Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
THE REQUISITES Neuroradiology SERIES EDITOR OTHER VOLUMES IN THE REQUISITES IN RADIOLOGY SERIES James H Thrall, MD Radiologist-in-Chief Massachusetts General Hospital Juan M Taveras Professor of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Breast Imaging Cardiac Imaging Emergency Radiology Gastrointestinal Imaging Genitourinary Radiology Musculoskeletal Imaging Nuclear Medicine Pediatric Radiology Ultrasound Thoracic Radiology Vascular & Interventional Radiology THE REQUISITES Neuroradiology Third edition David M Yousem, MD, MBA Professor of Radiology, Director of Neuroradiology Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins Medical Institution Baltimore, Maryland Robert I Grossman, MD Dean and CEO NYU Langone Medical Center Attending Physician Department of Radiology NYU Hospitals Center Attending Physician Department of Radiology Bellevue Hospital Center Professor Department of Radiology Neurosurgery and Physiology & Neuroscience NYU School of Medicine New York, New York 1600 John F Kennedy Boulevard Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NEURORADIOLOGY: THE REQUISITES ISBN: 978-0-323-04521-6 © 2010 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein The Publisher Previous editions copyrighted 2003, 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yousem, David M Neuroradiology : the requisites / David M Yousem, Robert I Grossman – 3rd ed p ; cm – (Radiology requisites series) Robert I Grossman is first named author on previous edition Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-323-04521-6 Nervous system–Radiography I Grossman, Robert I II Title III Series: Requisites in radiology [DNLM: Neuroradiography–methods Central Nervous System Diseases–radiography WL 141 Y83n 2010] RC349.R3G76 2010 616.8a04757–dc22 2010005631 Acquisitions Editor: Rebecca S Gaertner Developmental Editor: Stacey Fisher Project Manager: David Saltzberg Design Direction: Steven Stave Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: Dedication To the LOML, my OAO Thank you for the love and support —DMY To Lisse—great mother, perfect wife, spectacular ophthalmologist You did it all! —RIG Contributors Robert Zimmerman, MD Executive Vice Chairman Professor of Radiology Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College Director of Diagnostic Imaging Department of Radiology New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell New York, New York vii Foreword Neuroradiology: The Requisites is now appearing in its third edition and has established itself as one of the widely read books on the subject The third edition again captures the philosophy of the series for efficient and economical presentation of material while still presenting the important subject matter of neuroradiology at a level and with a clarity of detail that is sure to be well received Neuroradiology has always been a challenging field to capture in a textbook because of the multiplicity of methods involved and the inherent complexity of the interplay among neuroanatomy, physiology, and function that all must be understood in order to master the practice of neuroradiology In the time since publication of the second edition of Neuroradiology: The Requisites, several important advances and trends have continued to transform and reshape the field Advances in technology include the fairly widespread adoption of higher field MR imaging at 3.0 Tesla, with associated improvements in image quality and increased flexibility in image protocol development Multichannel MR imaging has led to improved image quality and shortened imaging times MR tractography has opened important new avenues of research and is increasingly used for patient care There has been near universal adoption of multislice CT, greatly facilitating the application of functional CT for the diagnosis and management of stroke These technologic advances are remarkable, and, in retrospect, many of them were beyond our imagination only a few years ago Given the continued changes in the practice of medicine and neuroradiology, anyone who deals with the nervous system will find the third edition of Neuroradiology: The Requisites to be an invaluable resource on the subject The concise nature of the book will make it particularly appealing to residents during their neuroradiology rotations, where they face the unique problem of going from a minimal knowledge base of neuroradiology to a working knowledge in a very short period of time The Requisties series was designed to address this issue by balancing text and illustrations appropriately and reinforcing concepts with summary tables and boxes Fellows specializing in neuroradiology will also find this to be a very useful book The organization follows from methods to anatomic concepts and disease-oriented applications, presenting a logical sequence for their mastering of the subject at the fellowship level Residents and fellows studying for board exams will also like the concise nature of the Requisites series, including Neuroradiology: The Requisites These books can truly be “studied rather than just read superficially,” leading to a much more enduring mastery of the information For radiology practitioners, neurologists, and neurosurgeons, Neuroradiology: The Requisites can serve as a textbook for learning the subject and as a useful and efficient reference book to help guide their understanding of imaging results and findings in their patients When the Requisites series was first established, there was a hypothesis and hope that the format would make information readily accessible to the reader by eliminating extraneous material and covering only those topics deemed most important to clinical practice by the respective authors The success of the series of the past two decades argues strongly in favor of the approach and format I have every confidence that the third edition of Neuroradiology: The Requisites will be equally well received as its two predecessor editions I again congratulate Drs Yousem and Grossman for their outstanding text They have truly brought to bear their authoritative knowledge and experience in neuroradiology for the benefit of the reader, whether beginning resident or seasoned warrior James H Thrall, MD Radiologist-in-Chief Massachusetts General Hospital Professor of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts ix Index 603 Carotid-cavernous fistula extraocular, 336f, 337–338, 337t parasellar, 377, 378f Carotidynia, 495 Carpenter syndrome, 298–299 Castleman disease, 447, 448f Cat scratch disease, 214, 447–448 Cataract, traumatic, 326–327 Catheters, for angiography, 16 Caudal regression syndrome, 318, 318f Caudate nucleus, anatomy of, 29, 32f Cavernoma See Cavernous angioma Cavernous angioma, 164, 165f spinal cord, 575, 575f Cavernous carotid fistula, 186 Cavernous hemangioma, 164, 165f Cavernous sinus anatomy of, 358, 359–360, 360f, 361, 361f, 359, 362 chondrosarcoma, 380, 382b, 382f hemangioma of extraocular, 335, 335f parasellar, 377 suprasellar, 376, 376f imaging of, 361 lesions of, 377, 377b, 597 meningioma, 378, 378f pituitary macroadenoma in, 364–365, 365f thrombosis of, 377–378 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 380, 382f trigeminal schwannoma, 378–380, 379f tumor spread in, 380, 380f, 381f tumors of, 360 vascular malformations of, 336f, 337–338, 337t, 377–378, 377b CBF See Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Cellulitis orbital, 339, 340f periorbital, 324 Central nervous system (CNS), tumors of, 599 Central neurocytoma, 85, 85f Central pontine myelinolysis, 242 Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), 338–339, 339f Central sulcus, 35, 37b, 37f Central transtentorial herniation, 183–184, 183f Cephaloceles See also Meningoencephaloceles infrasellar and base of skull, 380, 383f mucosal, 445 Cerebellar atrophy, 270–272, 270b alcohol abuse, 269t, 270–271, 270f, 271f ataxia-telangiectasia, 272 Friedreich ataxia, 272 hereditary cerebellar atrophy, 272 hypertrophic olivary degeneration, 272 ischemia, 272 long-term drug use, 271 olivary degeneration, 271 olivopontocerebellar degeneration, 271, 271f paraneoplastic syndromes, 272 toxin exposure, 272 Cerebellar hemispheres, 26 Cerebellar herniation, 183f Cerebellar infarction, 132–133, 133f Cerebellar olivary degeneration, 271 Cerebellopontine angle masses, 63b, 64f, 597 Cerebellum, 596 topographic anatomy of, 26–28, 31f, 32f Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), 142f, 150–153 Cerebral aneurysm, 159b, 160–163, 161b, 161f Cerebral atrophy, 256–264, 257t AIDS dementia complex, 206, 207f, 257t, 262–263 ALS, 257t, 263, 264f Alzheimer disease, 256–258, 257t, 258f CJD, 257t, 259–260, 260f Cerebral atrophy (Continued) cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration, 257t, 262 DLB, 257t, 261 Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome, 263, 264f FTD, 250f, 257t, 258–259, 259f miscellaneous causes, 264 MSA, 257t, 261, 261f PD, 257t, 260–261, 260f porencephaly, 263–264, 265f PSP, 257t, 262 vascular dementia, 257t, 263, 263f Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), 141, 238–239, 240f, 263, 594 Cerebral blood flow (CBF) CT of, in vascular disease, 114–115, 116f, 117f Cerebral ganglioneuroblastomas, 79–80 Cerebral granulomatous angiitis See Primary angiitis of the CNS Cerebral hemispheres, topographic anatomy of, 23, 24f, 25f Cerebral infarction, 208 Cerebral palsy, 303–304 Cerebral vasculitis, 138–140, 139f Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, in paranasal sinuses, 431–432, 431f overproduction of, 249 production and flow of, 30–33 seeding of, 66–67, 67f, 67t Cerebrovascular disease See Ischemic cerebrovascular disease Cervical adenitis, of carotid space, 495 Cervical myelographic technique, 17–18, 18f Cervical myelopathy, 537 Cervical nerve root avulsion, 577, 577f Cervical spondylosis, 537 Cervical syringohydromyelin, with Chiari I malformation, 297, 297f Cervical vertebrae, 516–517, 517f Chamberlain’s line, 300, 301f Chance fracture, of spine, 583, 584f Charcot, 534–535 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 563 CHARGE syndrome, 330 Chemotherapy, demyelination with, 243 Cherubism, 445 Chiari malformations, 297–298, 298b heterotopias with, 290 I, 297, 297f II, 297–298, 298b, 298f, 299f III, 298, 299f polymicrogyria with, 291 syringohydromyelia with, 319 Chiasmal gliomas, 347 Chiasmatic astrocytoma, 375, 375f Chiasmatic groove, anatomy of, 356, 356f Child abuse, 186–187, 187b, 187f Chloral hydrate, for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20, 22 Chloromas, 67 infrasellar and skull base, 383–384 spinal, 560 Chlorpromazine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Choanal atresia, 421–422, 422b, 422f Cholesteatoma, 394–395, 395f complications of, 395, 395f, 396f with mastoiditis, 394, 394f otitis media vs 394–395, 395t pars flaccida, 394–395 pars tensa, 395 Cholesterol granulomas, 411–412, 413f Chondroblastomas, of cranial nerves, 412 Chondroid tumors, mucosal, 469–470 Chondroradionecrosis, 468, 468f Chondrosarcoma of cavernous sinus, 380, 382b, 382f of cranial nerves, 412 spinal, 567 Chordoid glioma, 87 Chordoma infrasellar and skull base, 383, 384f of perivertebral space, 502, 502f spinal, 567, 568f Choriocarcinoma, 95t, 97 Choristoma, 100, 367, 367f Choroid, 321 detachment of, 324, 325f, 326–327, 326f, 326t hemangioma of, 323, 330 melanoma of, 329 osteoma of, 329–330 Choroid plexitis, 201, 201b Choroid plexus masses, 67–69 carcinoma, 69 hemangiomas, 69 papilloma, 67–68, 68f physiologic calcification, 33 xanthogranuloma, 69, 69b, 69f Chronic hemorrhage, MRI of, 144t, 148–149, 150f, 151f Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), 564 CIDP See Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) Ciliary body, 321 Circle of Willis, 51–52, 52f, 362 vasculopathies of, 136–138, 137f Circumscribed astrocytomas, 72–74 JPAs, 72–74, 72t, 73f, 73t pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 74 SGCA, 74, 74f, 74t Circumvallate papillae, 441–442 Cisterns, of brain, 33t CJD See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Classic lissencephaly, 291, 291f Cleft sign, 59–60, 60f Clinoid process, 356 Clivus anatomy of, 356, 356f masses of, 597 Cloquet’s canal, 322, 330 Clots, hydrocephalus arising from, 253 CMV See Cytomegalovirus (CMV) CN I See Olfactory nerve (CN I) CN II See Optic nerve (CN II) CN III See Oculomotor nerve (CN III) CN IV See Trochlear nerve (CN IV) CN IX See Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) CN V See Trigeminal nerve (CN V) CN VI See Abducens nerve (CN VI) CN VII See Facial nerve (CN VII) CN VIII See Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) CN X See Vagus nerve (CN X) CN XI See Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) CN XII See Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) CNS See Central nervous system (CNS) CNS sarcoidosis, 221–222, 223f, 224b CNS siderosis, 152f, 157 CNS stimulants, myelography in patients taking, 19b CNS tumors, calcified, 90b Coats disease, 322–323 Cobblestone lissencephaly, 291 with polymicrogyria, 292 Cocaine AIDS encephalopathy associated with, 206 