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UNIT 1 Engineering Whats it all about? A. Understanding a printed text This passage will give you some information about different branches of engineering. Now look at the following tasks: 1. List the main branches of engineering 2. Read this text to find out how many of the branches listed are mentioned Branches of Engineering Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on. Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical. Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineers are also involved in support services such as roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges. Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make the machine and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the foods and drinks that fill the supermarkets.4 Medical engineering: Body scanners, Xray machines, lifesupport systems, and other high tech equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers combining with medical experts to convert ideas into lifesaving and lifepreserving products. Building services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, airconditioning, refrigeration, and lifts. Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and schools, and the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes.
TH.S ĐẶNG THỊ THUYẾT MINH (Chủ biên) TH.S PHAN KIM OANH, TH.S BẠCH THỊ THANH TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ ENGLISH FORMECHANICAL ENGINEERING Hà nội, 2015 Table of Contents Unit Engineering- What’s it all about? Unit Forces in Engineering 12 Unit Engineering Materials 22 Unit Metals 32 Page Sample Test No1 41 Unit Mechanisms 44 Unit The Electric motor 54 Unit Lasers 64 Unit Washing machine 73 Sample Test No 83 Extension Reading Passages 86 References 90 UNIT Engineering - What's it all about? A Understanding a printed text This passage will give you some information about different branches of engineering Now look at the following tasks: List the main branches of engineering Read this text to find out how many of the branches listed are mentioned Branches of Engineering Engineering is largely a practical activity It is about putting ideas into action Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical engineering Mechanical engineers are also involved in support services such as roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make the machine and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the foods and drinks that fill the supermarkets Medical engineering: Body scanners, X-ray machines, life-support systems, and other high tech equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers combining with medical experts to convert ideas into life-saving and life-preserving products Building services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and lifts Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and schools, and the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes Vocabulary aeronautical [eərə'nɔ:tikəl] adj thuộc hàng khơng application [ỉpli'kei∫n] n áp dụng, ứng dụng automobile ['ɔ:təməbi:l] n xe ô tô body scanner ['bɔdi 'skænə] n máy chụp, chiếu toàn thân branch [brɑ:nt∫] n ngành cable ['keibl] n dây điện, dây cáp concern [kən'sə:n] n, v mối liên quan, có quan hệ combine ['kɒmbain] v kết hợp, hợp communication [kə,mju:ni'kei∫n] n viễn thông, trao đổi thông tin component [kəm'pounənt] n cấu kiện, phận, linh kiện computing [kəm'pju:tiη] n tin học design [di'zain] n, v thiết kế, thiết kế distribution [,distri'bju:∫n] n phân bố electrical [i'lektrikəl] adj thuộc về/ liên quan đến điện engineering [,endʒi'niəriη] n kỹ thuật equipment [i'kwipmənt] n đồ trang bị, đồ dùng, thiết bị generation [,dʒenə'rei∫n] v phát ra, tạo ra, sinh harbour ['hɑ:bə] n cảng harvest ['hɑ:vist] v gặt hái, thu hoạch heating ['hi:tiη] n nhiệt, sưởi ấm include [in'klu:d] v bao gồm industry ['indəstri] n ngành công nghiệp installation [,instə'lei∫n] n lắp đặt n lắp đặt điện * electrical ~ involve [in'vɔlv] v gồm có, liên quan tới lighting ['laitiη] n thắp sáng, chiếu sáng lift [lift] n thang máy machine [mə'∫i:n] n máy móc maintenance ['meintinəns] n bảo quản, bảo dưỡng manufacture [mænju'fækt∫ə] n, v sản xuất marine [mə'ri:n] adj thuộc hàng hải, biển mine [main] v,n đào, khai thác mỏ, hầm mỏ partly ['pɑ:tli] adv phần prepare [pri'peə] v chuẩn bị preserve [pri'zə:v] v giữ gìn, bảo tồn, bảo quản process ['prouses] n, v chế biến, xử lý, chế biến, produce ['prɒdju:s] v sản xuất rail track [reil] [træk] n đường sắt result in [ri'zʌlt] phr dẫn đến, kết support [sə'pɔ:t] n, v hỗ trợ, ủng hộ, hỗ trợ, switchgear [swit∫giə] n công tắc, hộp số tool [tu:l] n công cụ, dụng cụ ventilation [,venti'lei∫n] n thơng gió, thơng B Check your understanding Complete the blanks in this diagram using information from the text Engineering Civil Automobile Electrical Aeronautical Electricity Electrical installation Medical Put T or F to indicate if the statements below are true or false: a Engineering is about putting ideas into action b Mechanical engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc c Electrical engineering is about developing components