P J Frosch T Menné J.-P Lepoittevin Editors Contact Dermatitis 4th Edition P J Frosch T Menné J.-P Lepoittevin Editors Contact Dermatitis 4th Edition With 345 Figures, 238 in Color and 180 Tables Frosch, Peter J., Professor (e-mail: peter.frosch@klinikumdo.de) Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Hautklinik Lehrstuhl Dermatologie der Universität Witten/Herdecke Beurhausstr 40, 44137 Dortmund, Germany Menné, Torkil, Professor Dr (e-mail: TOMEN@gentoftehosp.kbhamt.dk) Dermatologisk afdeling K, Amtssygehuset Gentofte 2900 Hellerup, Denmark Lepoittevin, Jean-Pierre, Professor (e-mail: jplepoit@chimie.u-strasbg.fr) Laboratoire de Dermato-Chimie Clinique Dermatologique, CHU 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France Originally published under Rycroft, R.J.G Library of Congress Control Number: 2005926892 ISBN-10 3-540-24471-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-24471-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 3rd Edition ISBN 3-540-66842-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Product liability: the publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature Editor: Marion Philipp, Heidelberg, Germany Desk Editor: Ellen Blasig, Heidelberg, Germany Cover: Frido-Steinen-Broo, EStudio, Calamar, Spain Typesetting: K Detzner, 67346 Speyer, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 24/3151 ML 543210 Dedication To Kelly for her continuous support of my scientific activities Peter J Frosch Preface It is an unusual event for a textbook covering such a highly specialized field as contact dermatitis to be published in its fourth edition within a time period of 13 years When the European and Environmental Contact Dermatitis Research Group was founded in 1985, one of the major goals was to edit a textbook of high scientific standard written by renown experts and keep it regularly updated The greatest danger for a textbook is to become outdated – then it stays on the bookshelf and is rarely consulted The continuous flow of new medicaments, the fascinating improvements in diagnostic image analysis and everchanging operative procedures are the reasons for considerable knowledge deficits in old textbooks, often painfully experienced by young colleagues who look for advice in practice The sub-specialty of dermatology, contact dermatitis, has shown an impressive development over the last three decades Scientific research groups have been founded in all major countries, national and international conferences are held at regular intervals, and several journals – peer reviewed and listed in data banks – are exclusively focusing on various aspects of contact dermatitis The leading journal “Contact Dermatitis” has an impact factor of 1.7 and thus belongs in the ten top journals of dermatology One parameter of research quality is the number of acquired grants If one leaves through the journals it is evident that our sub-specialty gets a great share of national and international research funds A recent example is the multicenter research project on fragrances supported by the European Union with a considerable amount for years Modern research in contact dermatitis is more than patch testing! In nearly every issue of “Contact Dermatitis” a new allergen is described Starting with the observation of a keen clinician the culprit is characterized in cooperation with chemists after elaborative bioassay-guided investigations Contact dermatitis is one of the major problems in occupational skin diseases There, the differentiation between “irritant” and “allergic” is of high importance and may have profound consequences for the affected individual In the past, reliable data on epidemiology were very limited After the foundation of national and international networks and the use of standardized methodology, a highly differentiated picture can now be painted; we know the major professions at risk, as well as the influences of age and various cofactors This is a solid basis for preventive measures A new allergen, described in one center, can now be tested on a large scale in a short time period If the data evaluation shows an unacceptably high rate of sensitization in the exposed population, regulatory measures will be undertaken to protect the consumer A recent example is the “methyldibromo glutaronitrile story.” These and other issues of importance are covered in depth in the newest edition of this textbook All chapters have been revised, many of them completely rewritten or considerably expanded In order to increase the didactic value “core messages” are provided as often as possible Furthermore, in some clinical chapters instructive case reports are given As the novice is often lost in the jungle of references many authors have highlighted “Suggested reading” as valuable and pertinent literature Many new color figures have been added – most spectacular are those of the “temporary black henna tattoos” – some have to pay a high price with a lifelong sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (including multiple cross-reactions) for this fad Many of those buying this textbook will also teach Springer-Verlag and the editors would like to be of assistance in this task and therefore provide a CD-ROM containing all clinical photographs and important diagrams The editors are very grateful to all contributors In times where the impact factor is an important incentive for publishing activities it is often difficult to motivate colleagues to write a book chapter In our pursuit of continuous improvement we would like to ask all readers to comment and suggest further topics to be covered by the next edition of this textbook Last but not least we would like to thank SpringerVerlag, particularly Marina Litterer, for excellent support of this project July 2005 The Editors Foreword to the Third Edition So here it is, the third edition in nine years This frequent revision of a textbook is well motivated by the impressive growth of the subspecialty The growth has been catalyzed by 1) the formation of national and international groups of clinicians and scientists interested in contact allergy and contact dermatitis; 2) the scientific production each year of 50–100 original articles in the journal Contact Dermatitis alone as well as papers and symposia at the flourishing European conferences; 3) the formation in many clinical departments of special units for environmental and occupational dermatology Early textbooks were the result of an amazing one-man/woman effort (Fisher, Cronin) and are still gold-mines of personally collected experiences The present text emanates from world experts with special knowledge in a particular field Because of the impressive development in several areas the volume has extended, the number of pages having increased by a third since the first edition It goes without saying that the text is primarily clinical It might be presumed that contact dermatitis could be easily described on half a page The great variation in clinical pattern, however, is amazing with regard to individual lesions and the grouping of lesions which are regularly influenced by the body region, by the particular irritant or allergen, or by the route and way of exposure, including the various expressions of systemic contact dermatitis You learn with surprise that discoveries are still being made in this purely clinical field Read and get wiser! Historical aspects on contact dermatitis are continuously given in the running text We need to keep in mind the fundamental knowledge acquired during the last century, not just to remember names of the pioneers but also to acknowledge the scientific buildingstones which form the basis of present progress During the last two decades major improvements have taken place in the prevention of contact dermatitis e.g by controlling occupational environments (exposure to water and surfactants); by diminishing the presence of allergens (formaldehyde in clothing, methylisothiazolinones as preservatives, nickel in clothing and jewelry); and by changing the chemistry of