atrophy arising from, 268 hemorrhage associated with, 153b neonatal effects of, 304 vasculopathy associated with, 135t, 139 604 Index Coccidioidomycosis, 215f, 216 Coccygeal nerves, 515–516, 516f Cochlea abnormalities of, 405–406, 406f anatomy of, 389f, 404–405 aplasia, 405–406 implants for, 408–410, 410b otosclerosis, 408–410 Cock’s deformity, 406 Coils, for MRI gradient, radiofrequency receiver, 4–5 shim, Collagen vascular diseases, 140 Colloid cyst, 98–99, 98f, 507 hydrocephalus arising from, 249–251 Coloboma, 330, 331f Common cystic cavity See Cock’s deformity Communicating hydrocephalus, 249, 254–256 external hydrocephalus, 255–256, 255f hemorrhage causing, 254, 254b infection causing, 254, 254b NPH/adult hydrocephalus, 254–255, 254b, 254f, 255f tumors causing, 254, 254b Complete lissencephaly, 291 Complex partial seizure, 305 Compression fracture, of spine, 580–581, 583f Computed tomography (CT), 1–4, 2f, 2t, 4b algorithms and windows used in, contrast agents used in, after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, 428 of infarction, 117–121, 118f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122–123, 122f, 123f, 124f, 125–127, 127f, 128, 128f, 129–130, 131, 131f, 132f, 133f interpretation of, 590, 590b of intracranial hemorrhage, 141–143, 141f, 142f in neuroimaging, 4, 4b of ocular lesions/calcification, 321, 321b parameters and units, 1–2, 2f, 2t of paranasal sinuses, 420–421 perfusion scanning, for vascular disease, 115, 116f of pituitary gland and perisellar region, 362–363, 363f, 364f reading of, 587–588 scanners used in, 2–3 for sinusitis, 425, 426 of spine, 521, 522f, 576 for temporal bone, 385 for vascular disease, 107–108 Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of infarction, 117–121, 120f for vascular disease, 110–112, 113f Conal anatomy, 332 lesions, 333b Concha bullosa, 420 Concussion, 170 Congenital anomalies of external auditory canal, 385–386, 385f, 386b, 386f, 386t of inner ears, 405–408, 408b of middle ears, 391–392, 392f, 393f of pituitary gland, 279 of semicircular canals, 406–407 of skull, 298–300 spinal, 313–319 Congenital aqueductal stenosis, 251–252, 252f Congenital disorders, of parathyroid glands, 509t, 510 Congenital infections, 300–301, 302f, 302t Congenital lesions, 279–320 See also specific lesions of brachial plexus, 503, 504f of carotid space, 495 of external auditory canal, 385–386, 385f, 386b, 386f, 386t formation of, 279–280 infratentorial, 293–298 of inner ear, 405–408 of masticator space, 487, 488b, 488f of middle ear, 391–392, 392f, 393f of mucosa, 445–447 neuronal migration abnormalities, 289–293 ocular, 330–331 orbital, 352 of paranasal sinuses, 421–422 of parapharyngeal space, 479t, 493, 494b of perivertebral space, 501 of pituitary, 363 of retropharyngeal space, 499 of salivary glands, 477–478 supratentorial, 280–289 of thyroid gland, 505 Congenital posterior element variations, 534 Contrast agents American College of Radiology guidelines on management of reactions to, 21 in angiography, 16–17, 16b in CT, in MRI, 12–15, 14f, 15t for MRS, 13–15, 14f, 15t for MT imaging, 13 for myelography, 17 for nuclear medicine, 20 premedication regimes for administration of, 22 Contrast manipulation, in MRI, 6b Contrast-enhanced MRA, for vascular disease, 109, 110, 111f Contrecoup contusion, 178–179, 178f Contusion, 172 hemorrhagic, 178–179, 178f, 179f Convulsion, as contrast reaction, management of, 22 Cord sign, 155 Cornea, 321 Coronary sinus, 362 Corpus callosum agenesis of, 288 associated syndromes, 288, 598 with heterotopias, 290 lipoma with, 288, 289f, 293 development of, 288 lesions of, 76–77, 77b, 77f topographic anatomy of, 25f, 28–29 Cortical ribbon sign, 117–121, 119f Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration, 257t, 262 Corticobulbar tract, 35 Corticospinal tract, 35, 36f, 37t Coup contusion, 178–179 Cowden disease, brain tumors associated with, 72b 11 C-PIB imaging See 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B imaging 11 C-Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PIB) imaging, of Alzheimer disease, 258 Cranial anatomy, 23–57 calcifications of, 33 cranial nerves See Cranial nerves functional, 33–43 neurotransmitters, 56–57 skull base foramina, 56, 56t topographic, 23–33 vascular, 47–57 Cranial fossa, anatomy of, 356, 356f Cranial nerves, 43–47, 43f abducens nerve (CN VI), 26f, 28f, 44 traumatic injury of, 189–190 in cavernous sinus, 359–360, 361f enhancement of, 413–414 facial nerve (CN VII), 28f, 45–46, 46f schwannoma of, 63–64, 64f traumatic injury of, 189–190 glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), 28f, 46–47, 46f hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 28f, 47 lesions of, 597 oculomotor nerve (CN III), 25f, 44 traumatic injury of, 189–190 olfactory (CN I), 44 traumatic injury of, 189–190 optic nerve (CN II), 39, 40f schwannomas of, 412, 413f spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), 28f, 47 traumatic injury of, 189–190 trigeminal nerve (CN V), 26f, 44, 45f, 46f schwannoma of, 63–64 traumatic injury of, 189–190 trochlear nerve (CN IV), 28f, 44 schwannoma of, 64f traumatic injury of, 189–190 vagus nerve (CN X), 28f, 47 vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), 28f, 46 schwannoma of, 63–64 Craniopharyngioma fusiform dilation with, 374 histopathology of, 374, 374t imaging of, 374 infrasellar, 374f, 384 intraventricular, 374 nasopharyngeal, 445 Rathke cleft cysts vs 371 Craniostenosis (craniosynostosis), 298–300, 300f, 300t CRAO See Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) CRASH syndrome, 251 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 257t, 259–260, 260f variant, 259–260 Croup, 449, 449t Crouzon syndrome, 298–299, 300f Crus communis, 405 Cryptococcosis, 215–216, 215f CSF See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CT See Computed tomography (CT) CTA See Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Currarino’s triad, 313, 551 Cushing disease, pituitary macroadenoma in, 365 Cyanide, atrophy arising from, 269t Cystadenoma lymphomatosum See Warthin’s tumor Cystic fibrosis, with sinusitis, 431 Cystic hygromas in masticator space, 492 mucosal, 445–446 Cystic lesions in neck, 511–514, 512t, 513f, 513t, 514f of spine, 551–556 Cysticercosis, 218–221, 219b, 220f neuroepithelial cysts vs., 282–283 suprasellar, 373 Cysts, 98–99 colloid, 98–99, 98f hydrocephalus arising from, 249–251 leptomeningeal, 187 mucosal, 449 neuroenteric, 99 neuroepithelial, 99, 99f pineal, 97–98, 98f of salivary glands, 478 Index 605 Cytarabine, atrophy arising from, 270b Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 202t congenital, 300, 301f, 302t in HIV infection, 206, 210–211, 211f ocular, 323, 323f pachygyria and, 291, 300, 302f polymicrogyria and, 291 Cytotoxic edema with acute infarction, 123–127, 126f, 127f with hyperacute infarction, 117–123, 118f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f D Dacryoadenitis, 353, 353b Dacryocystocele, 354, 355f DAI See Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) Dandy-Walker malformation, 279, 293–294, 294f arachnoid cysts vs 294–295, 296f associated abnormalities of, 293–294, 294b imaging of, 294, 294f Dandy-Walker syndrome, 293–295, 294t associations with, 293–294, 294b Dandy-Walker variant, 279, 294, 295f Danger space, 499 DAT See Dementia Alzheimer type (DAT) DAVF See Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) Dawson’s finger, 229–230, 230f de Morsier syndrome See Septo-optic dysplasia Deep gray nuclei disorders of, 264–270, 265t topographic anatomy of, 29–30, 32f Deferoxamine, mucormycosis and, 216 Degenerative diseases, of spine, 524–537, 525b, 525f Dejerine-Sottas disease, 563, 563f Dementia See also Atrophy AIDS dementia complex, 206, 207f, 257t, 262–263 frontotemporal, 250f, 257t, 258–259, 259f multi-infarct, 257t, 263, 263f of Parkinson disease, 257t, 260–261, 260f progressive dementia complex, 206, 207f semantic, 259 vascular, 257t, 263, 263f Dementia Alzheimer type (DAT), 256–258, 257t, 258f 11 C-PIB imaging of, 258 Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 257t, 261 Demyelinating diseases, 593–594 categorization of, 227, 227b, 228b primary, 227–236 See also Multiple sclerosis (MS) secondary, 236–244 allergic, 236–237, 236f, 237f radiation-related, 243 vascular, 238–239 viral, 237 Dense vessel sign, 117–121, 118f Dental lesions, 450–451, 450t, 451f, 451t Dentate nucleus, anatomy of, 30 Dentigerous cyst, 450–451, 450t, 451f Dermal cysts, 319 Dermoid cysts brain, 71–72, 71f mucosal, 445, 445f orbital, 352, 354, 354b, 354f of paranasal sinuses, 422, 422t, 423f suprasellar, 373, 373f Desipramine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma, 85 Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG), 80, 81f, 82t, 85 Desmoplastic medulloblastoma, 78 Developmental inclusion cysts, mucosal, 445 Developmental venous anomaly (DVA), 164–165, 165f cavernous angioma associated with, 164 Devic disease, 549 See also Neuromyelitis optica Diaphragma sellae, anatomy of, 362 Diastematomyelia, 316–317, 316f Diazepam (Valium) for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20 for seizure reaction to contrast, 22 Diencephalic syndrome, 23 Diencephalon, anatomy of, 23 DiFerrante mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t Diffuse astrocytomas, 74–76, 75f, 76f brain stem “gliomas,” 74–76, 76f Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), 171, 172, 180–181, 181b, 181f, 182f Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, 93 Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), 531–533, 533f Diffuse sclerosis, with multiple sclerosis, 233 Diffusion anisotropy, 10 Diffusion tensor imaging, 108–109 Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 9–10, 11f of arachnoid cysts, 280 of infarction, 117t, 121–122, 121f, 124f, 125–127, 125f, 126f, 128–129, 129f, 130, 130f, 131f, 132 reading of, 589 for vascular disease, 108–109 DIG See Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) Digital plain films, Dilantin See Phenytoin (Dilantin) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) before contrast administration, 22 for urticaria reaction to contrast, 21 Diplomyelia, 317 DISH See Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) Disk herniation, 594 annular fissures, 525f, 526 bulging disk, 525 diagnosis of, 526 extrusions, 525 protrusions, 525 Schmorl’s node, 528, 528f thoracic, 528, 529f Diskitis, 543, 544f postoperative, 537, 538f Diskography, of spine, 521 Diskovertebral complex, 517 Dissection arterial, 156–157, 156f vascular, 180f, 184–186, 186f Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy (DNL), 243–244, 244f Diuretics, for pseudotumor cerebri, 256 DLB See Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) DNET See Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) DNL See Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy (DNL) Dolichocephaly, 298–299, 300t Doppler ultrasound, transcranial, 109 Dorello’s canal, 358, 360f abducens palsy, 358 Dorsal induction, 279 Dorsum sellae, anatomy of, 356, 356f Downward transtentorial herniation, 183, 185f Doxepin, myelography in patients taking, 19b Droperidol, myelography in patients taking, 19b Drugs atrophy arising from, 268, 269f, 269t long-term use of, atrophy arising from, 271 Drusen, 322f, 327 Duct of Bartholin, 477 Ducts of Rivinus, 477 Dura, physiologic calcification of, 33 Dura mater, 192, 193f Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), 140 Dural ectasias, 534, 535f, 537 in Marfan syndrome, 318 Dural metastases, 65–66, 65f, 66f, 67f Dural sinus clot, 155–156 Dural tail, 59–60, 60f Dural vascular malformation extraocular, 336f, 337–338, 337t in middle ear, 403 parasellar, 377, 378f Duret hemorrhages, 183–184 DVA See Developmental venous anomaly (DVA) Dwarfism, pituitary, 370, 370f DWI See Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome, 263, 264f Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET), 80–82, 81f, 82t Dysgerminoma See Germinoma Dysmyelinating diseases, 244–247 categorization of, 227, 227b Dysplastic gangliocytoma, 99–100 E Ear(s) inner, 404–414 anatomy of, 389f, 404–405 benign neoplasms, 412–414 cochlear implants, 408–410, 410b congenital anomalies of, 405–408, 408b inflammatory lesions of, 408–412 malignant lesions, 414 middle, 389–404 anatomy of, 389–391, 389f, 391b, 391f benign neoplasms of, 397–404 congenital anomalies of, 391–392, 392f, 393f inflammatory lesions of, 392–397 malignant lesions of, 404 surfer’s, 387, 388f swimmer’s, 387, 388f Early subacute hemorrhage, MRI of, 144t, 145, 148f Early subacute infarction, 127–129, 128f, 129f, 130f Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 202t, 205, 206f EBV See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Echinococcal cysts, neuroepithelial cysts vs 282–283 Echinococcosis, 221 Echo planar imaging (EPI), Echo spacing, Echo time (TE), Echo train length, Ecstasy See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) Ectopic adenoma, pituitary, 365–366 Ectopic thyroid tissue, 505 Edema See also Cytotoxic edema as contrast reaction, management of, 21, 22 vasogenic, with acute infarction, 123–127, 126f, 127f EEE See Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) Effusions, in