Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITYMID TERM TEST ON DISCOURSE ANALYSISFOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 1)Subject Code: EN44Juvenile Crime in the 19th CenturyI. Prove that the following passage is a written text.The written text seems to have more information packed into it. Written language tends to consist of clauses that are internally complex, whereas with spoken language the complexity exists in the ways in which clauses are joined together. It can be seen in some sentences in the text below:“These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.”
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY MID -TERM TEST ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 1) Subject Code: EN44 Full name: …………………………… Date of birth: ………………………… Group: ……………………………… Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to us, but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century? Drawing on contemporary accounts and printed ephemera, Dr Matthew White uncovers the facts behind the fiction The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and the degradation of life in Victorian slums all received Dickens’s close attention The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most vividly in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves But how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls? Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s, a decline in formal apprenticeships and the disruptive effects of industrialisation on family life after 1800 did much to create fears among the general public about the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere Sensational stories of crime and violence filled the pages of the popular press after 1800 with details of juvenile crime appearing in newspapers, broadsides and pamphlets The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ were regularly reported These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them Thomas Duggin, for example, was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who worked in London’s notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as 1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran a gang of professional pick-pockets Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John Reeves, who stole over £100 worth of property in one week alone Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and 1820s who was arrested several times, and on one occasion escaped from custody Solomon gained notoriety for being a trainer of young thieves and was for some time (incorrectly) considered to be the inspiration behind Dickens’s character of Fagin owing to his similar Jewish heritage ‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the first half of the century These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’, and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’ One report in 1817 described flash-houses as containing ‘distinct parties or gangs’ of young boys, while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age of 16’ living together, most of whom were ‘encouraged in picking pockets’ by their ‘captain’ I Prove that the following passage is a written text The written text seems to have more information packed into it Written language tends to consist of clauses that are internally complex, whereas with spoken language the complexity exists in the ways in which clauses are joined together It can be seen in some sentences in the text below: “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.” Thomas Duggin, for example, was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who worked in London’s notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as 1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran a gang of professional pick-pockets Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John Reeves, who stole over £100 worth of property in one week alone And in this passage, we could not see simple sentences which are supposed to be spoken text And at the same time, we can see more passive form than active form For example, “Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s”, “The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ were regularly reported.”, “Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and 1820s who was arrested several times”, “These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’, and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’.” Written language has contained more complete sentences instead of incomplete sentences than spoken language In spoken language, a large number of prefabricated ‘fillers’: well, I think, you know, if you see what I mean, of course, and so on” appear a lot, however, we could not see the hesitation and also these “filters” in this text Instead of that, it can be seen logical connectors such as: but, although, similarly, while, as… In written language, rather heavily modified noun phrases are quite common In the text, there are some sentences: “The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages.”, “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.” Adverbials are considered to appear more frequently in written language than in spoken language For instance: “Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to us, but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century?”, “the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere.”, “the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere” In contrast to spoken language, written one does not take place in real-time, and does not express personal politeness, emotion, and attitude We could not see syntactic reduction such as you better, what are you doing? We gonna or familiarizing vocatives such as dude, mom, guys,… in the above passage That means this text is written language Moreover, written language would contain more content words than function words - A content word/lexical word: is a word that refers to a thing, quality, state, action, or event - A function word is one that indicates only grammatical relationships This could be indicated in some cases as in: The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and the degradation of life in Victorian slums all received Dickens’s close attention Content words: misery, workhouses, morally, corrosive, effects, poverty, degradation, life, Victorian slums, received, attention Function words: the, of, and, in The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages Content