and equipment for communications, computing and so on d Cars, trains, ships and planes are all products of civil engineering e Mechanical engineers deal with the design, making the machines and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the food that fill the supermarkets f Mechanical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, and industry C Word study Word formation – Suffixes Suffixes are endings on words They change the form of the word, for example, from a noun to an adjective or from a verb to a noun Eg aeronautics – aeronautical; act – action; install – installation Complete the table - al noun -ion adjective verb noun - ation verb electricity distribute install mechanics refrigerate combine practice generate transport industry ventilate form Noun Fill the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets a When developing a new engine, scientists want to high power output and low fuel (COMBINE/CONSUME) b Body scanners can give doctors far more than X-rays and there’s no risk to the patient (INFORM) c Do you know what branch of engineering electrical belongs to? (INSTALL) d _ preserves foods and drinks by lowering their temperature (REFRIGERATE) e _engineering appeared as a field during the _ revolution in Europe in the 18 century (MECHANICS/INDUSTRY) What is the link between column A and column B? A B mechanical machines electrical electricity Column A lists a branch of engineering or a type of engineer Column B lists things they are concerned with We can show the link between them in a number of ways: Mechanical engineering deals with machines Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers Match each item in column A with an appropriate item from column B and link the two in a sentence: A B marine a tools and machines aeronautical b roads and bridges heating and ventilating c body scanners electricity generating d cables and switchgear automobile e communications and equipment civil f ships electronic g planes electrical installation h cars and trucks medical i power stations 10 mechanical j air-conditioning 10…………………………………………………………………………… …………… D Language study Tense Revision Present simple S + V (-s; -es) Present continuous S + is/am/ are + V-ing Simple past S + V-ed Present perfect S + have/has + past participle Future S + will + V(infinitive)/ to be + V-ing/ to be going to Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form Engineering (be) …………………an aspect of life since the beginning of human existence A long time ago, before the development of nuclear power plants, people (have) the sun as their source for mechanical energy Unit 10 Scales Turning in Task Complete this table of common quantities and forces to be measured in engineering, the units in which they are measured, and the instruments you use to measure them Quantity/Force Unit Instrument Current …………………… Ammeter …………………… Newton Force gauge Velocity km/h …………………… C Thickness …………………… Micrometer …………………… Ohm Ohmmeter Voltage …………………… Pressure …………………… ………………… Thermometer 92 ………………… Manometer Task What you think are the advantages of electronic scales over mechanical scales? Task Study this diagram of electronic scales and complete the notes below Load cell Strain gauge Circuit board Material Converter function Position Between Microprocessor the function platform and base Operation Bends with the load cell, stretching the wires, voltage falls in proportion to load 93 Task Scan this text to find information on the load cell, the strain gauge, and the circuit board Reading Meaning from context Electronic scales use a weighting device called a load cell underneath the platform The load cell, an aluminum alloy beam, eliminates the need for springs, cogs, or other moving parts which can wear, break, or cause inaccuracy in mechanical scales A strain gauge is bonded on the load cell The strain gauge consists of a small piece of metal foil which detects any bending of the beam A controlled input voltage is supplied to the strain gauge from a battery- powered circuit When a load is placed on the platform, it causes the load cell to bend very slightly This, in turn, causes a change in strain, which triggers a change in the electrical resistance of the strain gauge As the resistance changes, so does the output voltage from the strain gauge In short, the change in voltage across the strain gauge is proportional to the load on the platform The voltage from the gauge is small and has to be amplified and then converted into a digital signal This signal is fed to a specially programmed microprocessor, which converts it into a weight reading This is displayed on the LCD The display will automatically switch off a few minutes after weighting is finished, thereby saving battery power Task Read the first two parts of this text and try to fill in the missing words More than one answer is possible for some of the blanks Electronic scales The electronic kitchen scale (1) take a larger load and is (2) accurate scale than may its mechanical counterpart Whereas a have a capacity 94 of about 3kg, broken (3) (4) 25 g units the electronic scale can (5) a load of (6) to 5kg broken