middle ear, 394 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 318 ELST See Endolymphatic sac tumors (ELST) 606 Index Embolism fat, 186, 186f risk of, 104b septic, 201–202 in stroke, 104–107, 105f Embryonal tumors, 78–80 atypical rhabdoid, 80–82, 80f DNET, 80–82, 81f, 82t ependymoblastoma, 80 medulloblastoma/PNET, 78–79, 78b, 78t, 79f medulloepithelioma, 80 supratentorial, 79–80 WHO classification of, 78t Empty delta sign, 155 Empyema, subdural, 192–193, 195b, 195f Encephalitis Eastern equine, 202t, 205, 206f herpes, 202–203, 202t, 203b, 204f Japanese, 202t, 205–206 postvaricella, 205 Rasmussen, 224, 226f Encephaloceles with heterotopias, 290 locations of, 598 meningoencephalocele vs 282 mucosal, 445 postoperative, 431–432, 431f Encephalomalacia, arachnoid cysts vs 280–282, 282t Encephalomyelopathy See Leigh disease Encephalopathy acute necrotizing of childhood, 224 AIDS, 206, 207f bilirubin See Kernicterus hypoxic-ischemic, 301–303 posterior reversible See Posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) subcortical arteriosclerotic See Binswanger disease Wernicke, 242, 270–271, 271f Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis See Sturge-Weber syndrome Enchondromas, of paranasal sinuses, 434 Endocarditis, 202f Endolymphatic sac tumors (ELST), 414, 415f Endplate changes, 530–531, 531f Enzyme deficiencies, atrophy arising from, 276–277, 277t Eosinophilic granuloma, 413, 414f, 569, 569b, 569f Ependymitis See Ventriculitis Ependymoblastoma, 80 Ependymoma, 82–83, 82t, 83f anaplastic, 82 medulloblastoma and astrocytoma vs 73t spinal, 557–558, 558f subependymoma, 82–83, 83f WHO classification of, 82t Ephedrine myelography in patients taking, 19b vasculopathy associated with, 135t EPI See Echo planar imaging (EPI) Epidermal cysts, 319 Epidermoid cysts arachnoid cysts vs., 280–282, 282t, 371–373 brain, 69–71, 70f, 70t of middle ear, 391–392, 392f, 393f mucosal, 445, 445f neuroepithelial cysts vs 282–283 orbital, 352 spinal, 552, 553f suprasellar, 372f, 373 Epidural abscess, 192, 195f, 543–546, 546f Epidural hematoma, 172–173, 172f, 173f subdural hematoma vs 171t Epidural lipomatosis, 570 Epidural space, 192, 193f Epiglottitis, 449t, 451–452, 452f Epinephrine for edema reaction to contrast, 21 for hypotension reaction to contrast, 21 for urticaria reaction to contrast, 21 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 202t, 205 Erb palsy, 503 Ethmoidal bulla, 419 Ethylene glycol, demyelination with, 242–243 Eustachian tube, anatomy of, 391 Ewing sarcoma in masticator space, 492, 492f spinal, 570 Exosyrinx, 554, 555f External carotid artery, 47–49, 48f, 49f, 50t External hydrocephalus, 255–256, 255f Extra-axial brain mass, 590–591 benign, 591 choroid plexus masses, 67–69, 68f, 69b, 69f malignant, 591 meninges tumors, 59–62, 59b, 59f, 60f, 60t, 61f, 62t, 591 metastases, 65–67 chloroma, 67 dural, 65–66, 65f, 66f, 67f subarachnoid seeding, 66–67, 67f, 67t neurogenic tumors, 60t, 62–65, 63b, 63f, 64f nonneoplastic, 69–72, 70f, 70t, 71f schwannomas, 591 signs of, 58, 58f Extraconal anatomy, 334–335, 334f, 334t, 335f lesions, 333b Extracranial arteries, vasculopathies of, 136, 136f Extradural arteries, vasculopathies of, 136, 136f Extrapyramidal tract, 35–37 Extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus See External hydrocephalus Extrusions, disk herniation, 525 Eye(s), 321–355 See also Globe anatomy of, 321 lesions of, 321–331, 321b, 322f acquired and metabolic disorders, 327 congenital, 330–331 drug-related/iatrogenic, 331 infectious/inflammatory, 323–324 neoplastic, 327–330 trauma, 324–327, 324f, 325f vascular, 322–323 Eye of the tiger sign, 264, 267b F Fabry disease, 272, 274t Facial edema, as contrast reaction, management of, 21 Facial nerve (CN VII), 28f, 45–46, 46f anatomy of, 388f, 390–391, 391f dehiscence of, 396f enhancement of, 403–404, 405f hemangiomas of, 403–404, 404f, 405f schwannoma of, 63–64, 64f, 403, 403b, 404f in temporal bone fracture, 416 traumatic injury of, 189–190 Facial trauma, 188–189, 188f, 189f, 190f Failed back surgery syndrome, 537–540, 538b, 539f Failed shunt, for hydrocephalus, 256 Fast spin-echo (FSE), Fat C2 sign, 580 Fat embolism, 186, 186f Fenestral otospongiosis, 410 Fentanyl (Sublimase), for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20, 22 FESS See Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) A-Fetoprotein, in anencephaly, 283–284 Fetus in fetu, 289 Fibrillary astrocytoma, 74 Fibrolipomas, 317–318 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 136, 136f Fibrosarcoma, in masticator space, 493 Fibrous dysplasia of inner ear, 411 of masticator space, 487–488 orbital, 343 of paranasal sinuses, 434, 435f Fibrous histiocytoma, 352 Field of view (FOV), CT, 1, Filar lipomas, 317–318 Films, plain, 1, 1b, 2f digital, Filum terminale abnormalities, 317–318, 317f First branchial cleft cysts of external auditory canal, 386, 386b of salivary glands, 477, 478b, 478f, 479t Fistula cavernous carotid, 186 DAVF, 140 mucosal, 449 Flagyl See Metronidazole (Flagyl) FLAIR imaging See Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging Flocculus, 26 Flow-related enhancement, in MRA, 7–9, 109–110 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging, 7, 8f, 279–280 of arachnoid cysts, 280 of infarction, 121, 121f, 123f, 124f, 126f, 127f, 129f, 130f, 131f, 132, 132f interpretation of, 590 of multiple sclerosis, 229–230, 229f, 230f myelination on, 279–280, 280t reading of, 588 FMD See Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) fMRI See Functional MRI (fMRI) Focal cortical dysplasia See also Polymicrogyria balloon cell, of Taylor, 292 schizencephaly with, 287–288 type 1, 292, 292f Fog effect, 129–130 Foix-Alajouanine syndrome, 594 Folic acid deficiency, 343 Follicular carcinomas, of thyroid gland, 509 Foramen lacerum, 357t, 358 Foramen magnum herniation syndrome, 181–183 Foramen of Vesalius, 357t, 359, 360f Foramen ovale, 357t, 362 Foramen rotundum, 357t, 362 Foramina, skull base, 56, 56t Foraminal stenosis, 530f Fossa of Rosenmüller, 441, 441f Fourth ventricle obstruction of, 252b trapping of, 253–254, 253f FOV See Field of view (FOV) Fracture blowout, 188–189 LeFort, 189, 190f maxillary, 189 naso-orbital-ethmoid complex, 189 skull, 187 spine, 534, 577–578, 579b temporal bone, 414–416, 415f, 415t, 416f zygomatic arch, 189 Friedreich ataxia, 272 Index 607 Frontal lobe, anatomy of, 23 Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 250f, 257t, 258–259, 259f FSE See Fast spin-echo (FSE) FTD See Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) Fukuyama muscular dystrophy cobblestone lissencephaly with, 291 with polymicrogyria, 292 Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), 420–421 scanning after, 427–428, 428f types of, 428, 428t Functional MRI (fMRI), 11–12, 12f of intra-axial brain masses, 100 Fungal infection, 214–217 aspergillosis, 217, 218f candidiasis, 217 coccidioidomycosis, 215f, 216 cryptococcosis, 215–216, 215f mucormycosis, 216–217, 216f nocardiosis, 217, 217f Fungal sinusitis, 425, 426f, 430–431, 430f Furosemide (Lasix), for pulmonary edema reaction to contrast, 22 Fusiform aneurysm, 160 Fusiform dilation, with craniopharyngioma, 374 Fusion, of middle ear, 391, 392f G Gadolinium in MRA, 9, 9f in MRI, 10–11, 11f, 12–15 in MT imaging, 13 nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with, 13 Gangliocytoma, 85 dysplastic, 99–100 spinal, 559 Ganglioglioma, 82t, 83–84, 84f, 84t spinal, 559 Ganglion cells, in eye, 321 Ganglioneuroblastomas, cerebral, 79–80 Gangliosidoses, 272, 274t Gardner syndrome, 433–434 Gaucher disease, 272, 274t GBM See Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) GCS See Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Gemistocytic astrocytoma, 74 Germ cell tumors, in pineal region, 96–97 choriocarcinoma, 95t, 97 germinoma, 95t, 96, 96f others, 97 teratoma, 95t, 96–97 Germinal matrix hemorrhages, 304, 304t Germinoma, 95t, 96, 96f suprasellar, 377, 377f Giant cell arteritis, 136 Giant cell astrocytomas, 74, 74f, 74t Giant cell glioblastomas, 78 Giant cell tumor, 568–569 Giant cisterna magna, 279, 294–295, 294t Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 170, 171t Glaucoma, with anterior hyphema, 326 Glial tumors See Mixed neuronal/glial tumors Gliding contusion, 178–179, 179f Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 76–78, 76f, 77b, 77f gliosarcoma, 78 multicentric astrocytomas and, 78 Gliomas, 72 of brain stem, 74–76, 76f, 592 chiasmal, 347 chordoid, 87 Gliomas (Continued) grading of, 72b hydrocephalus arising from, 253, 253f of optic nerve, 347–348, 347f optic pathway, 306, 307f of paranasal sinuses, 422, 422t, 423f of visual pathway, 347–348, 347f Gliomatosis cerebri, 86–87, 87f Gliosarcoma, 78 Globe double perforation of, 326 enlarged, 331, 332b, 332f rupture of, 326 small, 331, 332b, 332f tenting of, 331 Globoid cell leukodystrophy, 246, 246b See also Krabbe disease Globus pallidus, anatomy of, 29, 32f Glomus jugulare, 399–400, 401b, 401f, 402f, 402t Glomus tumor, of carotid space, 497–498, 498f, 498t Glomus tympanicum, 397, 400b, 400f Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), 28f, 46–47, 46f Glottis, squamous cell carcinoma of, 465–467, 467b, 467f, 467t Glutamate, excess, 56–57 Glutaric acidemia, 276, 277t Goiter, 506–507, 506f, 507f Gorlin syndrome See Basal cell nevus syndrome Gradenigo syndrome, 358 Gradient coils, for MRI, Gradient echo imaging, 6–7, 6t Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 103 Granulocytic sarcoma See Chloromas Granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system See Primary angiitis of the CNS Granulomatous disease of infundibulum, 370–371, 371b, 371f of paranasal sinuses, 428–429, 429b, 429f of pituitary gland, 367 spinal, 543, 545f, 545t Granulomatous meningitis, 138 Graves disease, 507 Graves thyroid orbitopathy, 333b, 342–343, 343f Greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN), 358 Growing fracture, 187 Growth hormone deficiency, pituitary gland and, 370 GSPN See Greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN) Guillain-Barré, spinal cord and, 548, 548f GVHD See Graft-versus-host disease Gyriform calcification, 596 H HAART See Highly active antiretroviral drug therapy (HAART) Haller cells, 419, 420f Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, 264, 265t, 266f, 267b Haloperidol, myelography in patients taking, 19b Hamartomas, 288–289 choroidal hemangioma, 323 retinal, 330 of tuber cinereum, 376, 376f Hangman’s fracture, 580–581, 582f “Harlequin eye,” 298–299, 300t Hashimoto thyroiditis, 507 HB See Hemangioblastoma (HB) Head trauma, 170–191 brain death, 186 child abuse, 186–187, 187b, 187f classification of, 172 primary injury, 172 secondary complications, 172 cranial nerve injury, 189–190 CT evaluation of, 170–171, 170f, 171f DAI, 171, 172, 180–181, 181b, 181f, 182f epidural hematoma, 172–173, 172f, 173f, 174t facial and orbital, 188–189, 188f, 189f, 190f FLAIR evaluation of, 171, 171f hemorrhagic contusion, 178–179, 178f, 179f MRI evaluation of, 171, 171f, 172f outcome of, 181 penetrating injuries, 179, 179f, 180f secondary complications of, 172, 181–184 herniation syndromes, 181–184, 183f, 184f, 185f skull fracture, 187 subdural hematoma, 173–176, 173f, 174f, 174t, 175f, 176f, 177f subdural hygroma, 176–178, 178b, 178f vascular dissection, 180f, 184–186, 186f Hearing loss, 412 Helical CT scanners See Spiral CT scanners Hemangioblastoma (HB), 87–88, 88f, 89b spinal, 558–559, 559f, 594 with VHL, 311–312, 330 Hemangiomas See also Capillary hemangiomas of cavernous sinus, 164, 165f extraocular, 335, 335f parasellar, 377 suprasellar, 376, 376f of choroid, 323, 330 choroid plexus, 69 of facial nerve, 403–404, 404f, 405f in masticator space, 491–492 of salivary glands, 478 spinal, 567, 568f of tympanic membrane, 399 Hemangiopericytoma, 62, 338, 338f Hematoma of brain, 594 epidural, 172–173, 172f, 173f epidural vs subdural, 171t hydrocephalus arising from, 253 retrobulbar, 341–342 subdural, 173–176, 173f, 174f, 174t, 175f, 176f, 177f imaging characteristics of, 174–176, 175f, 176f, 177f Hematopoietic brain tumors, primary CNS lymphoma, 93–94, 93f, 93t, 94f, 95f Hemimegalencephaly, 293 pachygyria vs 291 Hemisphere development, disorders of, 279 Hemoglobin, MRI of, 143 Hemorrhage hydrocephalus arising from, 254, 254b intracranial See Intracranial hemorrhage intraparenchymal, 149, 153b intratumoral, 157 subarachnoid See Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) Hemorrhagic contusion, 178–179, 178f, 179f Hemorrhagic infarct, 129f Hemorrhagic metastases, to brain, 90, 90b, 90f, 90t Hemorrhagic occult cerebrovascular malformations, 90t Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES), 224–226 Heparin, 155 bleeding due to, 141 608 Index Hereditary cerebellar atrophy, 272 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 312 Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, 563–564, 563f Herniation, spinal, 521f, 522f, 524–528, 525f, 526f, 527f transdural, 575, 575f Herniation syndromes, 181–184, 183f, 184f, 185f Heroin use, demyelination with, 242–243 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 202–203, 