allergens (chromates in cement) Read and respect! Immunological and biotechnical research has recently given important contributions, presented here, so that the pathogenesis of allergic as well as irritant contact dermatitis now is more fully understood The etiological diagnostics in individual cases has developed, not only by improving the centuryold patch test method (new allergens, test reading routines, occlusive and non-occlusive alternatives), but also by introducing new investigative methods, e.g non-invasive ones for the inflammatory process, and modern analytical techniques for chemicals such as allergens in colophony, fragrances and plastics The final tables on contact allergens with advice for choice of test vehicle and concentration constitute an enormous source of practical information Read and it yourself! The comprehensive text provides a wealth of information for those particularly interested in and working with patients suffering from contact dermatitis It should, however, be available to all dermatologists, the disease being a great mimic of other dermatoses Read and enjoy! Halvor Möller Foreword to the Second Edition The growth of contact dermatitis as a subspecialty of dermatology has been impressive in the past couple of decades Each new textbook that is published reflects the considerable increase in information coming from many parts of the world An important advance was made years ago with the appearance of this new comprehensive textbook, brought to fruition from the contributions of nearly all the workers active in this field throughout Europe In the Foreword to the first edition, Dr Etain Cronin described the greatest pitfalls of patch testing as the lack of knowledge in selecting the correct allergen and the difficulty encountered in interpreting the results It is works such as this that bring together the knowledge of the past, in such a way that the reader/investigator can have readily available the information necessary to study the patients, patch test them, and interpret the results with accuracy and precision Millions of patients worldwide experience contact dermatitis each year; not nearly enough of them are studied in detail to determine the precise cause of their affliction In almost no other branch of medicine is it possible to pinpoint a specific, often re- movable, cause of a recurring, disabling disease With the assistance of the information that is so prolifically available in this text, physicians will be able to bring help to many of these patients The 22 chapters of this volume cover every aspect of contact dermatitis, even including the addresses of physicians worldwide who work in this field This work brings together dermatologists from many different countries and is an excellent example of what can be accomplished by the cooperation of those from a variety of nationalities and languages; truly a ”European union” of contact dermatology! The editors, including the late Dr Claude Benezra, worked with devotion and care in the creation of this fine book Dr Rycroft, especially, deserves congratulations for bringing everyone together and organizing this textbook, which will surely remain a model of its kind for many years Robert M Adams, M.D Department of Dermatology Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, CA 94035, USA Foreword to the First Edition Ideally every patient with eczema should be patch tested and the importance of this investigation is now universally accepted The simplicity of the technique belies its many pitfalls, the greatest being to lack the knowledge required to select the correct allergens and to interpret the results The introduction, nearly 20 years ago, of the journal Contact Dermatitis greatly stimulated the reporting of the clinical side of contact dermatitis but a vast amount of laboratory work has also been published in other journals on the mechanisms and theory of these reactions The literature on the subject is now quite vast and a comprehensive book on the clinical and research aspects of contact dermatitis has been sorely needed This textbook was carefully planned to gather together what is known of the subject into a cohesive whole and it has succeeded admirably It consists of 22 chapters written by 41 contributors, each selected for their special study of particular subjects Every feature of contact dermatitis has been covered, be- ginning with its history and even concluding with the names and addresses of those worldwide who have a specific interest in the subject The text is illustrated and well laid out; it has been broken up into clearly demarcated sections making it easy to read and its information readily accessible One’s own writing concentrates the mind but editing the texts of authors from so many different countries was a task of considerable proportions The editors are greatly to be congratulated, particularly Dr Rycroft who has worked tirelessly to mould this multi-authored book into an integrated whole This Textbook of Contact Dermatitis is an impressive achievement; it will instruct and help all who read it and stimulate many to take a greater interest in this fascinating subject Etain Cronin St John’s Institute of Dermatology St Thomas’s Hospital London SE1 7EH, UK Contents Historical Aspects                        Jean-Marie Lachapelle Part I Basic Features Mechanisms in Allergic Contact Dermatitis           Thomas Rustemeyer, Ingrid M.W van Hoogstraten, B Mary E von Blomberg, Rik J Scheper 10 Individual Predisposition to Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis       Tove Agner, Torkil Menné Epidemiology                             Pieter-Jan Coenraads, Thomas Diepgen, Wolfgang Uter, Axel Schnuch, Olaf Gefeller Part III Dermatotoxicology Skin Penetration                         Hans Schaefer, Thomas E Redelmeier 12 Molecular Aspects of Allergic Contact Dermatitis           Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens and their Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment        David Basketter, Ian Kimber 45 Mechanisms of Irritant Contact Dermatitis           Steen Lisby, Ole Baadsgaard 69 Immediate Contact Reactions           Arto Lahti, David Basketter 83 Mechanisms of Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions             Renz Mang, Helger Stege, Jean Krutmann 97 179 Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans – Experimental and Quantitative Aspects             189 Jeanne Duus Johansen, Peter J Frosch, Torkil Menné 14 Histopathological and Immunohistopathological Features of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis                                107 Jean-Marie Lachapelle, Liliane Marot Ultrastructure of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis         Carolyn M Willis 13 167 Part IV Clinical Features Part II Pathology 135 11 11 127 117 General Aspects                         Niels K Veien 201 15 Clinical Aspects of Irritant Contact Dermatitis           Peter J Frosch, Swen Malte John 255 16 Systemic Contact Dermatitis             295 Niels K Veien, Torkil Menné 17 Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions 309 Roy A Palmer, Ian R White XVI Contents 30 35 Topical Drugs                             Francisco M Brandão, An Goossens, Antonella Tosti 623 36 Dental Materials                         Tuula Estlander, Kristiina Alanko, Riitta Jolanki 653 Clothing                                   679 Christophe J Le Coz 38 Shoes                                     703 James S Taylor, Emel Erkek, Patricia Podmore 39 Occupational Contact Dermatitis       Richard J.G Rycroft, Peter J Frosch 717 40 Health Personnel                         Ana M Giménez-Arnau 735 41 Plants and Plant Products               Christophe J Le Coz, Georges Ducombs 751 42 Noneczematous Contact Reactions     349 Anthony Goon, Chee-Leok Goh 583 Pesticides                                 801 Carola Lidén 43 Contact Allergy in Children             A Goossens, M Morren 345 21 Plastic Materials                         Bert Björkner, Ann Pontén, Erik