into units of g or even 2g The scale (7) by converting the load increase on its platform (8) weighing area into a weight reading (9) the liquid crystal display (LCD) It is controlled (10) a microprocessor and can therefore (11) from ounces to grams at the touch of a button The compact internal components also make it small and (12) to store Vocabulary load cell n.phr [loʊd sel] thanh/tế bào tải trọng Accurate adj ['ỉkjʊrət] hính xác Amplify v ['ỉmplɪfaɪ] khuyếch đại bending n [bending] uốn cong, bẻ cong capacity n [kə'pæsətɪ] công suất cog v,n [kɑ:g] lắp (vào bánh xe), counterpart n ['kauntəpɑ:t] cân (tương tự) crystal adj ['krɪstl] pha lê, tinh thể digital signal n.phr ['dɪdʒɪtl 'sɪgnl] tín hiệu số eliminate v [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] loại bỏ, không cần microprocessor ['maikrouprousesə] mạch vi xử lý proportional to [prə'pɔ:r∫nl tu ] tỷ lệ với scale [skeɪl] cân spring [sprɪŋ] lò xo strain gauge [streɪn geɪdʒ] máy đo sức căng touch [tʌʧ] chạm vào, sờ vào trigger ['trɪgər] làm nổ ra, gây voltage ['voʊltɪdʒ] điện áp weight reading [weɪt 'ri:dɪŋ] đọc khối lượng ['æmitə] ammeter thiết bị đo am pe mannometer n [mə'nɔmitə] áp kế common adj ['kɔmən] chung, phổ biến, operation n [,ɔpə'rei∫n] hoạt động, vận hành 95 Language study Cause and effect, Study these actions What is the relationship between them? A load is placed on the platform The load cell bends very slightly The strain gauge is stretched The electrical resistance increases In each case, the first action is the cause and the second action is the effect We can link a cause and effect like this: 1+2 A load is placed on the platform, which causes the load cell to bend very slightly 3+4 The strain gauge is stretched, which causes the electrical resistance to increase In these examples, both the cause and the effect are clauses- they contain a subject and a verb Study this example: Cause: The strain gauge is stretched Effect: An increase in electrical resistance The effect is a noun phrase We can link cause and effect like this: The strain gauge is stretched, which causes an increase in electrical resistance Task The diagram below is a cause and effect chain which explains how a strain gauge works Each arrow shows a cause and effect link Match these actions with the correct boxes in the diagram A An increase in resistance B A load is placed on the scale C A drop in voltage across the gauge D The load cell bends very slightly E They become longer and thinner F The strain gauge conductors stretch G The strain gauge bends 96 Extension Reading Passages Passage Technology and society The purpose of technology is to produce applications which improve our material environment The people who design, test, and make these applications are called technicians, technologists and engineers They work in areas such as civil, mechanical, electrical, electronic, and marine engineering, and in newer fields such as information technology (lT) They use scientific knowledge and technological experience in their work They often adapt older existing technology (e.g radio waves) to create new applications (e.g mobile phones) Technology is all around us and affects every aspect of our lives Here are some examples: transport - road, sea, and air travel; space exploration telecommunications - mobile phones, fiber-optics, internet, satellites trade - credit and debit cards, bank ATM machines, Business-to-business (B2 B) internet trade work efficiency - washing machine s, microwave ovens, computer software power - heating, lighting, air conditioning personal entertainment - DVDs, iPods, digital TVs, digital cameras health - lasers in eye surgery, medicines safety and security - ABS brakes, air bags, sensors, smoke detectors food - food processing, agriculture information management - computer databases, search engines, business software infrastructure - roads, buildings, sewerage, waste disposal, water supply manufacturing - robotics in mass production (manufacturing an item in very large numbers) Because technology is so important in society, technicians, technologists, and 97 engineers always have to think about values, that is, whether something is good or bad Unfortunately, some technology has both positive and negative effects on society Using minerals such as oil, coal, iron, and uranium improves our standard of living, but can also pollute the air, water, and ground The same rockets that allow space exploration can carry nuclear weapons Road vehicles and planes allow fast travel but also cause accidental deaths and create global warming The challenge for technology is how to increase the positive effects on society but reduce or eliminate the negative effects Passage Studying technology What is the difference between a technician, a technologist, and an engineer? The main difference is in level of education and training Engineers have the most advanced training and normally hold university degrees In everyday contexts, the titles technician and technologist are sometimes used interchangeably, meaning a specialist working in technology below the level of engineer In training contexts, technologist is normally