202t, 203b, 204f congenital, 301, 302t Herpes zoster, 202t, 203–205, 204f Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 339–340 Heterotopia, 279, 289–290, 289f, 290f with balloon cell focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, 292 band type, 290 diagnosis of, 290 schizencephaly with, 287–288 subcortical, 290, 290f Heubner arteritis, 206 HHT See Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) Hiatus semilunaris, 419 Highly active antiretroviral drug therapy (HAART), AIDS encephalopathy response to, 206, 207f, 262–263 Hippocampus, anatomy of, 23, 25f, 32f Histiocytoma, fibrous, 352 HIV infection See also AIDS dementia complex congenital, 301, 302t demyelination with, 237 herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 339–340 inflammatory brain disease in, 202t, 206–210, 207f, 208f, 209f, 210f, 211f AIDS encephalopathy, 206, 207f cerebral infarction, 208 CMV, 206, 210–211, 211f lymphoma, 208, 208f, 209, 209f marrow changes, 209 in pediatric AIDS, 209–210, 210f spinal cord lesions, 209 syphilitic meningitis, 206, 207f toxoplasmosis, 209, 209f white matter lesions, 206–208 malignant otitis externa with, 386–387, 387f PCNSL associated with, 93, 93t, 94, 208, 208f, 209, 209f spinal cord and, 546–547, 547b, 547f Holoprosencephaly, 279, 284–287, 285f, 285t See also Septo-optic dysplasia alobar, 284–285, 286f with heterotopias, 290 lobar, 284–285 semilobar, 284–285, 286f variants of, 285–286, 286b Homocystinuria, 276 Hot cross buns sign, 261, 261f Hounsfield units (HU), 1b, HSES See Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) HSV See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) HU See Hounsfield units (HU) Humor, of eye, 321 Hunt and Hess classification, of aSAH, 162, 162t Hunter mucopolysaccharidosis, 273f, 273t Huntington disease, 264, 265t, 266f Hurler mucopolysaccharidosis, 273f, 273t Hurst disease See Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis Hürthle cell adenomas, 507 Hydatid disease, 221 Hydranencephaly, 284, 284f, 285f alobar holoprosencephaly vs 286–287 Hydrocephalus, 249–278 arachnoid cysts and, 297, 371 atrophy vs., 249, 249b, 250f, 250t, 251f with Chiari II malformation, 297–298 CSF overproduction, 249 failed shunt for, 256 migraines, 256 obstructive See Obstructive hydrocephalus pseudotumor cerebri, 256 slit ventricle syndrome, 256 Hydrogen sulfide, atrophy arising from, 269t Hydromyelia, 552–553, 554b, 554f Hydroxyapatite orbital implants, 331 Hygroma, subdural, 176–178, 178b, 178f Hyperacute hemorrhage, MRI of, 144, 144t, 145f, 146f Hyperacute infarction, 117–123, 118f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f Hyperglycinemia, 277t Hyperparathyroidism, 327 Hypertension as contrast reaction, management of, 21–22 idiopathic intracranial See Pseudotumor, cerebri intracranial hemorrhage resulting from, 141f, 142f, 147f, 149f, 150, 151f, 152f Hypertrophic olivary degeneration, 272 Hyphema, anterior, 326 Hypoglossal canal, 357, 357t, 358b, 358f lesions of, 598 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 28f, 47 Hypoglycemia, neonatal, 304 Hypomagnesemia, 327 Hypopharynx anatomy of, 443, 463 squamous cell carcinoma of, 463, 463b, 463f Hypophosphatasia, 298–299 Hypoplasia of external auditory canal, 385–386, 386b, 386t of maxillary sinus, 422, 423b of middle ear, 391, 392f Hypotension as contrast reaction, management of, 21 spontaneous intracranial, 178, 178b Hypothalamus anatomy of, 362 astrocytoma of, 375, 375f hamartomas in, 288–289 Hypotony, ocular, 325f, 326–327, 326f, 326t Hypoxia, 133, 134f Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 301–303 Hyrtl’s canal, 334 I Idiopathic benign intracranial hypertension See Pseudotumor, cerebri Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis, 197, 197f Idiopathic orbital inflammation, 324, 343–347, 344f Imipramine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Indium scanning, 20 for NPH, 254, 255f Infancy, vascular diseases of, 301–304 Infant, external hydrocephalus in, 255–256, 255f Infarction, 115–133, 117t acute, 123–127, 126f, 127f borderzone, 105, 106f brain, 593 cerebellar, 132–133, 133f Infarction (Continued) cerebral, 208 chronic, 131–133, 132f, 133f early subacute, 127–129, 128f, 129f, 130f hydrocephalus arising from, 253 hyperacute, 117–123, 118f, 119f, 120f, 121f, 122f, 123f, 124f lacunar, 106–107, 106f, 107f, 125–127, 129–130, 131, 132 late subacute, 129–130, 131f spinal, 571, 571f tumor vs 597 Infections anatomically bounded, 192–202, 193f choroid plexitis, 201, 201b epidural abscess, 192, 195f leptomeningitis, 193–197, 195f, 196b, 196f, 197b, 197f pachymeningitis, 196–197, 197b, 197f pyogenic brain abscess, 197–201, 197b, 198b, 198f, 199f, 200b, 200f, 201b septic embolus, 201–202 subdural empyema, 192–193, 195b, 195f ventriculitis, 201, 201f bacterial See Bacterial infection congenital, 300–301, 302f, 302t fungal See Fungal infection hydrocephalus arising from, 254, 254b ocular, 323–324 orbital, 339–341 parasitic See Parasitic infection spinal, 543–550, 544f, 593 vasculitis, 138 viral See Viral infection Infectious mononucleosis, 202t, 205 Inflammatory brain disease, 192–226 anatomically bounded infectious processes, 192–202, 193f choroid plexitis, 201, 201b epidural abscess, 192, 195f leptomeningitis, 193–197, 195f, 196b, 196f, 197b, 197f pachymeningitis, 196–197, 197b, 197f pyogenic brain abscess, 197–201, 197b, 198b, 198f, 199f, 200b, 200f, 201b septic embolus, 201–202 subdural empyema, 192–193, 195b, 195f ventriculitis, 201, 201f bacterial infection, 212–214 cat scratch disease, 214 Listeria monocytogenes, 212–213, 214b, 214f rickettsia, 213 spirochetal, 213–214 tuberculosis, 212, 213f fungal infection, 214–217 aspergillosis, 217, 218f candidiasis, 217 coccidioidomycosis, 215f, 216 cryptococcosis, 215–216, 215f mucormycosis, 216–217, 216f nocardiosis, 217, 217f noninfectious, 221224 Behỗet disease, 222, 224f sarcoidosis, 221222, 223f, 224b Wegener granulomatosis, 138, 222 Whipple disease, 222–224, 225f parasitic infection, 218–221 cerebral malaria, 221 cysticercosis, 218–221, 219b, 220f echinococcosis, 221 sparganosis, 221 toxoplasmosis, 209, 209f, 218, 219f rare, 224–226 acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood, 224 Index 609 Inflammatory brain disease (Continued) HSES, 224–226 Rasmussen encephalitis, 224, 226f viral infection, 202–211, 202t EBV and infectious mononucleosis, 202t, 205 EEE, 202t, 205, 206f herpes zoster, 202t, 203–205, 204f HIV, 202t, 206–210, 207f, 208f, 209f, 210f, 211f HSV, 202–203, 202t, 203b, 204f Japanese encephalitis, 202t, 205–206 postvaricella encephalitis, 205 SSPE, 205 Inflammatory lesions of brachial plexus, 503 of carotid space, 495 of external auditory canal, 386–387 of eyes, 323–324 of inner ears, 408–412 of masticator space, 487–491 of middle ears, 392–397 of mucosa, 447–453, 447b ocular, 323–324 orbital, 339–341 of paranasal sinuses, 422–433 of parapharyngeal space, 493 of perivertebral space, 501–502, 502f of retropharyngeal space, 499–500 of salivary glands, 478–482 of spine, 543–550 of thyroid gland, 506–507 Inflammatory syndrome, orbital, 324, 343–347, 344f Infratentorial congenital lesions, 293–298 See also specific lesions Infundibulum anatomy of, 362 lesions of, 370–371, 371b, 371f Injection rate, for angiography, 16, 16t Insular ribbon sign, 117–121, 119f Internal carotid artery, 49–51 Intervertebral disks, anatomy of, 517–518, 518f Intra-axial brain mass, 72–103, 592–593 adult, 592 amyloid, 100 astrocytoma See Astrocytomas choristoma, 100 cysts, 98–99 colloid, 98–99, 98f neuroenteric, 99 neuroepithelial, 99, 99f embryonal tumors See Embryonal tumors ependymal See Ependymoma glioma, 72 See also Gliomas hematopoietic origins of, primary CNS lymphoma, 93–94, 93f, 93t, 94f, 95f Lhermitte-Duclos disease, 85, 99–100 metastases, 89–93, 89f, 90b, 90f, 90t, 91f, 92f paraneoplastic syndromes, 92–93, 92f neuroepithelial tumors of uncertain origin See Neuroepithelial tumors of uncertain origin neuronal, mixed neuronal/glial tumors See Mixed neuronal/glial tumors oligodendroglial tumors See Oligodendroglial tumors pediatric, 592–593 pineal gland masses See Pineal gland, masses of posttreatment evaluation of, 101–103 postoperative, 95t, 101, 101t postradiation, 101–103, 101t, 102f, 102t pretreatment evaluation of, 100–101 molecular imaging, 100–101 sarcoma, 94 signs of, 58 Intracanalicular, lesions of, 598 Intraconal anatomy, 333, 333b, 334f lesions, 332b Intracranial circulation, 49–51, 50f Intracranial hemorrhage, 141–149 CT of, 141–143, 141f, 142f etiologies of, 149–160 arterial dissection, 156–157, 156f CAA, 142f, 150–153 hypertension, 141f, 142f, 147f, 149f, 150, 151f, 152f intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 149, 153b intratumoral hemorrhage, 157 SAH, 157–160, 158f, 159f, 160f, 161f, 162–163, 162t, 164f siderosis of CNS, 152f, 157 venous thrombosis, 153–156, 153b, 154f MRI of, 143–149, 144t, 145f, 146f, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f, 151f hemoglobin structure, 143 proton-electron dipole-dipole interaction, 143–144 susceptibility effects, 143 temporal changes in intensity, 144–149, 144t, 145f, 146f, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f, 151f stages of, 144t Intracranial hypertension idiopathic See Pseudotumor, cerebri idiopathic benign, 345, 345b, 346f Intracranial hypotension, spontaneous, 178, 178b Intradural metastatic disease, 556f, 559–560, 560b, 560f Intramedullary lesions, 556–560, 556b, 556f Intraosseous meningiomas, 60 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 149, 153b Intratumoral hemorrhage, 157 Intravascular lymphomatosis, 94 Intraventricular masses, 598 sites of, 74t Intraventricular meningiomas, 60, 61f Intraventricular oligodendroglioma See Central neurocytoma Inversion time (TI), Iodinated contrast for angiography, 16–17, 16b in hemorrhage patient, 142–143 for myelography, 17 nephrotoxicity from, 16–17, 16b for SPECT, 20 Iodine-based CT, Iohexol, for angiography contrast, 16, 17 Iris, 321 Ischemia, atrophy arising from, 272 Ischemic cerebrovascular disease, 104–107 See also Hemorrhage; Infarction clinical features of, 104–107, 104b, 105f, 106f, 107f Ischemic optic neuropathy, 338–339, 339f Ischemic penumbra, 115, 117f Isoniazid, myelography in patients taking, 19b J Japanese encephalitis, 202t, 205–206 JC virus, 202t Jefferson’s fractures, 579 Joubert syndrome, 296, 297f JPA See Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) Jugular bulb, in vascular lesions, 402 Jugular foramen anatomy of, 357–358, 357t, 359f lesions of, 384, 598 Jugular schwannoma, 64 Juvenile angiofibroma, infrasellar and skull base, 383, 383f Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, atrophy arising from, 277 Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), 72–74, 72t, 73f, 73t Juxta-articular cyst, 531, 532f K Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, 491 Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 275, 275t Keratocysts, 450–451, 450t Keratosis obturans, 386–387 Kernicterus, 304 Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon, 183–184 Ketalar See Ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) Ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar), for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20 Kikuchi disease, 448 Kimura disease, 448 Klippel-Feil syndrome, 313 with Chiari I malformation, 297 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, 491–492 Sturge-Weber syndrome and, 311 Klumpke palsy, 503 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 42 Korsakoff syndrome, 270 Krabbe disease, 246, 246b, 274t, 276 Kussmaul disease, 482 Kuttner tumor, 482 L Labetalol, for hypertension reaction to contrast, 22 Labyrinthine ossification, 408, 408b, 409f Labyrinthitis, 411, 412b, 412f Labyrinthitis ossificans, 406 Lacrimal gland, 321 anatomy of, 334–335, 335f enlargement of, 353–354 lesions of, 353–354, 353b, 353f Lacrimal sac, 321 anatomy of, 334–335, 335f lesions of, 354, 355f Lacrimal system, 334–335, 335f Lacunar infarction, 106–107, 106f, 107f, 125–127, 129–130, 131, 132 Langerhans cell histiocytosis of inner ear, 413, 414f of pituitary gland, 367 Larmor frequency, 5, 355 Laryngeal edema, as contrast reaction, management of, 21 Laryngitis, 451 Laryngoceles, 452, 452f Laryngotracheal papillomatosis, 449 Larynx amyloidoma of, 455 anatomy of, 443–444, 443f, 444f carcinosarcoma, 468 chondroradionecrosis, 468, 468f papillomas, 456 squamous cell carcinoma of, 463–468 glottis, 465–467, 467b, 467f, 467t subglottis, 467–468, 467b, 468f supraglottis, 463–464, 464b, 464f, 465f, 465t, 466f tracheolaryngomalacia, 446–447 Lasix See Furosemide (Lasix) Late subacute hemorrhage, MRI of, 144t, 145–148, 149f 610 Index Late subacute infarction, 129–130, 131f Lateral lemniscus tract, 39t Lateral ventricles, obstruction of, 252b Lead, atrophy arising from, 269t LeFort fractures, 189, 190f Lehman syndrome, 318 Leigh disease, 265, 265t, 273, 275t, 276f Leiomyosarcoma, dural, 66f Leptomeningeal cyst, 187 Leptomeningitis, 193–197, 195f, 196b, 196f, 197f pachymeningitis vs., 196–197, 197b, 197f Leukemia lacrimal gland, 353, 353b in retropharyngeal space, 500 Leukokoria, 321–322 Toxocara canis infection, 323 