Zimerson, Malin Frick 37 Protein Contact Dermatitis              Matti Hannuksela Metalworking Fluids                     569 Johannes Geier, Holger Lessmann 335 20 Metals                                     Carola Lidén, Magnus Bruze, Torkil Menné 34 Hand Eczema                             Tove Agner 32 319 19 Allergens of Special Interest             507 Jeanne Duus Johansen, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin, David Basketter, John McFadden, Heidi Søsted 33 Pigmented Contact Dermatitis and Chemical Depigmentation         Hideo Nakayama Cosmetics and Skin Care Products      493 Ian R White, Anton C de Groot 31 18 Part V Diagnostic Tests 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Patch Testing                             Jan E Wahlberg, Magnus Lindberg 365 Atopy Patch Testing with Aeroallergens and Food Proteins                       Ulf Darsow, Johannes Ring 391 Patch Testing in Adverse Drug Reactions               401 Derk P Bruynzeel, Margarida Gonỗalo Allergens Exposure Assessment Birgitta Gruvberger, Magnus Bruze, Sigfrid Fregert, Carola Lidén 413 Skin Tests for Immediate Hypersensitivity         429 Matti Hannuksela Photopatch Testing                       Roy A Palmer, Ian R White 433 Noninvasive Techniques for Quantification of Contact Dermatitis                   441 Jørgen Serup Part VI Allergic Contact Dermatitis Related to Specific Exposures 29 537 Allergens from the Standard Series     Klaus E Andersen, Ian R White, An Goossens 453 811 1122 Subject Index koilonychia 720 kojic acid 331 L labetalol 1040 Labor Market No Fault Liability Insurance 885 laboratory 729 lacquer 938 lactic acid 268, 279, 283, 285–287 – stinging 280 lactucin 1040 lactucopicrin 1041 lamellar lipid bilayer system 281 lamina propria 22 Lanette – E® 918 – N® 918 Langerhans cell (LC) 71, 75, 77, 114, 121, 173, 174, 818 – chemical allergens 122 lanoconazole 918 lanolin 470, 500, 634, 918 – alcohol and paraffinum liquidum (Amerchol® L 101) 918 – wool wax alcohols 918 lapachenol 1041 lapachol 1042 laser – doppler flow 282, 444 – flowmeter 282 late-appearing positive patch test 375 latex 708, 850, 882, 883 – allergy 92 laundry worker 272 Laurus nobilis (laurel oil) 918 lauryl gallate, see dodecyl gallate Lavandula angustifolia (lavender, absolute) 918 lavender oil 512 lawsone 1042 lead acetate 61 leather 550, 551, 705, 710, 823 – fibers 707 leave-on formulation 836 leg ulcer 634, 636–638 legal aspect 875 legislation 875 lemon grass oil, see also Cymbopogon schoenanthus 509, 512 lemon oil, see Citrus limonum leptin 21 leucocyte migration inhibition 552 leukoderma 330 leukomelanoderma 330 levobunolol hydrochloride 918 lichen 776, 824 – acid mix (atranorin, evernic acid, usnic acid) 918 – planus 319 – – lichen planus-like eruption 354 – sclerosus 637 – simplex chronicus 211, 240, 637 lichenoid – contact dermatitis 816 – eruption 354 – reaction 319, 625, 667 lidocaine 627, 662, 1042 – hydrochloride 918 light microscopy 378 liliaceae 762 lilial® 1043 lily rash 764 limb prosthesis 823 lime 940 limonene 514, 516, 1043 – D-limonene, see also dipentene 54, 511, 742 – L-limonene 742 linalool 511, 1044 lincomycin hydrochloride 918 – monohydrate 1044 lindane 918, 1044 linoleic acid 279 lip licking 215 lipid 174 liquid – antiseptic agent 935 – soap – – test 193 – – methyldibromo glutaronitrile 193 list system 881 lithraea 767 liverwort 772 LLNA, see local lymph node assay local – anesthetic 662 – desensitization 33 – lymph node assay 181 – lymph node assay (LLNA) 529 – skin memory 27 – specific hyper-reactivity 190 locksmith 276 lomefloxacin 918 low protein content 667 lubricating – grease 938 – oil 938 Lucky Luke dermatitis 822 lump sum 883, 886, 890, 891 – payment 880 lymphocyte 72, 74 – blast transformation test 552 – transformation test 542 lymphomatoid contact dermatitis 359 lyral, see also hydroxymethylpentylcyclohexenecarboxaldehyde 509, 510, 514, 516, 518, 519, 1045 lysosome 100 M macassar 783 machaerium scleroxylon 351 machine – construction 560 – oil 550 machinist 276 macrophage 71 macropinocytosis 14 maculopapular eruption 401 MAdCAM-1 22 mafenide 918 – acetate 352 magnesium 356 magnetic tape 550 Majocchi-Schamberg dermatitis 319 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 12, 18, 457 malassezia sympodialis 397 malathion 803, 806, 918, 1045 maled 806 malnutrition 202 mancozeb 803, 806, 1045 maneb 803, 805, 806, 918, 1046 mansonia 784 manufacturer’s safety data sheet (MSDS) 872 masking fragrance 515 mason 272 masonin 764 Subject Index mass – spectrometry (MS) 413, 415 – spectroscopy 712 mast cell 256, 277, 287 material – safety data sheet 930 – for osteosynthesis 936 mechanic 272, 276 mechanical dermatitis 219, 232 mechlorethamine 635 – hydrochloride 918 meclofenoxate 738 medical – appliance 936 – gloves 846 – report of an occupational disease 876 Medical Service for Disability Evaluation (EVI) 884 medicament contact allergy – anesthetics 641 – anetiseptics 642 – antibacterials 642 – antibiotics 641 – antihistamines 642 – antimycotics 642 – antineoplastic drugs 642 – antioxidants 643 – antiparasitics 642 – antipsoriatic drugs 643 – antivirals 642 – β-blockers 643 – corticosteroids 643 – mydriatics 643 – NSAIDs 642 – preservatives 643 – vehicle ingredients 643 medication, occupation-related reactions 737 medline 894 medroxyprogesterone acetate 919 mefenamic acid 919 Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) 919 melamine 607 – formaldehyde 919 – – resin 682, 1046 melanosis faciei feminae 326 melstar 836 menstrual cycle 279 Mentha piperita (peppermint oil) 919 menthol 919 mephenesin 352 mepivacaine 627, 919 meprednisone 56 merbromin (mercurochrome) 919 mercapto mix 481, 741, 919 mercaptobenzothiazole 61, 481, 705, 919, 1046 – salt 1047 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, see 2-benzimidazolethiol mercaptobenzothiazole 822 – 2-mercaptobenzothiazole 329 mercurial 817 mercuric chloride 5, 114, 919 mercurochrome, see also merbromin 818 mercury 2, 3, 110, 321, 355, 356, 566, 661, 919 – amalgam 669 – chloride 712 – compound 802 – exanthema 639 – salt 357 – vapor 740 meropenem 737 MESNA 738, 1047 mesulfen 919 metabolism 54, 172, 173 metachronic polymorphism 262 metacresol 1048 metal – chip 940 – prosthesis 544 – salt 612 – worker 282 metallic – chromium 549 – cobalt 558 – gold – – alloys 563 – – circuit boards 563 – – compounds 563 – – controversial sensitizer 563 – – exposure 563 – – patch testing 563 – – precious metal 563 – – use 563 metal-protein chelate complex 13 metalworker 272, 730 metalworking fluid (MWF) 270, 425, 515 – contact allergy 570 – ingredients 569 – irritant contact dermatitis 570 – neat oils 569 – occupational skin disease 569 – patch test series 575 – perfumes 939 – water-based MWF (wb MWF) 569 metamizol, see dipyrone metanil yellow, see also acid yellow 36, 1048 metaproterenol 743 metatarsophalangeal joint 704 methacrylate 654, 944 methanol 70, 279, 284 methenamine (hexamethylenetetramine) 919, 1048 methidathion 1049 methiocarb 1049 methomyl 1049 methosulfate 1068 methoxy – (R)-4-methoxy dalbergione 1050 – PEG-17/dodecal glycol copolymer 1050 – psoralen 1051 p-methoxyphenol 658 8-methoxypsoralen 173 methycrylate 655 methyl – anthranilate 919 – bromide 357, 358 – dibromoglutaranitril 227 – 2,3 epoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propionate 1051 – ethyl ketone 256 – gallate 1052 – heptine carbonate 1052 – methacrylate (MMA) 29, 919 – nicotinate 84, 286 – octine carbonate 1052 – orange 919 – β-orcinol carboxylate 511 – salicylate 61, 919, 1053 – violet 919 methyl-3-amino-4-N, N-diethyl-aniline (CD 2) 919 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 919 2-methyl-4,5-trimethylene-4-isothiazolin-3-one 1053 p-methylaminophenol sulfate (Metol®) 919 4-methylbenzylidene camphor 919 methylchloroisothiazolinone 256, 477, 497, 824, 1054 methylcoumarin (6-MC) 919 methyldibromo glutaronitrile (1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane) 497, 740, , 919, 1055 1123 1124 Subject Index methyldichlorobenzene sulfonate 919 α-methylene-γ-butylactone 49, 