words: success, Oliver Twist, owes, biting satire, keen, social observations, contained, pages Function words: the, of, to, and, within The number of content words overtakes that in function words This is also one of the criteria for distinguishing between written and spoken language Therefore, this text is recognized as a written language Finally, it is supposed that producing texts for speakers is quite different from writing While speakers have to be under pressure to react and communicate spontaneously and constantly with the opposite people in order to have a good conversation, writers are not the same They are given time to write down their thoughts, ideas, contents which could be prepared and done deliberately Therefore, in the text above, non-verbal behavior does not exist and words carry all shades of meaning Hesitation, redundancy, and repetition is something that we rarely witness here Situational context, or context of the situation, refers to the environment, time and place, etc during which the discourse occurs, and also the connection between the participants For example, “Thomas Duggin, for example, was an infamous ‘thieftrainer’ who worked in London’s notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as 1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran a gang of professional pick-pockets.” Thomas Duggin is a real person, London’s notorious St Giles slum is a real place “thief- trainer” shows the connection between Thomas Duggin and young boys who were trained to steal goods Since all of the factors of written language have been indicated above It is proved itself a written text II Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in this text Grammartical cohesion 1.1 Reference 1.1.1 Personal reference The personal reference elements which exist within the text are they as a personal pronoun, and us, them as possessive pronoun its is listed as possessive determiners o In the second line, “us” refers to people, citizens o In line 5, "its" refers to Oliver Twist o In the sentence “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them”, "they" refers to criminal bosses and "them" refers to young boys 1.1.2 Demonstrative reference *Plural: these o “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.” o “These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’, and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’.” *Definite article: the, an, a o Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century o exist in the 19th century? o White uncovers the facts behind the fiction o The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages o The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and the degradation of life o The novel’s prominent theme o in the activities of Fagin’s gang o since the 1700s o the disruptive effects of industrialisation on family life o among the general public about the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls o the pages of the popular press o The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ o the stolen goods o The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King o in the 1810s o considered to be the inspiration behind Dickens’s character o from the police during the first half of the century o was considered by the police o boys and ten girls under the age of 16 o was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ o Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s o a man who ran a gang of professional pick-pockets o Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John Reeves o Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods o Solomon gained notoriety for being a trainer of young thieves o a police witness recalled how one lodging house 1.1.3 Comparative reference o The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most vividly in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves o as late as 1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King 1.2 Conjunction 1.2.1 Adversative o The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, o Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s, o but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century? o But how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls? o Drawing on contemporary accounts and printed ephemera, o The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages o appearing in newspapers, broadsides and pamphlets o and as late as 1855 o Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and 1820s who was arrested several times, and on one occasion escaped from custody o being a trainer of young thieves and was for some time o and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime o while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age of 16’ Lexical cohesion 2.1 Reiteration 2.1.1 Repetition o “Oliver Twist” is the word which has been appeared twice in those below sentences: Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to us, but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century? The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its pages o “juvenile crime” has been appeared three times: Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century? Sensational stories of crime and violence filled the pages of the popular press after 1800 with details of juvenile crime appearing in newspapers, “child-thieves” has been appeared twice: Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to us, The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most vividly in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves o “boys and girls” has been appeared twice: But how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls? about the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere o “stolen goods” has been appeared twice: These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and 1820s o “considered” has been appeared twice: considered to be the inspiration behind Dickens’s character of Fagin owing to his similar Jewish heritage was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’ o “police” has been appeared three times: ‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the first half of the century and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’ while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age of 16’ living together o “lodging house” has been appeared twice: These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’, while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in London o “Flash-houses” has