Levodopa, for PD, 260 Lewy body dementia, 257t, 261 Lhermitte-Duclos disease, 85, 99–100 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, brain tumors associated with, 72b Ligamentous injury, spinal, 577 Limbic system, functional anatomy of, 41–42 Limbus, 321 anatomy of, 356, 356f Limbus vertebra, 528 Lingual thyroid gland, 445, 446f Lipidoses, 272, 274t, 275f Lipoma, 293 with agenesis of corpus callosum, 288, 289f brain, 72 of filum terminale, 317–318, 317f imaging of, 293 in parapharyngeal space, 494 in salivary glands, 484 spinal, 564–565, 564b, 564f suprasellar, 373, 373f Lipomyelocele, 314 Lipomyelomeningoceles, 313b, 315f, 313–314 Lissencephaly, 279, 290 See also Pachygyria classic, 291, 291f cobblestone, 291 Listeria monocytogenes, 212–213, 214b, 214f Lithium, myelography in patients taking, 19b Lobar holoprosencephaly, 284–285 Longus musculature, acute calcific tendinitis of, 533 Lorazepam (Ativan), for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 22 Lou Gehrig’s disease See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Louis-Bar syndrome See Ataxia-telangiectasia Lumbar laminectomy, 537 Lumbar myelographic technique, 17, 18f, 19b Lumbar nerves, 515–516, 516f Lumbar neural foramen, stenosis of, 536–537, 536f Lumbar puncture, patient clearance for, 196 Lund Mackay staging system, for sinusitis classification, 425 Lung cancer brain metastases from, 89–93, 91f infrasellar metastases from, 383–384 Lupus myelitis, 549, 550f Lyme disease, 213–214, 215f Lymph nodes anatomy of, 444, 444f mononucleosis, 447, 448f morphology and treatment of, 471–472, 472f sinonasal neoplasm drainage, 439–440 squamous cell carcinoma, 470–471, 470b, 470f, 471t in thyroid gland carcinoma, 472 Lymphadenopathy of carotid space, 498, 499f in parapharyngeal space, 494 of perivertebral space, 502, 503f of retropharyngeal space, 500 Lymphangioma of masticator space, 487, 488f orbital, 337, 337f of salivary glands, 478 Lymphatic malformations, of brachial plexus, 503 Lymphatic vascular malformation, 445–446, 446f low-flow, 337, 337f Lymphocytic hypophysitis, 367, 367f Lymphoepithelial lesions, 480–482, 481f Lymphoma, 472 dural, 65f lacrimal gland, 353–354, 353b in masticator space, 493 mucosal, 468–469, 469f ocular, 329, 330f orbital, 351, 351f of paranasal sinuses, 438 pituitary gland, 366 primary CNS, 93–94, 93f, 93t, 94f, 95f in HIV infection, 93, 93t, 94, 208, 208f, 209, 209f of splenium, 77f Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 139–140 Lymphomatosis, intravascular, 94 Lysosomal disorders, atrophy arising from, 277 M Macroadenoma, of pituitary, 365, 365f, 366 Macroglossia, 450, 450b, 450f Mad cow disease See Variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease (vCJD) Maffucci syndrome, 491–492 brain tumors associated with, 72b Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 7–9, 9f, 10t for vascular disease, 109–112, 110f, 111f Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 4–15 contrast agents used in, 12–15, 14f, 15t for MRS, 13–15, 14f, 15t for MT imaging, 13 DWI, 9–10, 11f functional, 11–12, 12f of intra-axial brain masses, 100 after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, 428 gradient coils used in, of infarction, 117t, 121–123, 121f, 123f, 124f, 125–127, 125f, 126f, 127f, 128–129, 129f, 130, 130f, 131f, 132, 132f interpretation of, 589–590 of intracranial hemorrhage, 143–149, 144t, 145f, 146f, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f, 151f hemoglobin structure, 143 proton-electron dipole-dipole interaction, 143–144 susceptibility effects, 143 temporal changes in intensity, 144–149, 144t, 145f, 146f, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f, 151f Larmor frequency, for ligamentous injury, 577 magnetic resonance angiography, 7–9, 9f, 10t magnets used in, of multiple sclerosis, 229–230, 229f, 230f, 231f in neuroimaging, 15 of paranasal sinuses, 421, 421f perfusion scanning, 10–11, 11f for vascular disease, 115, 116f Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Continued) of pituitary gland and perisellar region, 362–363, 363f, 364f pulse sequences, 6–7 conventional spin-echo imaging, 6, 6b echo planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging, FLAIR, 7, 8f gradient echo imaging, 6–7, 6t radiofrequency receiver coils used in, 4–5 reading of, 588–589 relaxation times, 5, 5t scan times, 12, 12b for sinusitis, 426–427 of spine, 524, 524f, 576, 576f for vascular disease, 108–109 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 13–15, 14f, 15t for multiple sclerosis, 233–234 for pyogenic abscess, 201, 201b Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, 13 for multiple sclerosis, 234 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), of intra-axial brain masses, 100 Magnets, for MRI, Makeup, in imaging, 355 Malaria, cerebral, 221 Malignant infarct, 128f Malignant melanoma, of meninges, 62 Malignant meningiomas, 62 Malleus, 390 MALT lymphoma See Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma Mandible, oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma invasion of, 460 Manganese, atrophy arising from, 269t Maple syrup urine disease, 276, 277t Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 242, 243f Marfan syndrome, 318 meningocele in, 313 Maroteaux-Lamy mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t, 274f Masticator space, 487–493 anatomy of, 477t, 487, 487f benign neoplasms in, 491–492 congenital disorders of, 487, 488b, 488f inflammatory lesions of, 487–491 malignant neoplasms in, 492–493 Mastoidectomy, 395 Mastoiditis coalescent, 394, 394f in middle ear, 394, 394f Matrix, CT, 1, Maxillary fracture, 189 Maxillary sinus, hypoplasia of, 422, 423b Maximal hydrocephalus, 285f alobar holoprosencephaly vs 286–287 hydranencephaly vs 284, 285f MCA system See Middle cerebral artery (MCA) system McCune-Albright syndrome, 366, 487 McGregor’s line, 300, 301f MDMA See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) Measles, 202t Meckel’s cave, 359, 380 Medial lemniscus tract, 39t Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), 44 Medial meniscus tract, 38f Medulla, anatomy of, 23, 28f Medullary carcinomas, of thyroid gland, 509, 509t Medulloblastoma See also Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) astrocytoma and ependymoma vs., 73t Medulloepithelioma, 80, 329 MEG See Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Index 611 Megalencephaly, 292–293, 293f, 597 bilateral, 292–293, 293b cause of, 279 unilateral, 292–293, 293b Melanocytic meninges tumors, 62 Melanocytoma, 62 Melanocytosis, 62 Melanoma brain metastases from, 90, 92f ocular, 328–329, 329f of paranasal sinuses, 437–438, 438f of salivary gland, 436, 437f spinal, 567 MELAS syndrome See Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome MEN syndrome See Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome Ménière disease, 407, 410 Meningeal carcinomatosis See Subarachnoid seeding Meningeal sequelae, 546, 546b Meninges, 192 Meninges tumors, 59–62, 59b hemangiopericytoma, 62 melanocytic, 62 meningioangiomatosis, 62 meningiomas, 59–62, 59f, 60f, 60t, 61f, 62t, 63 mesenchymal, 62 WHO classification of, 59b Meningioangiomatosis See Meningiomatosis Meningiomas, 59–62, 59f, 60f, 60t, 61f, 62t atypical, 62 blood supply to, 62t of brain, 591 of cavernous sinus, 378, 378f intrasellar, 367, 368f malignant, 62 optic nerve sheath, 348–349, 349f of paranasal sinuses, 434 radiation-induced, 62 schwannoma vs 60t, 63 sphenoid wing, 352 spinal, 560–561, 561f suprasellar, 375, 375f Meningiomatosis, 312 Meningitis See also Leptomeningitis cochlea and, 408–410 cryptococcal, 215–216, 215f granulomatous, 138 neonatal, 195–196 sinusitis with, 429, 430f syphilitic, 206, 207f tuberculous, 212, 213f Meningoceles, 282 infrasellar and base of skull, 380, 383f spinal, 313, 313b, 314f, 315f, 316f Meningoencephaloceles CT of, 282–283, 283f MR of, 282–283, 283f supratentorial, 282–283, 283f Meningomyeloceles with Chiari II malformation, 298, 299f spinal, 313, 313b Mercury atrophy arising from, 269t demyelination with, 242–243 Mesencephalon, anatomy of, 23 Mesenchymal meningeal tumors, 62 Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), 304–306, 305b, 305f analysis of, 305–306 seizures with, 305 surgery for, 305 Metabolic disorders atrophy arising from, 266–268, 268b, 268f, 272–277 of brain, 593 Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), 244–245, 245f Metaproterenol (Alupent), for bronchospasm reaction to contrast, 21 Metastases in cavernous sinus, 380, 380f, 381f in external auditory canal, 389 extra-axial, 65–67 chloroma, 67 dural, 65–66, 65f, 66f, 67f subarachnoid seeding, 66–67, 67f, 67t infrasellar and skull base, 383–384 intra-axial, 89–93, 89f, 90b, 90f, 90t, 91f, 92f paraneoplastic syndromes, 92–93, 92f in lacrimal gland, 353, 353b in masticator space, 492–493, 493f in middle ear, 399–400, 402f ocular, 329, 330f orbital, 351–352, 352f in paranasal sinuses, 439, 439f in parotid gland, 487 of perivertebral space, 502, 503f pituitary gland, 366, 366f spinal, 556f, 559–560, 560b, 560f, 565–566, 565f of thyroid gland, 510 Metencephalon, anatomy of, 23 Metformin, before contrast administration, 22 Methanol, demyelination with, 242–243 Methotrexate, basal ganglionic calcification associated with, 270 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), atrophy arising from, 268, 269t Methylmalonic acidemia, 276–277, 277t Methylphenidate, myelography in patients taking, 19b Methylprednisolone, before contrast administration, 22 Metronidazole (Flagyl), atrophy arising from, 271 Michel’s aplasia, 406 Michel’s dysplasia See Cock’s deformity Microadenoma, of pituitary, 364, 365f Microcephaly with congenital infections, 300–301 presentation of, 291 Microdysgenesis, 292 Microencephaly, cause of, 279 Microglioma See Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma Microlissencephaly cause of, 279 presentation of, 291 Microtia, of external auditory canal, 385–386, 385f, 386b, 386t Midazolam (Versed) for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20 for seizure reaction to contrast, 22 Midbrain anatomy, 23, 25f Middle cerebral artery (MCA) system, 51–52, 51f, 52f aneurysm of, 159f, 162 thromboembolic stroke of, 105, 105f, 106 Migraine, 140–141 hydrocephalus and, 256 in multiple sclerosis, 235 Mikulicz disease, 480, 481f Mitochondrial defects, atrophy arising from, 273–276, 275t, 276f Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome, 274–276, 275t, 276f Mixed neuronal/glial tumors, 83–85 central neurocytoma, 85, 85f desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma, 85 DIG, 80, 81f, 82t, 85 gangliocytoma, 85 ganglioglioma, 82t, 83–84, 84f, 84t WHO classification of, 84t Mixed oligodendroglial tumors, 86 MLD See Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) MLF See Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) Modified neck dissection, 473 Modiolus, 405 Molar tooth sign, 296, 297f Molecular imaging, of intra-axial brain masses, 100–101 Mondini’s deformity, 405, 406f Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, myelography in patients taking, 19b Mononucleosis, 447, 448f infectious, 202t, 205 Monstrocellular sarcoma See Giant cell glioblastomas Morphine, for pulmonary edema reaction to contrast, 22 Morquio mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t Motor system, functional anatomy of, 35–37, 36f, 37b, 37f, 37t Moyamoya disease, 136–137, 137f MPSs See Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) MRA See Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) MRS See Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) MS See Multiple sclerosis (MS) MSA See Multisystem atrophy (MSA) MT imaging See Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging MTS See Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) Mucoceles, 339, 341f with sinusitis, 431, 431f Mucociliary clearance, 419, 419f Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 353–354, 485, 485f Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), 272, 273f, 273t, 274f Mucopyocele, 431 Mucormycosis, 216–217, 216f Mucosa See also specific mucosal areas anatomy of, 441–444 benign masses, 455–457 carcinosarcoma, 468 congenital lesions of, 445–447 future cancer risk, 474 inflammatory lesions of, 447–453, 447b lymphoma, 468–469, 469f malignant adenopathy, 470–472 malignant neoplasms, 457–468 post-treatment imaging, 472–474, 473f sarcoma, 469–470, 469f squamous cell carcinomas, 457–468 TNM staging for, 457–458 trauma, 453 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 351, 351f Mucoviscidosis See Cystic fibrosis Multicentric astrocytomas, 78 Multifocal fibrosclerosis, 344 Multi-infarct dementia, 257t, 263, 263f Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, 509, 509t Multiple sclerosis (MS), 227–233 clinical course of, 228 clinical criteria of, 227, 228b, 228t clinical presentation of, 227 concluding remarks on, 235–236 diagnosis of, 593–594 diffusion in, 234 enhancement in, 230–231, 232f 612 Index Multiple sclerosis (MS) (Continued) laboratory tests for, 228 magnetic resonance spectroscopy for, 233–234 magnetization transfer for, 234 migraine in, 235 monosymptomatic patient with, 228–229 MR findings