used for someone at a higher level (usually trained for 2-3 years) than a technician (usually trained for l-2 years) You can progress from technician to technologist and then to engineer by following courses at colleges and universities Colleges offer certificates and diplomas (a diploma is a higher level qualification than a certificate) Universities offer degrees As an example, in the UK system, most young people who want a career in technology start by studying at a college of further education or university They would normally follow the route: HNC (Higher National Certificate), HND (Higher National Diploma), B.Eng /bi: end3/ (Bachelor of Engineering degree) 98 Some universities allow students to transfer to a degree course early, after completing only one year of a diploma course It is also possible for students to leave school at sixteen and work as an apprentice with a company The company can then release them from work for some time every week to allow them to study at a college This is called a part-time, day-release or 'sandwich' course In this unit, there is an example of a student, Alec, who is following an HND diploma course in civil engineering in a college in Scotland Civil engineers work in the planning and construction of airports, bridges, highways, harbours, etc The course syllabus includes the following subjects: - Construction surveying This teaches how to measure a site, and mark out lines and points from the plans on the ground - Construction management This teaches how to ensure that a building project is completed on time, with the correct materials, within budget, and safely - Fluid mechanics This teaches how liquids and gases move and affect structures This is important in constructing pipelines and dams - Geotechnics This teaches the mechanical properties of soil and rocks This is important in constructing tunnels, pipelines, and foundations - Complex communications (sometimes called simply communication, or communications kills).This teaches how to communicate on technical matters Working in technology you need to be able to speak and write effectively to clients, write clear reports, and give oral presentations to colleagues - CAD (Computer-assisted design) Surveyors and architects use computer software to help them draw plans and designs Passage Design Design is at the heart of technology This is why most technology courses include design in their syllabus Look at any manufactured product, and you will see evidence of design lt may be beautiful, but appearance is only one aspect of design.lt must also function well The design process is a series of stages, or steps It begins when someone notices that there is a need or problem in society 99 which must be solved It ends when a product is manufactured which meets or fulfils that need These are the stages of the design process Identify the problem For example: When a certain cooking pot is heated, the handle becomes too hot to touch Sometimes the designer may have to invent a new product to solve the problem At other times he or she may modify, or change, an existing design to improve it Write the design brief (also called the design specification).This is a simple, clear statement of what is to be designed For example: Design a handle that remains cool when the pot is heated Do an investigation The designer asks questions and finds out information to help design a good product: Who will use this product What will it do? How will it look? What materials are available? How much will they cost? Do they have the right properties (such as durability)? How will the product be made? How can it be made safe? Develop alternative solutions Here, the designer thinks of different ideas, writing them all down without evaluating them at first He or she will then produce sketches, or simple drawings, of the different designs Choose the best solution Here, the designer chooses the design which best solves the problem He or she also considers cost, time, available materials, manufacturability (that is, whether it can be manufactured using available skills, tools, and machinery) Make a model or prototype (also called the realization stage, when a design is realized or made into a real object) A detailed drawing is made, probably using CAD software Then a model or prototype (= first working version) is manufactured (or a computer simulation maybe used) Test and evaluate The prototype is physically tested and then evaluated to 100 answer these questions: Does it work? Does it meet the design brief? Can it be improved in any way? Passage Appropriate technology Appropriate technology is technology which uses locally available materials and expertise to provide inexpensive solutions to problems in countries in the developing world, particularly in poorer rural areas The wind pump is a typical example: it is relatively simple to construct and maintain, and does not require fuel lt contains a simple mechanism, a crankshaft, which converts the rotary (round and round) movement of the blades into a reciprocating (up and down) movement which, in turn, is linked to the piston of a pump The clockwork radio is a more