been appeared twice: ‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the first half of the century One report in 1817 described flash-houses as containing ‘distinct parties or gangs’ of young boys 2.1.2 Synonym and near-synonym o child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves, criminal gangs of boys and girls, gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves o criminal bosses, thief-trainer, captain o Flash-houses, nurseries of crime, gang of professional pick-pockets, o steal, picking pockets, lads-men 2.1.3 Superordinate and Meronymy o General word Human noun: child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves, boys, girls, criminal bosses, thief-trainer, captain, police, family Nonhuman animate: slum, novel, stories, newspaper, broadsides, pamphlets, goods, house o Collocation child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves, criminal bosses, thief-trainer, Flash-houses, pick-pockets, lads-men, stolen goods, lodging house, well-known III Translate the text into Vietnamese SOURCE TEXT Juvenile Crime in the 19th TRANSLATED TEXT Tội phạm vị thành niên kỷi phạm vị thành niên kỷm vị thành niên kỷ thành niên kỷ kỷ Century 19 Novels such as Oliver Twist have Những tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tiểu thuyết “Olivern tiểu thuyết “Oliveru thuyết “Olivert “Oliver “Oliver made Victorian child thieves Twist” khiết “Olivern tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tên trộm trẻ emm trẻ em em familiar to us, but to what extent thời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii Victoria trở nên quen thuộc với nên quen thuộm trẻ emc vớii did juvenile crime actually, exist in chúng ta, “Oliverng tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm vị thành niên thành niên the 19th century? thực tồn mức độ trongc sực tồn mức độ tồn mức độ trongn tạm vị thành niêni nên quen thuộc với mức độ trongc độm trẻ em thết “Oliver kỷ 19? 19? Drawing on contemporary accounts and printed ephemera, Dr Dực tồn mức độ tronga vào tiểu thuyết “Oliverng báo cáo đương thờin báo cáo đư “Oliverơng thờing thời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii Matthew White uncovers the facts tư “Oliver liệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiến đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc đăng lên, Tiết “Olivern behind the fiction The success of sĩ Matthew White khám phá sực tồn mức độ Oliver Twist owes much to the thật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.t đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.ng sau câu chuyệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn hư “Oliver cấu.u biting satire and keen social Thành công “Oliver Twist” phần lớna “Oliver Twist” phần lớnn lớin observations contained within its nhời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc với vào sực tồn mức độ châm biết “Oliverm sâu cay pages The misery of workhouses, tiểu thuyết “Oliverng quan sát xã hộm trẻ emi sâu sắc có trongc có the morally corrosive effects of trang sách Sự khốn khổ trạing trang sách Sực tồn mức độ khốn tiểu thuyết “Olivern khổ trại nên quen thuộc với trạm vị thành niêni poverty and the degradation of life tết “Oliver bần lớnn, tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tác độm trẻ emng ăn mòn mặt mặtt in Victorian slums all received đạm vị thành niêno đức độ trongc “Oliver Twist” phần lớna nghèo đói sực tồn mức độ xuốn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng cấu.p Dickens’s close attention The “Oliver Twist” phần lớna cuộm trẻ emc sốn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng khu ổ trại chuộm trẻ emt nên quen thuộc với novel’s prominent theme though is Victoria đề mặtu nhật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.n đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc sực tồn mức độ ý “Oliver Twist” phần lớna criminality, witnessed most vividly Dickens Dù chủa “Oliver Twist” phần lớn đề mặt nổ trạii bật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.t “Oliver Twist” phần lớna tiểu thuyết “Olivern in the activities of Fagin’s gang of tiểu thuyết “Oliveru thuyết “Olivert tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm, đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc chức độ trongng 1 nimble-fingered child thieves But kiết “Olivern mộm trẻ emt cách sốn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng độm trẻ emng nhấu.t qua hoạm vị thành niênt how realistic was Dickens’s độm trẻ emng “Oliver Twist” phần lớna băng nhóm tiểu thuyết “Oliverng đức độ tronga trẻ em portrayal of criminality among trộm trẻ emm cắc có trongp nhanh nhẹn Fagin Nhưngn “Oliver Twist” phần lớna Fagin Như “Oliverng Victorian boys and girls? độ trongc chân dung “Oliver Twist” phần lớna Dickens mặt tộm trẻ emi ác giững tiểu thuyết “Olivera tiểu thuyết “Oliverng cật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.u bé cô bé thời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii Victoria “Oliver thết “Oliver nào? Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s, a decline Mặtc dù tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm thiết “Oliveru niên in formal apprenticeships and the mốn tiểu thuyết “Oliveri quan tâm trang sách Sự khốn khổ trại tiểu thuyết “Oliverng năm 1700, disruptive effects of “Oliverng sực tồn mức độ sụt giảm việc học nghề bàit giản báo cáo đương thờim việu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnc học nghề bàic nghề mặt industrialization on family life after báo cáo đương thờin tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tác độm trẻ emng gián đoạm vị thành niênn “Oliver Twist” phần lớna 1800 did much to create fears q trình cơng nghiệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnp hóa đốn tiểu thuyết “Oliveri vớii cuộm trẻ emc among the general public about the sốn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng gia đình sau năm 1800 gây activities of criminal gangs of boys nhiề mặtu lo ngạm vị thành niêni cho công chúng mặt hoạm vị thành niênt and girls in London and elsewhere độm trẻ emng “Oliver Twist” phần lớna băng nhóm tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm trẻ em em nam nững tiểu thuyết “Oliver nên quen thuộc với London nơng thờii khác Sensational stories of crime and violence filled the pages of the Những tiểu thuyết “Oliverng câu chuyệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn giật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.t gân mặt tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm popular