adjunct there which is a circumstantial element Contrast • (i) existential there’s your father on the line, with reduced there [ða] as Subject, and Oh, is • response (ii) circumstantial there? relational there’s your father, with salient there [ðεa] as Adjunct, a] as Adjunct, and response Oh, is he? In (ii), but not in (i), there’s is in contrast - ‘Existential’ clauses typically have ‘be’, resemble ‘relational’ clauses - Other verbs commonly occur mainly different from either Type Verbs ‘attributive’ or ‘identifying’: exist exist, remain Table 526 Examples of verbs serving as Process in existentia l clauses neutral happen + circumsta ntial feature abstract time place arise; occur, come about, happen, take place follow, ensue sit, stand, lie; hang, rise, stretch, emerge, grow erupt, flourish, prevail Definition Circumstance element means any characteristic or condition relating to either a conduct element or result element the existence of which is required to establish liability for an offense Example : The Faculty Senate permits a department, college, the University Libraries, and the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine to elect alternates who may attend Faculty Senate meetings and vote in the absence of a senator Types of circumstantial elements Expansion: enhancing Extent, location, manner, cause, contigency Expansion: elaborating Role Expansion: extending Accompaniment Expansion: Projection Matter, angle Expansion: enhancing Enhancing circumstances augment the configuration of process + participants through the specification of extent or location in time or space of the unfolding of the process, the manner of the unfolding of the process, the cause of the unfolding of the process, or the contingency of the unfolding of the process Type Extent Location Manner Cause Contigency Wh-item Examples of realization distance How far? For, thoughout / ‘measured’ nominal group duration How long? For, thoughout / ‘measured’ nominal group frequency How many times? ‘measured’ nominal group place Where? at in, on, by, near, to, towards, into, onto, (away) from, out of, off, behind, in front of, above, below, under alongside adverb of place: abroad, overseas, home, upstairs downstairs, inside, outside; out, up, down, behind, left, right, straight there, here time When? at, in, on; to, until, till, towards, into, from, since, during, before, after time adverb of time: today, yesterday, tomorrow, now, then means How? by, through, with, by means of, out of [+ material), from quality How? In+a quality (e.g dignified) + manner/way, with+ quality abstraction (eg, dignity): according to adverbs in -ly wise; fast, well; together, jointly separately, respectively comparision How? What like? like, unlike; in the manner of comparison how? what like? adverbs of comparison differently degree How much? To+a high/low/ degree/extent; adverbs of degree much, greatly, considerably, deeply [often collocationally linked to lexical verb, eg, love + deeply, understand completely reason Why? because of, as a result of, thanks to, due to, for want of, for, of, out of, through purpose Why? What for? for, for the purpose of, for the sake of, in the hope of behaft Who for? for, for the sake of, in favour of, against 'not in favour of], on behalf of condition Why? In case of, in the event of default In default of, in the absence of, short of, without Concession Despite, in spite of Expansion: Extending Extending circumstances augment the configuration of process + participants through the specification of an element that stands in an extending relation to one of the participants in relation to its participation in the process Type Accompaniment Wh-item Example of realization comitative Who/ what with? With; without Ex: Fred came with Tom additive And who/ what else? As well as, besides; instead of Ex: I came without my key Expansion: Projection While circumstances of expansion relate to 'relational' clauses, circumstances of projection relate to projecting 'mental' and 'verbal' clauses - either to the Senser or Sayer of that clause (Angle) or to the Verbiage (Matter) Type Wh-item Example of realization Matter What about? About, concerning, on, of, with reference to, in {‘with respect to’} Ex: tell me about the Paris Review Angle source According to, in the words of View point To, in the view/opinion of, from the standpoint of Expansion:elaborating Elaborating circumstances augment the configuration of process + participants through the specification of the role in which one of the participants participates in the process: this participant is elaborated circumstantially Type Role Wh-item Example of realization guise What as? As, by way of, in the role/shape/guise/form of Ex: they leave the place with untidy by way of protest product What into? Into Ex: Aren’t you growing into a big girl?