of, 229–230, 229f, 230f, 231f normal-appearing white matter in, 232 pathologic findings of, 229 spinal cord and, 548, 549f spinal cord disease with, 232–233 syndromes with, 233, 233f, 234f unidentified bright objects in, 235, 235f Virchow-Robin spaces in, 234–235, 235f Multisystem atrophy (MSA), 257t, 261, 261f Mycotic aneurysm, 160 Myelencephalon, anatomy of, 23 Myelination, 279–280, 280b, 280t in megalencephaly, 292–293 Myeloceles, spinal, 313, 313b, 314f Myelography, 17–19, 18f, 19b cervical technique, 17–18, 18f lumbar technique, 17, 18f, 19b postprocedure orders for, 19 of spine, 520–524, 520f, 521f, 522f Myeloma infrasellar and skull base, 383–384 in paranasal sinuses, 439, 439f spinal, 570, 570f Myelomalacia, 554 Myelopathy, cervical, 537 Myxopapillary ependymoma, 557–558, 558f N Nasal cavity, 420 Nasal septum, 420 Nasolacrimal duct, 420 Naso-orbital-ethmoid complex fracture, 189 Nasopalatine cyst, 445 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 439, 458–459, 458f, 459b imaging of, 458–459 location of, 458 in retropharyngeal space, 500, 501f staging of, 458, 459b treatment of, 459 Nasopharynx abscesses in, 447 anatomy of, 356, 356f, 441, 441f, 442f inflammatory lesions of, 447–453, 447b juvenile angiofibroma, 455, 455b, 455t, 456f, 457f lymphoma, 468–469 rhabdomyosarcoma in, 469, 469f Tornwaldt cyst, 446, 447f NAT See Nonaccidental trauma (NAT) Natural killer cell lymphomas, nasal, 438 NAWM See Normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) Neck, cystic masses in, 511–514, 512t, 513f, 513t, 514f Necrosis, radiation, 101–103, 101t, 102f, 102t Necrotizing encephalomyelopathy See Leigh disease Nembutal See Pentobarbital (Nembutal) Neonatal herpes, 202–203, 203b Neonatal meningitis, 195–196 Neoplasms See also Brain neoplasms benign of brachial plexus, 503–504 of carotid space, 496–498 of external auditory canal, 387, 388b of inner ears, 412–414 of masticator space, 491–492 of middle ear, 397–404 Neoplasms (Continued) mucosal, 455–457 of paranasal sinuses, 433–435 of parapharyngeal space, 494, 494f of parathyroid glands, 510–511, 510f, 511f of perivertebral space, 502 of retropharyngeal space, 500, 500f of salivary glands, 482–484 of thyroid gland, 507 malignant of brachial plexus, 504, 505f of carotid space, 498–499 of inner ears, 414 of masticator space, 492–493 of middle ears, 404 mucosal, 457–468 of paranasal sinuses, 435–439, 436b of parapharyngeal space, 494, 495f of parathyroid glands, 511 of perivertebral space, 502 of retropharyngeal space, 500 of salivary glands, 484–487, 485b of thyroid gland, 508–510, 508b, 508f Neoplastic aneurysm, 160 Neoplastic angioendotheliosis, 139–140 Neoplastic lesions See also Brain neoplasms ocular, 327–330 orbital, 347–352 of spinal cord, 555–556, 555f Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), gadolinium contrast agents causing, 13 Nephrotoxicity, from iodinated contrast, 16–17, 16b Nerve sheath tumors, 561–563, 562b, 562f Nervus intermedius, 45–46, 358 Neural crest tumors, 566–567, 567f Neural foramen, enlarged, 598 Neural placode, myelocele of, 313–314 Neural tube defect, diastematomyelia, 316–317, 316f Neurenteric cysts, 319 Neurilemmomas See Schwannomas Neurinomas See Schwannomas Neuroblastoma olfactory, 438, 439f spinal, 566–567, 567f Neurocutaneous melanosis, 312, 313f Neurocytoma, central, 85, 85f Neurodegenerative disease, 249–278 Neuroendocrine tumors, of paranasal sinuses, 438–439 Neuroenteric cysts, 99 Neuroepithelial cysts, 99, 99f, 283 Neuroepithelial tumors of uncertain origin, 86–88 astroblastoma, 87 chordoid glioma, 87 gliomatosis cerebri, 86–87, 87f HB, 87–88, 88f, 89b Neurofibromas, 64–65 See also Plexiform neurofibroma of aryepiglottic fold, 457f orbital, 349–351 spinal, 561–563, 562b, 562f Neurofibromatosis type 1, 64–65, 306–307, 306t additional findings with, 307 astrocytomas with, 306 brain tumors associated with, 72b location of, 306, 307f meningocele in, 313, 314 optic nerve gliomas with, 347–348, 347f optic pathway gliomas with, 306, 307f plexiform neurofibroma with, 307, 308f transmittance of, 306 type 2, 64–65, 306t, 307–309 Neurofibromatosis (Continued) brain tumors associated with, 72b diagnosis of, 307–309, 309f optic nerve sheath meningioma with, 348, 349f spinal manifestations of, 309 Neurogenic tumors, 62–65 in masticator space, 492 mucosal, 456, 457f neurofibromas, 64–65 neuromas, 65 orbital, 349–351, 350f in salivary glands, 484 schwannomas, 60t, 62–64, 63b, 63f, 64f Neuroglial elements, in eye, 321 Neurohypophysis, 362 Neuromas, 65 Neuromyelitis optica, 347 with multiple sclerosis, 233, 233f Neuronal differentiation, 279 Neuronal histogenesis, 279 Neuronal migration, 279 disorders of, 289–293 schizencephaly, 287–288 septo-optic dysplasia with, 287 Neuronal proliferation, 279 balloon cell focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, 292 Neuronal tumors See Mixed neuronal/glial tumors Neuropathic spine, 534–535 Neurosarcoidosis, 138 Neurotransmitters, 56–57 NF-1 See Neurofibromatosis, type NF-2 See Neurofibromatosis, type NHL See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) Niemann-Pick disease, 272, 274t Nipah virus, 202t Nissl arteritis, 206 Nitroglycerine, for hypertension reaction to contrast, 21 NMDA receptors See N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, 56–57 Nocardiosis, 217, 217f Nodular fasciitis, 503 Nonaccidental trauma (NAT), child abuse, 186–187, 187b, 187f Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, 249–254, 252b clots or synechiae causing, 253 colloid cyst causing, 249–251 congenital aqueductal stenosis causing, 251–252, 252f hematomas and infarcts causing, 253 masses or tumors causing, 252b, 253, 253f trapped ventricles causing, 253–254, 253f Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 472 mucosal, 468–469 of paranasal sinuses, 428–429, 429b, 429f, 438 of thyroid gland, 509–510 Noninfectious vasculitis, 138 Noonan syndrome, 445 Normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), in multiple sclerosis, 232 Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), 254–255, 254b, 254f, 255f Norrie disease, 330 Nortriptyline, myelography in patients taking, 19b NPH See Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) NSF See Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) Nuclear medicine, 20 for vascular disease, 115 Nutrition, orbit and, 343 Index 613 O Obstructive hydrocephalus, 249–254 clots or synechiae causing, 253 colloid cyst causing, 249–251 communicating, 249, 254–256 congenital aqueductal stenosis causing, 251–252, 252f external hydrocephalus, 255–256, 255f hematomas and infarcts causing, 253 hemorrhage causing, 254, 254b infection causing, 254, 254b masses or tumors causing, 252b, 253, 253f noncommunicating, 249, 252b NPH/adult hydrocephalus, 254–255, 254b, 254f, 255f trapped ventricles causing, 253–254, 253f tumors causing, 254, 254b Obstructive sleep apnea, 446 Occipital lobe, anatomy of, 23 Occult cerebrovascular malformation (OCVM), Dandy-Walker syndrome with, 294f Ocular calcification, 321–322, 321b, 322f drusen, 322f, 327 senile/senescent, 322f, 327 Ocular hypotony, 325f, 326–327, 326f, 326t Ocular lesions, 321–331, 321b, 322f acquired and metabolic disorders, 327 congenital, 330–331 drug-related/iatrogenic, 331 infectious/inflammatory, 323–324 neoplastic, 327–330 trauma, 324–327, 324f, 325f vascular, 322–323 Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 25f, 44 traumatic injury of, 189–190 OCVM See Occult cerebrovascular malformation (OCVM) Odontogenic lesions, 450–451, 450t, 451f, 451t ameloblastoma, 456, 457f of masticator space, 487, 488f Odontoid, with Chiari I malformation, 297 Odontoid fracture, 580, 581f Olfactory nerve (CN I), 44 traumatic injury of, 189–190 Olfactory neuroblastoma, 438, 439f Oligoastrocytoma, 86 Oligodendroglial tumors, 85–86 anaplastic oligodendroglioma, 86 mixed, 86 oligodendroglioma, 82t, 85–86, 85f, 86f, 86t WHO classification of, 86t Olivary degeneration, 271 hypertrophic, 272 Olive, anatomy of, 28f Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, 271, 271f Ollier syndrome, 433–434 brain tumors associated with, 72b OMC See Ostiomeatal complex (OMC) Oncocytoma, 484 Ophthalmic artery, 333, 333b, 334f Ophthalmic veins, 333 anatomy of, 359–360 OPLL See Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) Optic chiasm, 39, 40f Optic nerve (CN II), 39, 40f, 321 anatomy of, 333 congenital optic nerve hypoplasia, 287 enlargement of, 332b gliomas of, 347–348, 347f hypoplasia, congenital, 287 Optic nerve sheath, meningioma, 348–349, 349f Optic neuritis, 332b, 345–347, 346f with multiple sclerosis, 233, 234f Optic pathway gliomas, neurofibromatosis type with, 306, 307f Optic radiations, 39, 40f Oral cavity ameloblastoma, 456, 457f anatomy of, 442, 442f osseus tumors, 456 squamous cell carcinoma of, 461–462, 462b, 462f Orbit, 321–355 anatomy of, 332–335 bones of, 334, 334f imaging of, 354–355 melanoma of, 329 pathology of, 335–353 acquired/metabolic, 342–343 congenital, 352 drug-related/iatrogenic, 352–353 idiopathic/demyelinating, 343–347 infectious/inflammatory, 339–341 neoplastic, 347–352 trauma, 341–342 vascular, 335–339 Orbital cellulitis, 339, 340f Orbital periosteum See Periorbita Orbital septum, 321 Orbital trauma, 188–189, 188f, 189f, 190f Orbital varix, 336, 336f Oropharynx anatomy of, 441–442, 442f lymphoma, 468–469, 469f squamous cell carcinoma of, 459–461, 459b, 459f, 460f bilateral or deep invasion of tongue base, 461 imaging of, 459–460, 459f locations of, 460, 460f mandibular invasion, 459f, 460 pre-epiglottic fat invasion, 460 prevertebral muscle invasion, 460–461 prognosis for, 460 pterygomandibular raphe invasion, 461 pterygopalatine fossa invasion, 461 staging of, 459–460, 459b Os odontoideum, 580–581, 582f Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 492 See also Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) Osmotic demyelination, 242, 242f Osseous tumors, mucosal, 456 Ossicular replacement, 397, 398f Ossiculoplasty, 395–397, 396f Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), 531, 533f Osteoblastoma, 568–569 Osteochondroma, 570 Osteoid osteoma, 568–569, 569f Osteomas, of paranasal sinuses, 433–434, 434f Osteomyelitis, 543, 544f Osteopetrosis, 300 Osteophyte, formation of, 528, 529f, 530f Osteophytic spur, 520f Osteoporosis, 566–571, 566b, 566f, 567b Osteosarcoma in masticator space, 492, 492f, 493 mucosal, 469 Ostiomeatal complex (OMC), 419 opacification of, 425, 425f Otitis externa, malignant, 386–387, 387f Otitis media, 392–393, 393f cholesteatoma vs 394–395, 395t Otomastoiditis complications of, 394, 394f in middle ear, 393f, 394, 394f surgery for, 395–397, 396f Otosclerosis, cochlear, 408–410 Otospongiosis, 408–410, 410f fenestral, 410 P Pachygyria, 279, 291, 291f with balloon cell focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, 292 cytomegalovirus and, 291, 300, 302f polymicrogyria vs 291–292 schizencephaly with, 287–288 Pachymeningitis, 546, 546b idiopathic hypertrophic cranial, 197, 197f leptomeningitis vs., 196–197, 197b, 197f Paget disease, 410–411, 411b, 411f spinal, 570 Panencephalitis See Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Papillary carcinomas, of thyroid gland, 508–509 Papillomas choroid plexus, 67–68, 68f mucosal, 456 of paranasal sinuses, 433–434, 435f Paraganglioma of middle ear, 399–400, 401b spinal, 559 Paraglottic space, 444 Paralysis, of vocal cord, 453–455, 454f, 455f Parameningeal masses, 560 Paranasal sinuses, 334 See also Sinusitis anatomy of, 419, 419f, 420, 420f, 421f benign neoplasms, 433–435 congenital disorders of, 421–422 CSF leaks in, 431–432, 432f development of, 420 granulomatous disease of, 428–429, 429b, 429f imaging of, 420–421 inflammatory lesions of, 422–433 malignant neoplasms, 435–439, 436b operability of, 440 melanoma of, 437–438, 438f overexpansion of, 422, 423b polyposis in, 432–433, 432f, 433b, 433f postoperative encephaloceles, 431–432, 431f, 432f retention cysts in, 433 screening for, 426 secretions from, 427, 427f, 428b squamous cell carcinomas of, 435–436, 436b Paraneoplastic syndromes, 92–93, 92f atrophy arising from, 272 Parapharyngeal space, 493–494 anatomy of, 477t, 493, 493f benign neoplasms of, 494, 494f congenital disorders of, 479t, 493, 494b inflammatory lesions of, 493 malignant neoplasms of, 494, 495f Parasitic infection, 218–221 cerebral malaria, 221 cysticercosis, 218–221, 219b, 220f echinococcosis, 221 sparganosis, 221 toxoplasmosis, 209, 209f, 218, 219f Parathyroid glands, 510–511 anatomy of, 510 benign neoplasms of, 510–511, 510f, 511f congenital disorders of, 509t, 510 malignant neoplasms of, 511 Parietal lobe, anatomy of, 23 Parkinson disease (PD), 257t, 260–261, 260f Parotid duct, anatomy of, 476 Parotid gland acinic cell carcinoma of, 486 adenocarcinoma of, 486, 487b adenoid cystic carcinoma, 485–486, 485f anatomy of, 476, 476f, 477t first branchial cleft cysts of, 477, 478b, 478f, 479t metastases in, 487 614 Index Parotid gland (Continued) mucoepidermoid carcinoma of, 485, 485f oncocytoma, 484 pleomorphic adenoma of, 483–484, 486–487 sialosis, 479–480 squamous cell carcinoma of, 486, 486f Warthin’s tumor, 484, 484b, 484f Parry-Romberg syndrome, 304 Pars