press after 1800 with bạm vị thành niêno lực tồn mức độ trongc tràn ngật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.p trang báo chí details of juvenile crime appearing nổ trạii tiết “Oliverng sau năm 1800 vớii chi tiết “Olivert in newspapers, broadsides and mặt tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm vị thành niên thành niên xuấu.t hiệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn pamphlets The activities of so- báo, tạm vị thành niênp chí sách nhỏ đăng lên, Tiến Các hoạm vị thành niênt called ‘lads-men’ were regularly độm trẻ emng gọc nghề bàii 'lads-men' đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc báo cáo reported thư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớing xuyên These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to Đây tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tên trùm tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc steal and then later sold the stolen cho huấu.n luyệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn cật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.u bé ăn cắc có trongp goods they received from them sau bán tiểu thuyết “Oliverng hàng ăn cắc có trongp Thomas Duggin, for example, was đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc trang sách Sự khốn khổ trại chúng Chẳng hạn Thomasng hạm vị thành niênn “Oliver Thomas an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who Duggin, mộm trẻ emt tay 'huấu.n luyệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn viên trộm trẻ emm worked in London’s notorious St cắc có trongp' lừng trang sách Sự khốn khổ trạing danh, ngư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii làm việu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnc tạm vị thành niêni Giles slum in 1817, and as late as khu ổ trại chuộm trẻ emt khét tiết “Oliverng St Giles nên quen thuộc với 1855 The Times newspaper London vào năm 1817, vào tiểu thuyết “Oliveri năm reported the activities of Charles 1855, tời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc với The Times đư “Olivera tin mặt King, a man who ran a gang of hoạm vị thành niênt độm trẻ emng “Oliver Twist” phần lớna Charles King, mộm trẻ emt gã professional pick-pockets Among điề mặtu hành băng nhóm chuyên móc túi King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy Trong băng nhóm “Oliver Twist” phần lớna King có mộm trẻ emt cật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.u named John Reeves, who stole over bé 13 tuổ trạii tên John Reeves, ngư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii £100 worth of property in one đánh cắc có trongp tài sản báo cáo đương thờin trị thành niên giá hơng thờin 100 báo cáo đương thờing week alone Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Anh tuần Tương tự, Isaac mộm trẻ emt tuần lớnn Tư “Oliverơng thờing tực tồn mức độ trong, Isaac Solomon was a well-known ‘Ikey’ Solomon mộm trẻ emt kẻ em chuyên nhật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.n receiver of stolen goods in the hàng ăn cắc có trongp nổ trạii tiết “Oliverng tiểu thuyết “Oliverng năm 1810s and 1820s who was arrested 1810 1820, ngư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii bị thành niên bắc có trongt nhiề mặtu several times, and on one occasion lần lớnn, mộm trẻ emt lần lớnn trốn tiểu thuyết “Olivern thoát khỏ đăng lên, Tiếni nơng thờii escaped from custody Solomon giam giững tiểu thuyết “Oliver Solomon nổ trạii tiết “Oliverng kẻ em gained notoriety for being a trainer huấu.n luyệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng tên trộm trẻ emm trẻ em tuổ trạii of young thieves and was for some mộm trẻ emt thời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớii gian (khơng xác) time (incorrectly) considered to be đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc coi nguồn mức độ trongn cản báo cáo đương thờim hức độ trongng đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.ng the inspiration behind Dickens’s sau nhân vật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.t Fagin “Oliver Twist” phần lớna Dickens nhời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc với di character of Fagin owing to his sản báo cáo đương thờin Do Thái tư “Oliverơng thờing tực tồn mức độ “Oliver Twist” phần lớna similar Jewish heritage ‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the ‘Flash-house’ (nơng thờii ẩn náu kẻn náu “Oliver Twist” phần lớna tiểu thuyết “Oliverng kẻ em first half of the century These were bấu.t lư “Oliverơng thờing) nhật đằng sau câu chuyện hư cấu.n đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc sực tồn mức độ quan pubs or lodging houses where tâm thư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớing xuyên “Oliver Twist” phần lớna cản báo cáo đương thờinh sát stolen property was ‘fenced’, and suốn tiểu thuyết “Olivert nửa đầu kỷ Đây quána đần lớnu thết “Oliver kỷ 19? Đây tiểu thuyết “Oliverng quán was considered by the police and rư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnu hoặtc nhà trọc nghề nơng thờii tài sản báo cáo đương thờin trộm trẻ emm cắc có trongp magistrates to be ‘nurseries of đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc 'che giấu.u', bị thành niên cản báo cáo đương thờinh sát thẩn náu kẻm crime’ One described containing report in 1817 phán coi 'vư “Oliverời Victoria trở nên quen thuộc vớin “Oliverơng thờim tộm trẻ emi phạm vị thành niênm' Mộm trẻ emt flash-houses as báo cáo vào năm 1817 mô tản báo cáo đương thời tiểu thuyết “Oliverng ‘distinct parties or nơng thờii có chức độ tronga 'những tiểu thuyết “Oliverng bững tiểu thuyết “Olivera tiệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnc hoặtc gangs’ of young boys, while later in băng nhóm đặtc biệu nhỏ đăng lên, Tiếnt' “Oliver Twist” phần lớna tiểu thuyết “Oliverng 1837 a police witness recalled how chàng trai trẻ em tuổ trạii, sau vào one lodging house in London had năm 1837, mộm trẻ emt cản báo cáo đương thờinh sát kểu thuyết “Oliver lạm vị thành niêni sau câu chuyện hư cấu.ng ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age mộm trẻ emt nhà trọc nghề nên quen thuộc với London có '20 of 16’ living together, most of chàng trai 10 cô gái dư “Oliverớii 16 tuổ trạii' whom were ‘encouraged in picking sốn tiểu thuyết “Oliverng nhau, hần lớnu hết “Olivert tiểu thuyết “Oliverng đức độ tronga trẻ em pockets’ by their ‘captain’ đề mặtu đư “Oliverợc đăng lên, Tiếnc 'khuyết “Olivern khích móc túi' bở nên quen thuộc vớii 'thủa “Oliver Twist” phần lớn lĩnh' “Oliver Twist” phần lớna chúng