789, 919 methylene-bis(methyloxazolidine) 919 N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) 919 methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride 1055 methylhydroquinone 658, 659, 919 methylisothiazolinone 256, 477, 497, 1054, 1055 methylmethacrylate (MMA) 655 N-methylolchloroacetamide 919 methylol phenol 1056 methylparaben 919 methylprednisolone 56 – aceponate 631, 919 – acetate 919 methyl-p-toluene sulfonate 919 1-methylpyrrolidone 1056 methyl-terpyridine 1053 3-methylthiazolidone 2-thion 919 metipranolol 919 metol sulfate, see also p-methylaminophenol sulfate 1057 metoprolol 919 metronidazole 919 mevinphos 1057 mexenone, see benzophenone-10 mezlocilin 1057 Michael addition 63 miconazole nitrate 919 miconidin 487 microtrauma 754 microvasculature 174 miliaria 261 milk testing 550 milowood 782, 783 mimic intertrigo 219 mineral oil 887 minimal – elicitation threshold (MET) 459 – dataset 897 – erythema dose 436, 789 – – of UVB light 280 mining 728 miniplaster 326 Ministry of Labor 878 minoxidil 359, 919 miscellaneous sensitizer – chemical methods 417 missed allergen 723 mite fauna 329, 330 mitochondria 100 – disrupted 119 mitomycin C 919 MMEH, see monomethyl ether of hydroquinone MOAHLFA index 152, 455 mofebutazone 919 moisturizer 283, 340, 934 molecular technique 378 mometasone furoate 919 monobenzone 919 monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH), see also monobenzone 330, 331 monochromator phototesting 316 monoethanolamine, see also ethanolamine 1058 monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MMEH) 331 2-monomethylol phenol 920 monozygotic twin 544 moraceae 781 morphine tartrate 1058 morphea 358 morphine 738, 1058 – hydrochloride 1058 4-morpholinyl-2-benzothiazyle disulfide 1058 morpholinyl mercaptobenzothiazole 920, 1059 mouse ear swelling test 181 mucosal contact dermatitis 667 mugwort 351 multifunctional acrylate 425 multiple – reading 374 – testing 154 mupirocin 920 mushroom 785 musk 508 – ambrette 321, 520, 920 – ketone 920 – mix 920 – moskene 920 – xylene (ph) 920 mustard 935 MWF, see metalworking fluid mycophyte 791 mycosis fungoides 72 mydriatic – atropine 637 – cyclopentolate 637 – dipivalyl-epinephrine 637 – homatropine 637 – phenylephrine 637 – scopolamine 637 – tropicamide 637 myristyl alcohol 920 Myroxylon – pereirae, see also balsam of Peru 465, 512, 920 – toluiferum (balsam of Tolu) 920 myrrh 635 N naftifine hydrochloride 920 nail – clipping – – nickel 426 – cosmetic 935 – dystrophy 658 – lacquer 935 – – remover 935 naled 1059 NaOH 280, 288 naphthalene, chlorinated 261 1-naphthalenethiourea (ANTU) 807, 920 naphthol AS (CI 37505) 320, 322, 680, 693, 920, 1060 1-naphthol 1059 naphthyl mix 920 naphthylamine 329 naproxen 84, 920 narcissus absolute 509, 512, 516, 920 nasolabial fold 286 National Insurance Act 885 natural killer (NK) cell 20 natural rubber latex (NRL) 91, 663 – allergy 91 – glove 739 – protein 822 NCR (carbonless) paper 937 necrosis 119, 779 neomycin 355, 468, 628, 819 – B hydrochloride 1060 – B sulfate 920, 1060 neoplastic drug 738 neoprene 707, 708 – adhesives 710 neroli oil, see Citrus aurantium dulcis neticonazole 920 neurodermatitis 211, 240 Subject Index neurosensory irritation 284 nickel 110, 175, 203, 209, 214, 224, 227, 240, 266, 268, 276, 304, 321, 353, 356, 357, 359, 425, 455, 661, 670, 710, 7113 812, 814, 816, 817, 872, 882 – allergy 214 – baboon syndrome 546 – buttons 545 – carcinogenicity 539 – cement 545 – children 543 – coated products 545 – consumer 542 – – products 540 – Danish regulation 545 – dermatitis 295, 298, 542 – – of the eyelid 231 – diet 545 – directive 545 – distribution 539 – DMG test 540, 545 – earrings 545 – end uses 539 – epithelization 545 – EU nickel directive 545 – European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 545 – experimental exposure studies 541 – exposure 539, 540 – general toxicity 539 – hand eczema 541, 544 – in nails 194, 541 – intake in food 543 – ion 540 – – detection 418 – legislation 545 – necklaces 545 – occupational 544 – oral nickel provocation 546 – patch testing 541 – pierced 545 – population frequency 543 – prevention 545 – primary eruption 546 – primary sensitization 540 – prognosis 545 – prolonged skin contact 540, 545 – pulmonary effects 539 – quantification 540 – reactions 445 – regulation 543 – release 540, 545 – salt 355 – secondary eruption 546 – sensitization 232, 539 – specific treatment 545 – sulfate 5, 61, 108, 123, 541, 920 – systemic exposure 546 – tighteners 545 – tools 540 – toxicokinetics 456 – transcutaneous absorption 544 – use 539 – vesicular hand eczema 546 – wristwatch cases 545 – zips 545 nickel-containing alloy 557 nicotine 920, 1061 nifuroxazide 920 nifuroxime-containing suppository 352 nigrosine 920 nimesulide 920 nitric – acid 257 – oxide (NO) 26 nitrile glove 834 nitrobutylmorpholine/(ethylnitrotrimethylen), see Bioban® dimorpholine nitrocellulose 706 nitrofurazone 357, 628, 920, 1062 3-nitro-4-hydroxyethylaminophenol 1061 3-nitro-p-hydroxyethylamino-phenol 526, 533 nitro-para-toluenediamine 533 2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine 1062 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine (ONPPD) 920 nitroglycerin 920, 1062 – patch 352 NMR, see nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy no effect level 183 nodular skin eruption 356 nonanoic acid 119, 268, 446 noneczematous contact reaction 625 nonimmunological contact urticaria (NICU) 83, 625 – topical drugs 626 noninvasive bioengineering method – age 129 – anatomical regions 129 – atopic dermatitis 129 – black skin 129 – electrical conductance 128 – Hispanic skin 129 – hormonal influence 129 – pH values 128 – sex-relation in skin susceptibility 129 – skin color 128 – skin hydration by electrical capacitance 128 – skin lipids 128 – skin thickness 128 – stinging 130 – ultrasound 128 noninvasive method 281 nonoxynol 920, 935, 1063 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 103, 435, 632 nordihydroguaiaretic acid 920 norethisterone acetate 920 NSAID, see nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) 413, 416 nucleophile 47 nucleophilic reaction 48 nummular – dermatitis 107 – eczema 211, 552 nurse 282, 283, 736, 877, 881, 884–886, 889 nursing work 276 nutritional deprivation 21 nylon – brush 323 – stocking allergy 712 – towel 323 nystatin 920 O oak 509 – moss 60, 777 – – absolute, see also Evernia prunastri 508, 511, 515 obesity 202 occlusion 174, 175, 273 occupational – accident 876 – allergic contact dermatitis 597 – asthma 557 – contact dermatitis 653, 717 – – allergens 719 – – exposure assessment techniques 722 1125 1126 Subject Index – – incidence 142, 144 – – irritants 719 – – other tests 722 – – patch tests 721 – – prevalence 142, 144 – – prevention 724 – – registries 142 – – treatment 723 – dermatitis 204 – disease – – bronchial asthma 653 – – conjunctivitis 653 – – laryngitis 653 – – pharyngitis 653 – hand eczema 339 – skin disease 855 – – prevention 856 ochronosis 332 octocrylene 1063 octyl – dimethyl PABA (2-ethylhexyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate) 920 – gallate 920, 1064 – methoxycinnamate (2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate) 920 – phthalate 920 – triazone 920 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 1064 octylisothiazolinone 920 odds ratio 136, 154 office 730 – work 272, 937 ofloxacin 920 oil 938 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion 839 olaquindox 228, 267, 744, 920, 1064 old age 279 Olea europaea (olive oil) 920 oleamidopropyl dimethylamine 920 oleyl alcohol 920 oligomer 418 oligotriacrylate 480 920 olive oil, see also Olea europaea 61 onychodystrophy 594 open – application test 430 – patch test 406 – test 383 ophthalmic – contact allergy 637 – preparation 636, 637 Oppenheim dermatitis 758 optical whitener 321, 359 oral – allergy syndrome 240 – lichen planus 566 – lichenoid lesion 669 – tolerance 30 – ulceration 667 orange oil, see Citrus dulcis orf 887 organic solvent 256, 268, 282, 938, 940 – chlorinated 110 – nonchlorinated 110 organochlorine insecticide 802 