sophisticated example lt consists of a clockwork motor which drives a small generator This produces enough power to run the radio The step-up gears increase the speed of rotation of the motor The radio is cheap to use because it does not need mains power or batteries, which can be very expensive The clockwork computer described in the Gadget box uses the same form of power Its cost is kept low because the computer is not advertised and it uses o pen-source software, which is available free to anyone (unlike Microsoft, for example, which requires users to pay for a license) Portable generators combine an engine, usually diesel, with an electric generator They provide power in emergencies or in areas where no mains power is available, but are often very noisy Noise is measured in decibels (dB) the higher the number, the noisier the machine At home, the generator may be used to power domestic appliances such as kettles, freezers, washing machines, and air-conditioners The amount of electricity they use is measured in kilowatts (kW) Lighting uses much less electricity Car engines are normally four-stroke In a four-stroke petrol engine there is a cycle (or series) of events which is completed in four strokes (or movements) of 101 the piston: on the induction stroke, the fuel is drawn into the cylinder, on the compression stroke, the fuel is compressed and ignited by the spark plug on the power stroke, the piston is driven down the cylinder by the expanding gas from the burning fuel, on the exhaust stroke, the rising piston pushes the exhaust gas out of the engine Two-stroke engines are used in portable devices such as chainsaws They can be used at any angle Put simply, in the two-stroke cycle, power and exhaust are combined in one stroke, compression and ignition in the other There is no requirement for inlet and outlet valves for entry of the fuel or exit of the exhaust gas This simplifies construction and reduces the cost of twostroke engines However, they are noisy and produce more pollution than fourstroke engines Passage Mass Transport Transport technology is concerned with all types of transport as well as roads, railways, airports, and sea ports Engineers are involved in transport at all levels, from how to make fuels more efficient to designing longer and stronger bridges A major challenge for engineers is to design safer vehicles Advanced Safety Vehicles use sensors to provide information to an onboard computer on all possible dangers The sensors can detect obstacles near the car, such as other cars, pedestrians, or walls; they can detect changes in temperature, speed, acceleration tyre pressure, and road surface They can also sense changes in the driver's condition, such as eye blinking through tiredness The sensors send a signal to the computer, which is programmed to take certain actions For example, if a tyre suddenly loses pressure, or the car is too close to another vehicle, the computer sounds an alarm The computer can take control of the car if necessary, and can cut the engine or apply the brakes Engineers are also attempting to design cars which run on 'ecologically friendly' fuels, rather than petrol or diesel 102 Hybrid (mixed) cars combine the internal combustion engine and the electric motor The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by switching between the two power sources or combining the two to match the kind of driving required at any time For example, when the car is moving slowly in a traffic jam it can switch to electricity, and when acceleration is required it can switch back to petrol again Hybrid cars also have a wider range: they can travel 30% further than conventional cars on the same amount of fuel Hydrogen fuel cells use the world's most common element to generate electricity Hydrogen stored under pressure is combined with oxygen pumped from outside the car The chemical energy generated by this reaction is converted into electrical energy to power electric motors The only by-product is steam This means that it is an ecologically clean fuel, which can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases But unfortunately it has some disadvantages at present: the fuel cells are expensive to manufacture, energy is consumed producing pure hydrogen, and it may be dangerous to store such an explosive gas in city centres City authorities are increasingly concerned at the poor quality of air in city streets because of vehicle exhausts LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) produces 50% less pollution than the average diesel vehicle Biogas or methane, from human or animal waste, can be collected and processed to fire electricity generating stations In some countries, particularly Brazil, biofuels are produced from sugar cane or maize as an additive to diesel Passage Careers in technology The jobs described in this unit are types of engineers and technicians The difference between an engineer and a technician relates to qualifications and responsibilities Engineers should have a better understanding of the principles 103 and theories behind their discipline, and are more likely to be involved in design and