distalis, 362 Pars flaccida, 390 cholesteatoma, 394–395 Pars intermedia, 362 Pars nervosa, 357–358, 359f Pars tensa, 390 cholesteatoma, 395 Pars tuberalis, 362 Pars vascularis, 357–358, 359f PC imaging See Phase contrast (PC) imaging PCNSL See Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) PD See Parkinson disease (PD) PDWI See Proton density-weighted images (PDWI) PEDDI See Proton-electron dipole-dipole interaction (PEDDI) Pediatric HIV infection, inflammatory brain disease in, 209–210, 210f Pediatric sedation, for neuroimaging procedures, 22 Pediatric tumors, of external auditory canal, 388–389, 388f, 389f Pedicle screws, on MR, 520f Pelizaeus-Merzbacher brain sclerosis, 246–247 Pendred syndrome, 405 Penetrating head injuries, 179, 179f, 180f Pentobarbital (Nembutal), for sedation during neuroimaging procedures, 20, 22 Penumbra, ischemic, 115, 117f Perfusion scanning CT, of intra-axial brain masses, 100 MRI, 10–11, 11f for vascular disease, 114–115, 116f, 117f Perilymphatic fistula, 406 Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage, 163, 164f Perineural spread, of middle ear, 404 Periorbita, 321 Periorbital cellulitis, 324, 339, 340f Perisellar region, imaging of, 362–363, 363f, 364f Peritonsillar fistulae, 449 Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), 303 grading of, 303 imaging of, 303, 303f Perivertebral space, 501–502 anatomy of, 501, 501f benign neoplasms of, 502 congenital disorders of, 501 inflammatory lesions of, 501–502, 502f malignant neoplasms of, 502 Perphenazine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Persistent fetal connections, in cranial vascular system, 49, 49f, 50t Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), 322, 323f, 330 Toxocara canis infection vs 323 Persistent trigeminal artery, 367–369, 369f PET See Positron emission tomography (PET) Petrosal sinuses, 358, 359f, 360f, 362 Petrous apex cholesterol granulomas, 411–412, 413f epidermoid of, 393f lesions of, 598 schwannomas of, 412, 413f Petrous apicitis, 411, 412b PHACES syndrome, 491–492 Dandy-Walker syndrome with, 295 Phakomatoses, 306–312, 330–331 See also specific disorders Pharyngitis, 451 Pharyngobasilar fascia, 441 Pharyngoceles, 452, 452f Pharynx, synovial sarcoma in, 470 Phase contrast (PC) imaging, 9, 10t for vascular disease, 109, 110 Phenobarbital, atrophy arising from, 270b, 271 Phenothiazines, myelography in patients taking, 19b Phentolamine, for hypertension reaction to contrast, 22 Phenylketonuria, 277t Phenylpropanolamine, hemorrhage associated with, 153b Phenytoin (Dilantin) atrophy arising from, 270b, 271 for seizure reaction to contrast, 22 Phosphorus MRS, 13–14, 14f Photoreceptors, 321 PHPV See Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) Pia mater, 192, 193f Pick disease, 257t, 259, 259f Pickwickian syndrome, 446 Pilocytic astrocytoma, 73f, 74 See also Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) Pilonidal cysts, 318, 318f Pineal cell tumors, 97–98 pineal cyst, 97–98, 98f pineoblastoma, 95t, 97, 97f pineocytoma, 95t, 97 Pineal cyst, 97–98, 98f Pineal gland masses of, 94–98, 95t differential diagnosis of, 95t germ cell origin, 96–97 choriocarcinoma, 95t, 97 germinoma, 95t, 96, 96f others, 97 teratoma, 95t, 96–97 pineal cell origin, 97–98 pineal cyst, 97–98, 98f pineoblastoma, 95t, 97, 97f pineocytoma, 95t, 97 physiologic calcification of, 33 Pineal region, neoplasms of, 591 Pineoblastoma, 95t, 97, 97f Pineocytoma, 95t, 97 Piperidyl compounds, for PD, 260 Piriform aperture stenosis, 421 Piriform sinus, 443 hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in, 463 Pitch, CT, Pituicytes, 362 Pituitary gland abscess of, 367 adenoma of, 364–366, 365f anatomy of, 362 anomalies, 279 apoplexy, 366, 366f congenital lesions of, 363 development of, 363 dwarfism, 370, 370f ectopic adenoma, 365–366 empty sella syndrome, 369–370, 370f granulomatous disease of, 367 imaging of, 362–363 intrasellar aneurysms, 367–369, 368f lymphocytic hypophysitis, 367, 367f macroadenoma of, 365, 365f, 366 Pituitary gland (Continued) masses of, 599 metastatic disease of, 366, 366f microadenoma of, 364, 365f persistent trigeminal artery, 367–369, 369f postoperative, 370, 370f stalk-enhancing lesions, 599 tumors of, 367, 367f Plagiocephaly, 298–299, 300t Plain film imaging, 1, 1b, 2f digital, of paranasal sinuses, 420 of spine, 522–524, 522f, 523f Planum sphenoidale, anatomy of, 356, 356f Plasmacytomas, 469 dural, 66f in parapharyngeal space, 494 Platybasia, 300, 301f Pleomorphic adenoma mucosal, 456–457, 458f in parapharyngeal space, 494, 495f of salivary glands, 482–484, 482b, 483f, 486–487 Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 74, 82t Plexiform neurofibroma in masticator space, 492 with neurofibromatosis type 1, 307, 308f parasellar, 378 spinal, 562–563 PML See Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) PNET See Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) Pneumatocele, 179 Pneumocephalus, 179 Point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS), 14–15 Polyarteritis nodosa, 138 Polymicrogyria, 279, 291–292 with balloon cell focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, 292 schizencephaly with, 287–288 Polyposis, in paranasal sinuses, 432–433, 432f, 433b, 433f Pons, anatomy of, 23, 26f, 28f Pontine brain stem glioma, 74–75, 76f Porencephaly, 263–264, 265f Positron emission tomography (PET), 20 of intra-axial brain masses, 100 Postanoxic leukoencephalopathy, 239–240, 240b, 240f Postconcussion syndrome, 181 Posterior communicating artery, aneurysm of, 161f, 162 Posterior fossa, tumors of, 73t Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), 241–242, 241b, 241f, 599 Postoperative diskitis, 537, 538f Postoperative encephaloceles, in paranasal sinuses, 431–432, 431f Postoperative evaluation, of intra-axial brain masses, 95t, 101, 101t Postradiation evaluation, of intra-axial brain masses, 101–103, 101t, 102f, 102t Postseptal cellulitis, 339, 340f Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), 352, 353f, 452–453 Postvaricella encephalitis, 205 Precentral gyrus, 35 Prednisone, before contrast administration, 22 Premedication regimes, for contrast administration, 22 Prepontine, lesions of, 599 PRES See Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) Preseptal cellulitis, 339, 340f Index 615 PRESS See Point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) Presyrinx, 554 Primary angiitis of the CNS, 138, 205 Primary cerebral lymphoma See Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), 93–94, 93f, 93t, 94f, 95f in HIV infection, 93, 93t, 94, 208, 208f, 209, 209f Primary neurulation, disorders of, 279 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), 78–79, 78b, 78t, 79f tumors classified as, 78b Prion disease See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Probst bundle, in agenesis of corpus callosum, 288, 289f Procarbazine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Prochlorperazine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Progressive dementia complex, 206, 207f Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 206–208, 237, 237b, 238f, 239f Progressive nonfluent aphasia, 259 Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 257t, 262 Prolactinomas, 365 Propionic acidemia, 276–277, 277t Prostate cancer, infrasellar metastases from, 383–384 Prosthetic intraocular lens, 331, 331b Protease inhibitors, AIDS encephalopathy response to, 206, 262–263 Proteus syndrome, 293 Proton density-weighted images (PDWI), of arachnoid cysts, 280 Proton MRS, 13–15, 14f for pyogenic abscess, 201, 201b Proton-electron dipole-dipole interaction (PEDDI), in MRI of hemorrhage, 143–144 Protrusions, disk herniation, 525 Proventil See Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) Prussak’s space, cholesteatoma, 394–395 Pseudoaneurysm, of carotid artery, 495, 497f Pseudoephedrine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Pseudopapilledema, 327 Pseudotumor cerebri, 256, 345, 345b, 346f orbital, 324, 343–347, 344f PSP See Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) Pterygomandibular raphe, oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma invasion of, 461 Pterygopalatine fossa, 598 anatomy of, 357, 357f, 358b, 457f oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma invasion of, 461 PTLD See Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) Pulmonary edema, as contrast reaction, management of, 22 Pulse sequences, in MRI, 6–7 conventional spin-echo imaging, 6, 6b echo planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging, FLAIR, 7, 8f gradient echo imaging, 6–7, 6t Pulvinar, anatomy of, 30 Putamen, anatomy of, 29, 32f PVL See Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) Pyogenic brain abscess, 197–201, 197b, 198b, 198f, 199f, 200b, 200f, 201b Pyogenic disk space infections, 543, 544f Pyramidal tract, 35–37 R Rabies, 202t Radiation, demyelination with, 243 Radiation necrosis, 101–103, 101t, 102f, 102t Radiation vasculopathy, 140, 140f Radiation-based thyroiditis, 507 Radiation-induced lesions, orbital, 353 Radiation-induced meningiomas, 62 Radical neck dissection, 473 Radicular cyst, 450–451, 450t Radicular enhancement, 224b Radiofrequency receiver coils, for MRI, 4–5 Radiography digital, plain-film, 1, 1b, 2f Ramon syndrome, 445 Ranula, 453, 453f, 482 Rasmussen encephalitis, 224, 226f Rathke cleft cysts, 282, 362, 371, 371f Rathke’s pouch, 362 Receiver bandwidth, in MRI, 12 Relaxation times, in MRI, 5, 5t Renal spondyloarthropathy, 543 Reperfusion, 127–129, 128f, 129f, 130f Repetition time (TR), Reserpine, myelography in patients taking, 19b Residual tumor radiation necrosis vs 102t scar v., 101, 101t Retention cysts mucosal, 449 in paranasal sinuses, 433 in salivary glands, 482 Reticulospinal tract, 37t Reticulum cell sarcoma See Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma Retina, 321 separation of, 324 Retinitis, cytomegalovirus, 323, 323f Retinoblastoma, 321–322, 327–328, 327b, 327f, 328f bilateral, 327, 327f classification of, 327b Coats disease vs 322–323 CT of, 327–328, 328f imaging of, 327 MR of, 328, 328f Toxocara canis infection vs 323 trilateral, 327, 328f Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 331 Retrobulbar hematoma, 341–342 Retropharyngeal carotid artery, 499 Retropharyngeal space, 499–500 anatomy of, 499 benign neoplasms of, 500, 500f congenital disorders of, 499 inflammatory lesions of, 499–500 malignant neoplasms of, 500 Reversible atrophy, 249b Rhabdomyosarcoma in masticator space, 493, 493f in nasopharynx, 469, 469f orbital, 351 in retropharyngeal space, 500 in tongue, 469 Rheumatoid arthritis, basilar invagination and, 300, 301f Rhinolith, in sinusitis, 426 Rhombencephalitis, 212, 214b, 214f Rhombencephalosynapsis, 297 Rickettsia infection, 213 Riedel thyroiditis, 507 Ring-enhancing lesions, 199f, 200, 200b, 200f Ringer’s lactate, for hypotension reaction to contrast, 21 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 213 ROP See Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) Rubella, congenital, 301, 302t Rubrospinal tract, 37t S Saccular aneurysm, 160 Sacral insufficiency fractures, 535 Sacral nerves, 515–516, 516f Sacrum, insufficiency fracture of, 583 SAH See Subarachnoid hemorrhage Saline, for hypotension reaction to contrast, 21 Salivary glands, 476–487 adenocarcinoma of, 486 anatomy of, 441, 476–477, 476f, 477b, 477f, 477t benign neoplasms, 482–484 cancers, 436, 437f congenital disorders of, 477–478 inflammatory lesions of, 478–482 malignancies of, 469 malignant neoplasms in, 484–487, 485b pleomorphic adenoma, 456–457, 458f venous vascular malformation of, 478 Sandhoff disease, 272, 274t, 275f Sandwich sign, 348–349 Sanfilippo mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t SAPHO (synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome, 453 Sarcoidosis, 221–222, 223f, 224b lacrimal gland, 353, 353b orbital, 340, 342f of paranasal sinuses, 428–429, 429b, 429f of pituitary gland, 367 salivary glands, 482 spinal, 546, 547f uveitis, 324 Sarcoma granulocytic See Chloromas intra-axial, 94 lacrimal gland, 353, 353b mucosal, 469–470, 469f of paranasal sinuses, 438 Scan times, for MRI, 12, 12b Scaphocephaly See Dolichocephaly Scar, residual tumor vs 101, 101t SCAVM See Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (SCAVM) Scheie mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t Scheuermann disease, 528 Schilder disease See Diffuse sclerosis Schizencephaly, 279, 287–288, 287f, 288f with balloon cell focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor, 292 with heterotopias, 290 with polymicrogyria, 291 septo-optic dysplasia with, 287 Schmorl’s node, 528, 528f Schwannomas, 62–64, 63b, 63f, 64f of brain, 591 of carotid space, 496, 497f, 498t of cavernous sinus, 378–380, 379f of cranial nerves, 412, 413f facial nerve, 403, 403b, 404f in masticator space, 492 meningioma vs 60t, 63 of middle ear, 399–400, 401b, 402t mucosal, 456, 457f orbital, 349–351, 350f spinal, 561–563, 562b, 562f SCIWORA See Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality (SCIWORA) Sclera, 321 Scleritis, posterior, 323, 323f Scoliosis, 534 616 Index SDAVF See Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) Secondary