organophosphorus pesticide 806 orthocaine 920 orthodontist 655 orthopedic prosthesis 558 otitis 819 oxacillin 1065 oxiconazole 920 oxidation state 549 oxidative dye 525 7-oxodehydroabietic acid 1065 oxprenolol 920, 1066 oxybenzone, see benzophenone-3 oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) 920 oxyphenbutazone 920 oxytetracycline 920 P PABA, see para-aminobenzoic acid painter 272 paints 938 palacos 936 palisander 782 palladium 661, 670, 818 – allergic contact dermatitis 566 – chloride 921 – – cross-reactivity 567 – dental alloys 566 – dental prostheses 566 – patch testing 566, 567 palmo-plantar pustulosis 212 PAN, see phenyl-azo-2-naphthol panthenol (dexpanthenol) 921 pantothenol 1066 pao ferro 351 papain 921 papaveraceae 786 papular skin eruption 356 para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 61, 469, 530, 920 paraben 471, 634 – ester 499 – mix 921 – paradox 472, 499 paracetamol 267, 921 parachlorobenzene sulfonylglycolic acid nitrile 353 parahydroxybenzoic acid ester 1066 para-phenylenediamine (PPD) 52, 61, 212, 353, 354, 359, 478, 525, 526, 528, 529, 533, 606, 705, 814 paraquat (dichloride, methosulfate) 802, 803, 806, 921, 1068 para-substituted amino compound 355 para-tert-butylphenol 979 – resin 359 para-tertiary – butylcatechol (PTBC) 486 – butylphenol formaldehyde resin 328, 359 parathion 806, 1069 paresthesia 218, 654 paromomycin 921 paraben (parahydroxybenzoic acid ester) 1066 parthenin 773 parthenium hysterophorus 301, 355, 788 parthenolide 789, 921, 1069 particle 170, 425 pastry – cooks 276 – maker 272 patch test 263, 366, 367, 453, 543, 559, 653, 666, 787, 807, 824, 865, 876, 887 – allergic reaction 551 – cleaning products 934 – concentration 373 – decorative cosmetics 934 – dilution of materials 933 – not test 940 – European standard series 454 – historical aspects – in children 817, 826 – irritant reaction 551 Subject Index – reaction 151 – risks 940 – shoe allergy 711 – sunscreens 934 – threshold concentration 551 – with MWF from the patient’s workplace patchy dermatitis 501 pathologic condition 174 pathomechanism 403 patient – consent 891 – management 897 – own product 929 – selection 151 patisserie 727 pecilocin 921 pediculosis 818 PEG – 921 – 32 (polyethylene glycol ointment) 921 – 400 921 pemphigoid 758 penbutolol sulfate 921 penethamate 921 penetration 167 – by allergen 175 – enhancer 176 – pathway 170 D-penicillamine 637, 921 penicillin 28, 267, 298, 628, 737, 1070 – G 61, 921 pension 875, 877, 886, 888 pentachloronitrobenzene 921, 1070 pentachlorophenol 706 pentadecylcatechol 814, 1070 pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) 921 pentalin 638 pentamidine isethionate 737 peppermint oil, see Mentha piperita perborate 525 percutaneous – absorption 803 – penetration 279 perfluorpolyether 839 perfume 495, 882, 939 – allergy 462, 820 – – patch test 496 – mix 921 perfumed product 934 periodontal dressing 662 perioral dermatitis 668, 821 periungual – dermatitis 499 – vesicle 207 permanent hair dye 425 permeability coefficient 170 permeation 666, 850 peroxide 607 persistent light reactivity (PLR) 316 personal protective equipment 804, 846 – at work regulation (PPEWR) 887 persulfate 660 pesticide 267, 276, 936 – chemical structures 803 – classification 801, 802 – health effects 801 – patch test concentrations 808 – prevention 804 – protective equipment 804 – regulations 802 – skin effects 802 petrolatum 468, 634 575 – white 921 petroleum recovery 731 Peyer’s patches 22 PGD2 85 pH 281, 287 – buffer solution 933 – measurement 413 – patch testing 931 phacelia 769 pharmaceutical 272 – production 727 phenacetin 921 phenazone, see also antipyrine 224 Phenidone®, see 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone phenobarbital 921 phenol 256, 259, 285, 288 phenol-formaldehyde resin 921 – balsam of Peru/fragrance mix 603 – p-tert-butylcatechol 601 – p-tert-butylphenol 601 – – formaldehyde resin 601 – colophony alcohol 603 – 2,4-dimethylolphenol 603 – 2,6-dimethylolphenol 603 – hydroxyabietyl alcohol 603 – 2-methylolphenol 603 – 4-methylolphenol 603 – novolak resin 601 – p-cresol 603 – phenolic resin 600 – resol resin 600 – salicylaldehyde 603 – tar 603 – 2,4,6-trimethylolphenol 603 phenolphthalein 921 phenoxy acid herbicide 802 – 2,4-D 806 – 2,4,5-T 802, 806 phenoxyethanol 921, 1023, 1071 phenyl – glycidyl ether 921, 1071 – isocyanate 921 – salicylate 921 – sulfone derivate 353 phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine 1072 phenyl-azo-2-naphthol (PAN) 320, 327, 921 phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid 921 phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (PBN) 921, 1072 N-phenyl-N-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) 329 phenylbutazone 921 m-phenylenediamine 525 p-phenylenediamine 5, 13 phenylephrine (hydrochloride) 921, 1072 phenylethyl caffeate 1073 phenylhydrazine 921 α-phenylindole 921 phenylmercuric – acetate 921 – borate 921 – nitrate 921 o-phenylphenol 921 phenyl-p-phenylenediamine 921 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone (Phenidone®) 921 philodendron 769 phosphate 994 phosphite polymer of pentaerythritol and hydrogenated bisphenol A (PPP-HB) 321, 323, 922 phosphorus sesquisulfide 921 photoallergy 311, 314, 433, 520, 632 – contact dermatitis 406, 627, 632 – reaction 664 – topical agents 436 1127 1128 Subject Index photo-augmentation 438 photocarcinogenesis 312 photocontact dermatitis 228, 558 photodermatitis 228, 433, 777 photoepicutaneous patch test 406 photographer 272, 835 photography 563, 731 photoleukomelanoderma 330 photon 99, 100, 309 photoonycholysis 314 photopatch testing (PhPT) 433, 788 photosensitive eruption 405 photosensitivity 310, 598 photosensitizer 97, 100 photo-suppression 438 phototherapy 284 phototoxicity 97, 309, 312, 520, 772, 780 – dermatitis 217 – plant 760 – reaction 405, 562, 664 – systematic agents 314 – topical agents 315 phthalate 658 phthalic anhydride 1073 phycophyte 791 phytodermatitis 751, 752 phytonadione 358 phytophotodermatitis 823 phytophototoxicity 759 picric acid 921, 1073 piercing 455 pig fodder 558 pigment 612 pigmented – contact dermatitis 320, 359, 514, 680 – cosmetic dermatitis 324, 325, 327 – purpuric lichenoid dermatitis 328 piketoprofen 921 pilocarpine 637 – hydrochloride 921 pimecrolimus 108, 341 pinaceae 466 pindolol 921 pine tree 1, 784 α-pinene 1074 pinus (pine tar) 921 piperazine 921, 1074 piroxicam 633, 921, 1075 pitch 876 Pityriasis alba 241 Pityrosporum ovale 225, 227 pivampicillin 1075 pix ex carbone (coal tar) 921 plant 256, 937 – extract 937 – grower 272 – information 894 plantar dermatitis 704 plaque eruption 350 plastic – glove 834 – industry worker 272 – material 933, 939 – toys 823 plasticizer 611, 659 plater 568 plating 563 – industry 542, 544 – – worker 272 platinum – contact allergic sensitization 567 – occupational contact allergy 567 – patch test 567 play gel 821 plumber 272 podophyllin 263 poinsettia 775 poison – ivy 351, 767 – oak 767 polarized cytokine profile 32 polidocanol 161, 921 pollen 202 polyacrylamide 592 polyalcohol 586 polyamide 610 polyamine hardener – aliphatic 598 – cycloaliphatic 598 polycarbonate 610 polyester 607 – acrylate 588 polyethene glove 666 polyethylene 834 – glycol 634 – – 400, see PEG 400 – – ointment, see PEG (and) PEG 32 polyfunctional alcohol 605 polyisobutylene 638 polyisocyanate 605 polymer 612 polymethyl methactylate 584 polymorphic light eruption (PLE) 315 polymyxin B sulfate 922 polyolefin 609 polyoxyethylene sorbitan – monolaurate, see polysorbate – monooleate, see polysorbate – monopalmitate, see polysorbate polypropylene 610 polysorbate – 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) 922 – 40 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate) 922 – 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) 922 polystyrene (PS) 609 polyurethane (PUR) 603, 706, 707 – patch testing 606 polyvinyl 608 polyvinylacetate 834 polyvinylalcohol 834 polyvinylchloride 834 polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (povidone-iodine, betadine) 661 pomade acne 229 pompholyx 