project management, or running an industrial complex Technicians require a practical understanding of their specialism and have the practical skills and understanding of equipment to convert the engineers' theoretical design ideas into working solutions Most engineers will work as a member of a team including engineers from other disciplines This is why employers try to recruit people who are good team players and have good communication skills, in addition to their engineering skills and qualifications, each engineer will have technicians working for them to make parts or assemblies conduct tests, and perform other tasks as part of the team Here are some examples of engineering and technician jobs: Environmental Engineers who work in a manufacturing industry will know what conditions (or environment) a product will have to survive and operate in, for example the extremes of temperature and humidity that it will be exposed to They must also be able to devise tests that will ensure that the product will be safe for use They must make sure that the product and its parts can be recycled or safely disposed of after they are no longer in use The term Environmental Engineer can also refer to an engineer who works directly in environmental protection, using technology to prevent or reduce pollution and other dangers to the life or health of humans, plants, and animals Petroleum Engineers specialize in the exploration and production activities of oil companies They have to implement high technology plans in often very dangerous conditions, ranging from Arctic to desert temperatures and from land to the deep ocean Sound Technicians have a working knowledge of many disciplines including electrical engineering, electronics, and sound recording equipment studios Aerospace Engineers apply engineering principles to space craft, aircraft, satellites, 104 and rockets Their work involves the control of flight, aerodynamics jet engines, etc Agricultural Engineers design agricultural machinery and equipment They are concerned with ways to improve the processing of agricultural products and with conserving soil and water Biomedical Engineers apply engineering principles to the development of prosthetic (artificial) devices, to replace or support damaged organs or limbs They also develop diagnostic and treatment devices such as scanners Chemical Engineers apply chemistry (combined with maths and economics) to the process of converting materials or chemicals to more useful or valuable forms, for example, converting natural gas into arrange of plastics Passage The future of technology Large companies such as British Telecom employ their own futurologists to predict the most likely developments so that investment can be targeted on these areas However, it is very hard to predict future developments in technology with any certainty, especially beyond a horizon of five to ten years One way to this is to look at current technological developments, and imagine how things will be if they continue into the future Here are some possibilities: It is likely that intelligent machines such as robots will be used much more than they are at present One possible area is surgery where computer-controlled robot arms can, in some cases, operate with more precision and less chance of error than a human surgeon Intelligent machines can also be used in telemedicine to help doctors diagnose and treat patients at a distance, even in different countries 105 Nanotechnology (technology involving tiny particles) is already being used to create miniature machines small enough to be injected into the body to deliver drugs to the correct place or to destroy dangerous cells This will probably be developed much more in the future In transport, features such as satellite navigation already exist now in a small number of cars, and may become standard in all cars Satellites will probably be used to provide instant and accurate information on road congestion, which will be useful for drivers to be able to choose the quickest route to their destination This technology will also allow precise and automatic congestion charging, so drivers can be charged for using the busiest roads In order to this, devices will have to be installed in all cars In the distant future, road vehicles may come under computer control on main roads to ensure safe speeds are maintained and there is no danger of collision with other vehicles In all branches of technology computers will play a greater role and these computers will be faster and more powerful than today's This will allow and encourage new devices to be invented, in the same way as much of today's innovative technology (such as CADCAM car manufacture and wireless telecommunications) were made possible by increased computer power and speed Unfortunately, not all new applications will benefit society Computer crime, such as identity theft and credit card fraud will continue As more of our personal information is stored electronically we will become more vulnerable to hackers Applications designed to make warfare more efficient will continue to be funded by governments around the world 106