neurulation, disorders of, 279 Sedation, for neuroimaging procedures, 20 pediatric, 22 Seeding by medulloblastomas, 79, 79f subarachnoid, 66–67, 67f, 67t Seizure, as contrast reaction, management of, 22 Sella turcica, 356–384 anatomy of, 356–362, 356f empty syndrome, 369–370, 370f imaging of, 362–363, 363f, 364f infrasellar lesions of, 380, 382b See also specific lesions intrasellar lesions of, 363–370, 364b See also specific lesions parasellar lesions, 377–380 See also specific lesions postoperative, 370, 370f suprasellar lesions of, 370–377, 370b, 591–592, 599 See also specific lesions Semantic dementia, 259 Semicircular canals abnormalities of, 406–407 anatomy of, 389f, 404–405 dehiscence of, 407 Semilobar holoprosencephaly, 284–285, 286f Seminoma See Germinoma Senescent calcifications, 322f, 327 Senile calcifications, 322f, 327 Senile plaques, 258 Sensory system, functional anatomy of, 37–39, 38f, 39t Septic emboli, 201–202 of brain, 593 Septo-optic dysplasia, 279, 287, 287f, 352 Septum pellucidum, agenesis of rhombencephalosynapsis with, 297 schizencephaly with, 287–288 SGCA See Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SGCA) Shaken baby syndrome, 186, 187b Sharpey’s fibers, 529–530 Sheehan syndrome, 362 Shim coils, for MRI, Short clivus, with Chiari I malformation, 297 Shrapnell’s membrane See Pars flaccida Shunt failure, in hydrocephalus, 256 Sialadenitis, 480, 480f Sialocele, 482, 482f Sialodochitis, 480, 481f Sialolithiasis, 479, 479f, 480f Sialosis, 479–480 Sickle cell disease, 138 bone infarction with, 571 Siderosis, 412, 575 of CNS, 152f, 157 Sign(s) fat C2, 580 molar tooth, 296, 297f overrated, 594t sandwich, 348–349 tram-track, 348–349 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), in MRI, 12, 12b Silent sinus syndrome, 422, 424f Silicone, in imaging, 355 Simple partial seizure, 305 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 20 Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUCs), 436, 437f Sinus histiocytosis, 448 Sinus lateralis, 419 Sinus of Morgagni, 441 Sinus tracts, 422, 422t, 423f Sinuses See Paranasal sinuses Sinusitis, 417–440 acute, 425, 425f anatomic considerations of, 423–424, 424f calcification in, 425, 426 categorization of, 425 chronic, 425, 425f classification of, 425 extraconal disease and, 334 fungal, 425, 426f, 430–431, 430f imaging of, 424–427, 425f, 426f, 428b meningitis with, 194, 196f, 429, 430f mucoceles with, 339, 341f, 431, 431f trauma and, 426, 426f Sistrunk procedure, 505 Sjögren syndrome, 140, 353, 353b, 480, 481f Skin tumors, of external auditory canal, 388–389, 388f, 389f Skull anomalies of, 298–300 fractures of, 187 Skull base, 356–384 anatomy of, 356–362 cephalocele of, 380, 383f chordoma of, 383, 384f foramina, 56, 56t juvenile angiofibroma of, 383, 383f lesions of, 380, 382b metastases in, 383–384 obstruction of, 254b vasculopathies of, 136–138, 137f Slit ventricle syndrome, 256 Sly mucopolysaccharidosis, 273t Small-vessel diseases, 140–141, 140f SNR See Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) SNUCs See Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) Sodium channel blockers, 56–57 Soft-tissue sarcoma, in masticator space, 493, 493f Soto syndrome, 279 Sparganosis, 221 SPECT See Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Speech, functional anatomy of, 42–43 Sphenochoanal polyps, in paranasal sinuses, 432 Sphenoethmoidal recess, 420, 421f Sphenoid bone, anatomy of, 356, 356f Sphenoid sinus, anatomy of, 356, 356f Sphenoid wing absence of, 352 meningioma of, 352 Spin echo, Spin tagging, 11 Spina bifida occulta, 316 Spinal, multiple myeloma, 570, 570f Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), 28f, 47 Spinal block, 522f Spinal cord adult tethered cord, 551 anatomy of, 518 blood supply to, 518–520, 519f cavernous angioma, 575, 575f diastematomyelia, 316–317, 316f hemangioblastoma of, 559 lesions, in HIV infection, 209 with multiple sclerosis, 232–233 neoplasms of, 555–556, 555f SCIWORA, 583 transdural herniation, 575, 575f Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (SCAVM), 571–575, 572f, 573f, 574t, 575b Spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality (SCIWORA), 583 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF), 572–574, 573f, 574b, 574t Spinal lemniscus, 37–38 Spinal nerves, anatomy of, 515–516, 516f Spine See also Congenital anomalies, spinal adult tethered cord, 551 anatomy of, 515–520 intervertebral disks, 517–518, 518f spinal cord, 518 spinal cord blood supply, 518–520, 519f spinal nerves, 515–516, 516f vertebrae, 516–517, 516f, 517f arachnoiditis, 540–541, 540f, 541b cervical nerve root avulsion, 577, 577f compression fractures, 570 CT of, 521, 522f cystic lesions of, 551–556 defects of, 313, 313b degenerative diseases of, 524–537, 525b, 525f diskography of, 521 dislocations of, 577–578 endplate changes in, 530–531, 531f failed back surgery syndrome, 537–540, 538b, 539f fractures of, 534, 577–578, 579b See also specific fractures Chance, 583, 584f classification of, 578, 578f, 579b compression, 580–581, 583f herniation of, 524–528, 525f, 526f, 527f annular fissures, 525f, 526 diagnosis of, 526 Schmorl’s node, 528, 528f thoracic, 528, 529f infections of, 543–550, 544f inflammatory diseases of, 543–550 juxta-articular cyst, 531, 532f lesions of, 594, 599 ligamentous injury of, 577 metastases of, 556f, 559–560, 560b, 560f, 565–566, 565f MR of, 524, 524f myelography of, 520–524, 520f, 521f, 522f neoplastic diseases of, 556–571 neurofibromatosis type 2, 309 neuropathic, 534–535 osteophyte formation in, 528, 529f, 530f plain film imaging of, 522–524, 522f, 523f postoperative, 537–541 radiation-induced changes in, 551, 551b, 551f sacral fracture, 535 stenosis of, 535–537, 536f, 537f syringomyelia, 552–554, 554b, 554f, 555f trauma of, 576–583, 576f vacuum phenomenon, 524, 525f, 531 vascular lesions, 571–575 Spin-echo imaging conventional, 6, 6b fast, gradient, 6–7, 6t Spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), 5, 5t Spinothalamic tract, 37–38, 38f, 39t Spin-spin relaxation time (T2), 5, 5t Spiral CT scanners, Spirochetal infection, 213–214 Spondylolisthesis, 517f, 523f, 533–534 Spondylolysis, 517f, 523f, 533–534 Spondylosis deformans, 529–530, 530f Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 178, 178b Squamous cell carcinomas of external auditory canal, 388–389, 388f, 389f of hypopharynx, 463, 463b, 463f of larynx, 463–468 glottis, 465–467, 467b, 467f, 467t subglottis, 467–468, 467b, 468f supraglottis, 463–464, 464b, 464f, 465f, 465t, 466f Index 617 Squamous cell carcinomas (Continued) lymph nodes, 470–471, 470b, 470f, 471t in masticator space, 492, 492f mucosal, 457–468 TNM staging for, 457–458 of oral cavity, 461–462, 462b, 462f of oropharynx See Oropharynx, squamous cell carcinoma of of paranasal sinuses, 435–436, 436b in parapharyngeal space, 494 of parotid gland, 486, 486f SSPE See Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) St Louis encephalitis, 202t Stapedotomy, 395–397 Staphyloma, 324 posterior, 331, 332f Steal phenomenon, 110, 111f, 165–166 STEAM See Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome See Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) Stenoses of airway, 446 Stensen’s duct, 476 Steroid treatment abscess formation in response to, 198 aspergillosis associated with, 217 atrophy associated with, 140, 270b candidiasis associated with, 217 CNS lymphoma response to, 208, 209, 209f GVHD response to, 103 nocardiosis associated with, 217 Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), 14–15 Storage diseases, atrophy arising from, 272, 274t, 275f Stroke, 104–107 See also Hemorrhage; Infarction clinical features of, 104–107, 104b, 105f, 106f, 107f hemorrhagic causes of, 153b Sturge-Weber syndrome, 311, 311b choroidal hemangioma with, 323, 330 diagnosis of, 311 differential diagnosis of, 311 imaging of, 311, 311f, 312f manifestations of, 311 meningiomatosis v., 312 Subacute combined degeneration, 549–550, 550b, 550f Subacute hemorrhage early, MRI of, 144t, 145, 148f late, MRI of, 144t, 145–148, 149f Subacute infarction early, 127–129, 128f, 129f, 130f late, 129–130, 131f Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 205 Subacute thyroiditis, 507 Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 157–160, 158f, 159f, 160f, 161f aneurysmal, 158f, 159f, 160, 160f, 161f, 162–163, 162t, 164f causes of, 159–160 imaging characteristics of, 157–159, 158f, 159f, 160f traumatic, 159–160 Subarachnoid seeding, 66–67, 67f, 67t Subarachnoid space, 192, 193f Subclavian steal, 110, 111f Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy See Binswanger disease; Multi-infarct dementia Subcortical heterotopia, 290, 290f Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, 263 Subdural empyema, 192–193, 195b, 195f, 546 Subdural hematoma, 173–176, 173f, 174f, 174t, 175f, 176f, 177f epidural hematoma vs 171t imaging characteristics of, 174–176, 175f, 176f, 177f in term infants, 303 Subdural hygroma, 176–178, 178b, 178f arachnoid cysts vs 280–282, 282t Subdural injection, 521f Subdural space, 192, 193f Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SGCA), 74, 74f, 74t with tuberous sclerosis, 310, 310f Subependymoma, 82–83, 83f Subfalcine herniation, 183f, 184, 185f Subglottis, squamous cell carcinoma of, 467–468, 467b, 468f Sublimase See Fentanyl (Sublimase) Sublingual gland anatomy of, 477 pleomorphic adenoma of, 483–484 Submandibular gland anatomy of, 476–477, 477f calculous disease of, 478–479, 479f pleomorphic adenoma of, 483–484 venous vascular malformation of, 478 Submandibular space, 476, 477b Sudanophilic leukodystrophy, 246–247 Sugar coating by medulloblastomas, 79, 79f subarachnoid, 66–67, 67f, 67t Suppurative thyroiditis, 507 Supraglottis, squamous cell carcinoma of, 463–464, 464b, 464f, 465f, 465t, 466f Supraglottitis, 451–452, 452f Suprasellar cistern, anatomy of, 362 Supratentorial congenital lesions, 280–289 See also specific lesions Supratentorial PNET, 79–80 Surfer’s ear, 387, 388f Susceptibility effects, in MRI of hemorrhage, 143 Swimmer’s ear, 387, 388f Synechiae, hydrocephalus arising from, 253 Synovial sarcoma in parapharyngeal space, 494 in pharynx, 470 Syphilis, congenital, 300, 301 Syphilitic meningitis, 206, 207f Syringohydromyelia, 318–319 Syringomyelia, 552–554, 554b, 554f, 555f with Chiari I malformation, 297, 297f Syrinx, 554, 554b Systemic lupus erythematosus, 140 T T See Tesla T system, for sinus cancers, 435, 436b T1 See Spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) T1-weighted image (T1WI), 6–7, 279 conventional spin-echo imaging, 6, 6b echo planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging, FLAIR, 7, 8f gradient echo imaging, 6–7, 6t interpretation of, 589 of multiple sclerosis, 229–230, 229f myelination on, 279, 280b, 280t of ocular lesions/calcification, 321, 321b of paranasal sinuses, 421, 421f of pituitary gland and perisellar region, 362–363, 363f, 364f reading of, 588, 589b for sinusitis, 427 of spine, 524, 524f T1WI See T1-weighted image (T1WI) T2 See Spin-spin relaxation time (T2) T2 shine-through, 109 T2-weighted image (T2WI), 6–7, 279 conventional spin-echo imaging, 6, 6b echo planar imaging, fast spin-echo imaging, FLAIR, 7, 8f gradient echo imaging, 6–7, 6t interpretation of, 589 of multiple sclerosis, 229–230, 229f myelination on, 279, 280b, 280t of ocular lesions/calcification, 321, 321b of paranasal sinuses, 421 of pituitary gland and perisellar region, 362–363, 363f, 364f reading of, 588, 589b for sinusitis, 427 of spine, 524, 524f T2WI See T2-weighted image (T2WI) Tabes dorsalis, 206, 207f Tachycardia, as contrast reaction, management of, 21 Talairach space, 33–35 Tarlov cyst, spinal, 551, 552f Taste, functional anatomy of, 42, 42f Tattoos, in imaging, 355 Tay-Sachs disease, 272, 274t, 275f TE See Echo time (TE) Technetium scanning, 20 Techniques in neuroimaging, 1–22 angiography, 15–17, 16b, 16t CT See Computed tomography (CT) MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) myelography, 17–19, 18f, 19b nuclear medicine, 20 overrated, 595t plain films, 1, 1b, 2f sedation for imaging procedures, 20 ultrasound, 19, 19b, 19f Tectal gliomas, hydrocephalus arising from, 253, 253f Tegmen tympani erosion of, 395f osteoradionecrosis of, 400f Telangiectasias, capillary, 164 Temporal arteritis See Giant cell arteritis Temporal bone, 385–416, 596 See also Auditory canal; Ear(s) epidermoids of, 391–392, 392f, 393f fracture, 414–416, 415f, 415t, 416f ossicular replacement, 397, 398f Paget disease of, 410–411, 411b, 411f vascular lesions of, 400–402, 403f Temporal horn, trapping of, 253 Temporal lobe anatomy of, 23 herniation, 183f lesions of, 82t mesial temporal sclerosis, 304–306, 305b, 305f Temporomandibular joint syndrome anatomy of, 488, 489f anterior meniscal dislocation in, 488–489, 489f bird-beaking in, 491, 491f calcification in, 491, 491f of masticator space, 488–491 rotational dislocation in, 489, 490f treatment of, 490–491 Tenon capsule, 324 Tentorial subdural hematoma, 176f Teratoma, 72, 95t, 319 grading of, 319b in pineal region, 96–97 suprasellar, 373 Terbutaline (Brethaire), for bronchospasm reaction to contrast, 21 Tesla (T),