107, 338 porphyria 314 – cutanea tarda 806 porphyrin 102 positive – control 370 – predictive value (PPV) 138 positivity ratio 151 potassium – chloride 738 – dichromate 5, 61, 460, 817, 922 – dicyanoaurate 563, 922 – metabisulfite 1075 – persulfate 661 pottery factory 558 povidone iodine 628, 661, 922, 1076 powder-free gloves 853 PPD, see para-phenylenediamine PPDA 710 PPEWR, see personal protective equipment at work regulation Subject Index PPG 634 p-phenylenediamine 329, 499 – dihydrochloride 921 – free base 921 PPP-HB, see phosphite polymer of pentaerythritol and hydrogenated bisphenol PPV, see positive predictive value pramocaine hydrochloride 922 pravastatin 922 precious metal 538 precursor 525 predictive – testing 281 – value 138 – – negative 157 – – positive 157 prednicarbate 58, 631, 922 prednisolone 56, 637, 922 prednisone 56 pregnancy 370 prehaptens 54 prepolymer 588, 605 preservative – allergy 497 – benzalkonium chloride 637 – benzethonium chloride 637 – cetalkonium chloride 637 – chlorhexidine gluconate 637 – phenylmercuric nitrate 637 – sorbic acid 637 – thimerosal 637 pre-test 532 prevalence 135, 899 – contact allergy 141 – contact dermatitis 141 – general population 140 – hand eczema 141 – occupational contact dermatitis 144 – ratio 154 prevention 666 – allergic contact dermatitis 832, 833 – collective measure 835 – primary 832–834 – secondary 833, 834 – tertiary 833, 834 preventive measure 578, 876 previous dermatitis 203 prick test 787 – historical aspects prilocaine 627 – hydrochloride 922, 1076 primary – eruption 542 – sensitizer 329 primer 657 – paint 549 primin 4, 487, 778, 782, 825, 922, 937, 1076 Primula 351 – dermatitis 487, 790 – obconica 4, 5, 351 primulaceae 757 printer 272 printing 731 pristinamycin 922, 1077 procaine 627, 662 – hydrochloride 922, 1077 processionary caterpillar product 386 – ingredients 895 proflavine 352, 354, 625 – hydrochloride 922 prohapten 13, 52, 173, 528 promethazine 351 – hydrochloride 922 propacetamol 1078 – hydrochloride 737 propanidid 922 propantheline bromide 922 proparacaine (proxymetacaine) 922 propargite 1078 propicillin 922 propionic acid 256, 922 propipocaine 922 propolis 670, 922 proportion 152 propranolol 1079 – hydrochloride 922 propyl gallate 922, 1079 propylene – glycol 263, 285, 288, 303, 501, 634, 922, 1079 – oxide 922, 1080 propylparaben 472, 922 propyphenazone 922 prospective study 288 prostaglandin 21 prosthesis 657, 936 proteaceae 768 protection – collective measure 835 – index 850 – program 865 protective – cream 838 – – application 841 – – skin protection factors 841 – – usage 841 – gloves 653, 659, 663, 846 – – biocompatibility 850 – – leakage 849 – – manufacturers websites 852 – – materials 848 – – penetration 849 – – polymer materials 853 – – selection 847 – – testing 848 protein contact dermatitis 4, 6, 663, 753, 937 – atopic dermatitis 347 – causes of PCD 345 – clinical features 345 – definition 345 – diagnostic tests in PCD 347 – mechanism of PCD 346 prothese 265 protoanemonin 779 provocative use test (PUT) 383, 501 proxymetacaine, see proparacaine pruritus 205, 2018, 219 – ani 627, 638 – vulvae 235, 627, 637 PS, see polystyrene pseudo-allergic reaction 403 pseudoephedrine 1080 pseudolymphoma 110 pseudoporphyria 313 psoralen 101, 311, 313, 520, 759, 780, 781 – UVA (PUVA) 312, 435 psoriasis 101, 174, 202, 204, 241, 273, 275 psychiatric disorder 202 PTBC, see p-tert-butylcatechol PTBP, see p-tert-butylphenolformaldehyde resin pteridophyte 791 pulmonary effect 557 pulpitis 221, 654 PUR, see polyurethane 1129 1130 Subject Index pure gold 563 purity 384 purple foxglove 791 purpose 366 purpura annularis telangiectodes 328 purpuric – dermatitis – – hemosiderin 328 – reaction 625 pustular – dermatosis 221 – eruption 357 pustule 260 PUT, see provocative use test PUVA 101, 312, 341, 435 PVC – glove 667 – plastic 608 PVP 1083 – eicosene copolymer 1083 – hexadecene copolymer 1084 – iodine 935 pyrazinamide 922 pyrethrin 806 pyrethroid 1080 pyrethrosin 1081 pyrethrum, see Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium pyridine 883, 1081 – carboxaldehyde 85 pyridine-related molecule 742 pyridoxine hydrochloride 922 pyrilamine maleate 922 pyrimidine 101, 311 pyrithione 1082 pyritinol 922 pyrogallol 5, 922, 1082 pyrrolnitrin 351, 922 Q quantitative – risk assessment 182 – structure-activity relationship 61 quaternary ammonium 741, 935 – compound 629, 660 quaternium – 12, see dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride – 15 175, 498, 922, 1084 – 22 1085 quenching 624 questionnaire – hand eczema 139 quindoxin 922 quinidine sulfate 922 quinine 819 – chlorhydrate – sulfate 922 quinoline 102 – 4-quinoline 922 – mix 922 – yellow 922 quinone 782 quinoxaline 744 R R-219 325 racial factor 277 radical reaction 47 radio repairer 272 922 ranitidine 923, 1085 – hydrochloride 738 ranunculaceae 779 raphide 755 rare disease assumption 155 rate 153 – difference 136 – ratio 136 raw wool 354 reaction – index 151 – irritant 286 reactive – black (CI 20505) 923 – blue – – 21 (CI 18097) 923 – – 238 923 – diluent 598 – dye 692 – orange 107 923 – red – – 123 923 – – 228 923 – violet (CI 18097) 923 reading 370, 374 ready-to-use 367 – patch test system 370 recognition 877, 886 – requirements 875 recording patch test 375 recovery of barrier 175 redness 255, 263, 268 referral 152 refinery worker 567 reflectance spectroscopy 277 refractive index (RI) detector 415 regional differences in sensitivity 284 register of occupational skin disease 276 registry 143 regression analysis – logistic 160 – multiple linear 160 rehabilitation 885, 886, 890 relative – potency 179, 182 – risk 136, 152 relevance 378 removal technique – bag rinsing 424 – rinsing 424 – washing 424 – wiping 424 repeated open application test (ROAT) 7, 191, 383, 473, 501, 817 – reading scale 192 repeated short-time occlusive irritation test (ROIT) 840 repeatedly relapsing 877 repellent 807 repetitive irritation test (RIT) 283, 840 replacement – accelerators 836 – antioxidants 836 replica technique 442 report – form 875 – function 898 reporting of injury, disease and dangerous occurrence regulation (RIDDOR) 888 reproductibility 156, 393 resin 682, 938 resiniferatoxin 775 resorcinol 5, 478, 525, 531, 637, 923, 1085 – formaldehyde resin 923 Subject Index – monobenzoate 923 resorption 174 respiratory allergen 557 retinoic acid 923 retraining 875, 882–886, 890 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 77 rheumatoid arthritis 563 – allergic 271 rhinitis 567, 663 rhodium – allergic contact dermatitis 568 – chloride 568 – guinea pigs 568 – sulfate 923 rhus 1, 766, 815, 823 – dermatitis 301 ribostamycin 923 ricinoleic acid 359 RIDDOR 888 Riehl’s melanosis 326 rifamycin 923 ring finger dermatitis 220 ring-shaped test reaction 378 rinse-off formulation 836 risk – assessment 191, 871 – of elicitation 191 RISKOFDERM 423 Rivanol®, see ethacridine lactate monohydrate ROAD 473 ROAT, see repeated open application test rodenticide 807 roofer 272 Rosa centifolia (rose oil, Bulgarian) 923 rosemary (rosemary oil) 923 rosin, see also colophonium 466 roundup 806 RT-PCR, see reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction rub test 431 rubber 480, 705, 707, 710, 836, 933 – accelerator 886 – additive 882 – allergy 709 – chemical 654, 671, 939 – glove 276, 353, 740, 834 – – dermatitis 480 – of balloon 821 – worker 2723 rubidium iodide 637, 923 rust remover 940 rutaceae 780 ruthenium 923 S safe exposure level 183 safety data sheet (SDS) 658, 664 salicylaldehyde 923 salicylic acid 5, 285, 286, 923 salivary cortisol 287 salmonella 744 sample 153 – dependent 157 sandalwood oil, see also Santalum album Santalum album (sandalwood oil) 923 sarcoid-like granuloma 562 sarcoidosis scaling 260, 268 scalp 226 scanning 442 – electronic microscopy 851 326, 509, 512, 516 Schamberg’s disease 328 Schiff base 63 Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Suva 885 Scientific Committee on Consumer Product (SCCP) 512 scleroderma-like eruption 358 scopolamine hydrobromide 923 – eyedrop 353 scratch chamber testing 430, 937 screening series 371 SDS 664 seabather’s eruption 233 seasonal variation 273, 382 seborrheic dermatitis 107, 204, 240 sebum 287 secondary eruption 224, 542 L-selectin 17, 21 P-selectin 22 semi-open test 383, 930 semi-permanent hair dye 525 sensitive skin 278, 286, 447 sensitivity 157, 395 – value 138 sensitization 11, 382 – hazard 179 – therapy 175 sensory – mechanism 520 – nerve ending 286 serial – dilution patch test 191 – triggering 17 sertaconazole 923 sertraline 923 sesamum indicum (sesame oil) 923 sesquiterpene lactone 772 – mix 488, 773, 825, 923, 937 shampoo test 193 shaving product 934 shoe 933 – adhesives 708 – allergene 703 – allergy 709 – – patch testing 711 – chemical allergenes 710 – common allergenes 714 – dermatitis 237, 703, 822 – insoles 707 – soles 707 – uppers 705 shoemaker 270, 272, 278 shop assistant 272 sick – leave 890 – pay 889 silane 1086 silica 261, 356 silicon – dioxide 657 – tetrachloride 923 silicon-based material 662 silver 661 – nitrate 5, 923 – colloidal 923 – protein 923 silversmith 568 simvastatin 923 singlet oxygen 102 sinus ethmoidal adenocarcinoma 781 sisomicin 923 skin – application food test (SAFT) 223 – barrier 169, 393 1131 1132 Subject Index – – perturbation 73 – biopsy 107 – blood flow 263, 286 – care 283 – – information 857 – – product 495 – cleaner 256 – color 282, 287, 442 – – reflectance 282 – contour of the surface 442 – depigmentation 486 – exposure assessment – – method development 425 – hyperirritable 286 – hyper-reactivity 24 – inflammation 78 – irritation 179 – – test 871 – marker 370 – memory 29 – necrosis 625 – occupational disease 275 – pigmentation 807 – prick test 666 – reflectance 384 – sensitivity 278 – sensitization 179 – surface – – contour 263 – – temperature 444 – syndrome 111 – test 664 – – immediate hypersensitivity 429 slag dermatitis 835 slaughtering 731 slimicide 807 SLS, see sodium lauryl sulfate sodium – arsenate 963 – benzoate 923 – bisulfite 478, 1086 – dichromate 836 – disulfite 923 – dodecyl sulfate 61 – fusidate, see also fusidic acid sodium salt 628 – hydroxide 111, 118, 258, 268, 280, 281, 283, 285 – hypochlorite 923 – hyposulfite 923 – lauryl sulfate (SLS) 73, 111, 114, 117, 118, 263, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 286, 288, 839, 923, 1068 – induced skin irritation 128 – metabisulfite 923, 1087 – methyldithiocarbamate 1087 – nitrite 923 – omadine, see sodium pyrithione – perborate – percarbonate 525 – pyrithione (sodium omadine) 923 – sulfite 1087 – thiosulfoaurate 923 – valproate 923 software 898 soil concentration 551 solar radiation 97 solid product 385 solitary cobalt allergy 558 soluble oil 836 solvent 174, 666, 852 – organic 938 – propylene glycol 286 – red – – 23 (Sudan III) 1088 – – 24 (Sudan IV) 923 – toluene (TOL) 839 – yellow 1, see also p-aminoazobenzene – – 33 (D and C yellow 11, CI 47000) 923 soot 876, 887 sorbic acid 85, 634, 923 sorbitan – laurate (Span® 20) 923 – oleate (Span® 80) 924 – palmitate (Span® 40) 924 – sesquioleate 924, 1088 soy 396 soybean 266 spearmint oil 512, 516 specificity 157, 395 – value 138 spectacle frame 542 spectinomycin 1089 spectrophotometric 442 spermatophyte 791 spiramycin 628 – sulfate 924 spongiosis 121, 206 sports participation 703 spot test 413, 414, 700 spurge 775 squaric acid dibutylester 175, 331, 332 St John’s wort 786, 816 stainless steel 539 standard – quality control testing 849 – series 4–6, 929 standardization 899 – direct 159 – indirect 159 stannous chloride 924 stasis dermatitis 216, 236, 237, 636–638 state insurance code (Sozialgesetzbuch) 876 status eczematicus 278, 288 statutory insurance institution (Berufsgenossenschaften, BG) 876 stearic acid 839 stearyl alcohol 924 stepronin 924 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 353 stinging 205, 284, 285, 287, 288 – assay 286 – delayed-type 284 – immediate-type 284 – score 286 stocking dermatitis 236 stoma dermatitis 235 stomatitis 561 strategy 385 stratification 158 stratum corneum 73, 169, 279, 282–284, 541 Strepromyce fradiae 468 streptomycin 298, 737 – sulfate 924 strimmer – dermatitis 313 – rash 758 string trimmer 759 structure-activity relationship 59 styrax benzoin (benzoin resin) 924 styrenated phenol 710, 924 styrene 256, 609 subcorneal pustular eruption 357 subjective complaint 382 subpopulation 150 substance 287 subungual dermatitis 222 Subject Index sucupira 783 Sudan – I 359 – III, see solvent red 23 – IV, see solvent red 24 sulbentine, see dibenzthione sulconazole nitrate 924 sulfacetamide 628, 924 sulfamethoxazole 924 sulfanilamide 924 – cream 352 sulfasalazine 924 sulfate 1057 sulfathiazole 628 sulfonamide 351, 628 – eyedrops 352 sulfur – dioxide 924 – pharmaceutical (precipitated) 924 sulindac 924 sulisobenzone, see Benzophenone-4 sultone 49 sun exposure 204, 312 sunburn 98, 99 sunscreen 284 – agent 821 suppliers 371 suppressor cell 31 suprofen 924 surface contact 168 surfactant 110, 173, 852 surgeon 878, 881, 884–886, 889, 890 surgical gloves 846 surrogate skin sampling 426 suspender dermatitis 542 sweat duct 279 Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health 885 swift modified alkali resistance test (SMART) 280 Swiss National Accident Insurance Organization (SUVA) 861 sym-diphenylcarbazide 418 synthetic – rubber glove 667 – sandalwood 321 – sweat 540, 557, 563 systemic – aluminium contact dermatitis 560 – contact dermatitis 4, 406, 542, 544, 552, 632, 639 – exposure to drug 401 – toxicity 626 T T cell 404, 529 – cytotoxic 32 – differentiation 19 – homing 17 – mediated reuption 405 – proliferation 19 – receptor (TCR) 18, 456 – suppressor 32 table of occupational disease 883 tacalcitol 635, 924 tachyphylaxis 86 tacrolimus 108, 341, 819, 924 talc 261 tall oil 938 tamanu oil 786 Tanacetum vulgare (tansy extract) 924 tandem – application 282 – repeated irritation test (TRIT) 840 tanner 272 tanning 839 tansy extract, see Tanacetum vulgare tantalum 924 tape 367 tape-stripping 437 – acrylate 426 – jet fuel 426 – nickel 426 – particle 426 tar 876 – smart 313 Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) 924 tartaric acid 61 tattoo 238, 240, 246, 562, 821 – blue pigment 558 TBTO, see tributyltin oxide TCDD dioxin 806 tea tree oil, see also Melaleuca alternifolia 266, 352 teak 783 technician 891 TEGO 660 –103 G 924 telefax paper 937 television repairer 272 telogen effluvium 227 temperature 272, 277, 278 temporary – dye 525 – filling material 662 – tattoo 479, 526 tenoxicam 924 terpene phenolic resin 924 test – allergen 367 – Bowker’s 157 – chi-square 154 – Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel’s 157 – Fisher’s exact 154 – McNemar’s 157 – site 370 – system 367 testosterone propionate 924 tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide 1089 tetrabutylthiuram – disulfide 1089 – monosulfide 1090 tetracaine 662 – hydrochloride (amethocaine) 924 tetrachloroacetophenone 1090 tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TSCA) 13, 924 tetracycline hydrochloride 924 tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate 924 tetraethylthiuram – disulfide 924, 1090 – monosulfide 1091 tetrafurfuryl methacrylate 658 tetraglycidyl-4,4′-methylenedianiline (TGMDA) 598 tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA) 924 tetraisobutylthiuram disulfide 1091 tetramethyl butanediamine 924 tetramethylbenzidine 924 tetramethylol acetylenediurea 924 tetramethylthiuram – disulfide 924, 1091 – monosulfide 924, 1092 – sulfide 884 tetrazepam 924, 1092 TEWL, see transepidermal water loss textile 322 – azo dye 533 1133 1134 Subject Index – dye 685, 936 – fiber 681 – – dermatitis 232 – finish 322 – – resin 681 – softener 694 TGF-β 28, 31 TGMDA, see tetraglycidyl-4,4′-methylenedianiline TGPAP, see triglycidyl p-aminophenol thaumetopoietin thebaine 1092 thermal injury 273 thiabendazole 924, 1093 thiamphenicol 924 thimerosal 637, 812, 819, 924, 1093 thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 413, 698 – RF value 414 thiocolchicoside 634 thiomersal 740 thioridazine 924 thiourea 924, 936, 1094 thioxolone 924 thiram 803, 806, 924 thiuram 659, 820, 822, 878, 885, 886, – mix 276, 480, 741, 817, 924 threshold – concentration 172 – dose 550 thymelaeaceae 775 thymocyte activating factor 71 thymoquinone 1094 tiaprofenic acid 924 tile setting material 938 timolol 924, 1094 tin 661, 925 – chloride 568 – patch test 568 tinopal 321 – CH 3566 320, 925 tiocolchicoside 925 tioconazole 925 tiopronin 925 titanium 662 – (IV)-oxide 925 – dioxide 434 tixocortol 56 – pivalate 491, 631, 925, 1095 TLC, see thin-layer chromatography TNF-α 15, 76, 79 – mRNA 77 tobramycin 925 tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate 1095 – α-tocopherol (vitamin E) 925 toilet cleaner 940 toiletries 286 tolazoline 637, 925 tolnaftate 925 toluene 256, 268, 940 – diamine bismaleimide 61 – 2,5-diamine (p-toluenediamine) (PTD) 525, 526, 530, 533, 1096 – diisocyanate (TDI) 925, 1096 toluenesulfonamide/formaldehyde resin, see tosylamide/ formaldehyde resin toluenesulfonhydrazide 925 4-tolyldiethanolamine 658, 659, 925 toothpaste 671 topical – corticosteroid 341, 626 – medicament 203, 623, 625, 935 – nitrogen mustard 352 – traditional Chinese medicament 635 tosylamide – formaldehyde resin (toluenesulfonamide/formaldehyde resin) 925 – resin 499 toxic epidermal necrolysis 401, 404 toxicodendron 766 – radicans 351 toxicoderma 296 transcellular route 171 transcinnamic acid 287 transdermal – clonidine 814 – therapeutic system 636 transepidermal water loss (TEWL) 73, 175, 263, 278, 279, 280–283, 286, 287, 443, 736, 865 TREGDMA, see triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate tretinoin 263, 264, 268, 935 triacetin 1097 triamcinolone acetonide 57, 925 tribromsalan (TBS) 925 tributyltin oxide (TBTO) 807, 1097 trichloracetic acid 285, 288 trichloroethane 1097 trichloroethanol 357 trichloroethylene 357, 358, 925, 1097 trichlorophenol 706 trichome 754, 755, 778, 95 tricresyl phosphate 925 triethanolamine 925, 1098 – polypeptide oleate condensate (Xerumenex®) 925 triethyleneglycol – diacrylate (TREGDA) 925 – dimethacrylate (TREGDMA) 655, 925 triethylenetetramine 925, 1098 trifluridine 925 triflusal (2-hydroxy-4-trifluoro-methylbenzoic acid) 925 triforine 1098 triglycidyl – p-aminophenol (TGPAP) 598 – isocyanurate 925, 1099 trimellitic acid 21 trimeprazine tartrate (alimemazine tartrate) 925 trimethoprim 925 N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-ethylenediamine 1100 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline 925 2,4,6-trimethylol phenol 1100 N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-N′-(vinylbenzyl)ethylenediamine monohydrochloride 1099 trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) 925 trimethylthiourea 1100 trinitrotoluene 353 tripelennamine 925 triphenyl phosphate 925 tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) 925 tris nitro, see tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane 2,4,6-tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 598 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-hexahydrotriazine (Grotan® BK) 925 tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (tris nitro) 925 tristimulus analysis 442 trivalent chromium compound, occupationally 550 trolamine, see triethanolamine tromantadine hydrochloride 629, 925 tropicamide 925 TRUE test 370, 457, 460 TSS Agfa®, see amino-4-N, N-diethylanilinesulfate tuberculin (bovine) 925 tulip finger 756, 762 tulipa 763 tulipalin, see also α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone 53, 937 – A 331, 762, 1100 – B 1100 1135 Subject Index tuliposide 53 – A 1101 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) tunneling 728 turpentine 5, 54, 256, 925, 937 – peroxides 925 tylosin 1101 – tartrate 628, 925 type I allergy 663 type IV hypersensitivity 11 15, 281 U ulceration 260, 261 ultrasound 384 – A-mode scanning 282 ultraviolet (UV) – A 312, 341 – absorber 611, 658, 659 – B 341, 382 – – sensitivity 278, 281 – curable acrylate 425 – curable ink 587 – detector 415 – filter 434, 500 – light 277 – radiation 393 – therapy 791 – Vis spectrophotometry 415 umbelliferae 780 uncured acrylate 591 undecylenic acid 925 underground worker 553 unemployment benefit 882 unsuitability 886 urea 283 – formaldehyde 607, 682 – – resin 925 – peroxide 525 urethane 708 – diacrylate – – aliphatic 925 – – aromatic 926 – dimethacrylate (UEDMA) 926 urticaria 261, 401, 477, 568, 744, 877, 882 urticarial papular eruption 350 urushiol 768, 1102 use (or usage) test (PUT) 383 usnic acid 824, 926, 1102 – D-usnic acid 1102 – L-usnic acid 1102 UV, see ultraviolet V vaccine 560 vacuuming 426 valciclovir 926 van der Bend 367 vanillin 926 variation in skin-barrier-function 170 varnish 209 vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) 21 vascular-occlusive contact dermatitis 359 vasculitis-like lesion 299 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 287 vasodilatation 444 vat dye 692 vat green (CI 59825) 926 vegetable tanning 705 vegetables 752 vehicle 174, 367, 394 – effect 175 ventilation 836 vesicle 260 vesicular – dermatitis 208, 210 – hand eczema 296, 543 – palmar eruption 206 vesiculation 270 – of the hand 224 vesuvine brown, see Bismarck brown veterinarian 272, 473 veterinary 731 – medicine 276 vinyl chloride disease 358 vinylpyridine 1102 vioform 351 virginiamycin 628, 926, 1103 virus penetration 849 visible light 657 visual scoring 384 vitamin – A acetate 741, 926 – B6 738 – B12 557 – E, see also α-tocopherol 352 – K 819, 926 vitiligo 484, 887 – vulgaris 331 vulval dermatose 637 vulvitis 235 vulvodynia 265 W W dermatitis 234 warfarin 807, 926 wart plant 786 wash test 287 washing detergent 694 water 268, 276 – barrier function 443 water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion 839 weak reaction 378 weeping vesicular dermatitis 495 welder 272 Western cedar 783 wet – cement 224 – work 280, 664, 736 – – employee 865 whealing 262 wheals 447 wheat flour 394, 396 white – petrolatum 368 – spirit 940 wigandia 769 Wilkinson’s triangle 434 wood 781, 787, 937 – dust 757 – mix 926 – preservative 806, 807 – pulp industry 550 – tar – – mix 926 – tropical 266 woodworker 272 wool wax alcohol, see also lanolin alcohol Woolf rule 887 470, 634 1136 Subject Index work capacity 880 Work Injury Insurance Act, LAF workplace – inspection 891 – intervention 858, 860 – visit 722 – – of the dermatologist 837 wound dressing 638 Z 885 X xenobiotic 167, 174 Xerumenex®, see triethanolamine polypeptide oleate condensate xylene 268 m-xylylene-diamine 598 Y yarrow, see Achillea millefolium ylang-ylang oil, see also Cananga odorata 516 yukata 322 320, 326, 509, 512, zinc – acexamate 926 – bis-dibutyldithiocarbamate 1103 – bis-diethyldithiocarbamate 1104 – bis-dimethyldithiocarbamate 1104 – chloride 926 – dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZBC) 926 – diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDC) 926 – dimethyldithiocarbamate (Ziram) 926 – ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate), see zineb – galvanized 549 – oxide 434 – – eugenol 662 – powder 926 – propylene-bis dithiocarbamate 1105 – pyrithione 926 – sulfate 61 – zinc-bound insulin 222 zineb [zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate)] 803, 806, 926 ziram, see zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate zirconium 356, 926 ZOE cement 662 System requirements Windows Microsoft Windows 98 SE, Windows NT 4.0 with SP 5, Windows 2000 or Win XP 64 MB RAM and 60 MB free space on hardisc Macintosh PowerPC® processor Mac OS Version OS 64 MB RAM and 60 MB free space on hardisc ... A, Renz H (1997) Dichotomy of blood- and skin-derived IL-4-producing allergen-specific T cells and restricted V beta repertoire in nickel-mediated contact dermatitis J Immunol 158 : 2500–2505... established between nutritional deprivation and decreased T-cell-mediated allergic contact reactions [154] Apparently, adipocyte-derived leptin, a hormone released by adequately nourished and functioning... effects of IFN-γ [133] Once established, the type-1-differentiated T-cells produce IFN-γ and IL-18, thereby further suppressing development of type-2 T-cells [134] Thus, considering that contact allergens