Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemicals Mohammad Farhat AIi, Ph D King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Bassam M El AIi, Ph D King Fahd University of Petroleum[.]
Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemicals Mohammad Farhat AIi, Ph.D King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Bassam M El AIi, Ph.D King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia James G Speight, Ph.D CD&Wlnc Laramie, Wyoming McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto CIP Data is on file with the Library of Congress Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc AU rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 1234567890 DOC/DOC 010987654 ISBN 0-07-141037-6 The sponsoring editor for this book was Kenneth P McCombs and the production supervisor was Pamela A Pelton It was set in Century Schoolbook by International typesetting and Composition The art director for the cover was Anthony Landi Printed and bound by RR Donnelley This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill Professional, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 101212298 Or contact your local bookstore Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ("McGraw-Hill") from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought To our wives and families, and to all scientists and engineers who preceded us in such work ABOUTTHE EDITORS is Professor of Industrial and Petroleum Chemistry at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals in Saudi Arabia An expert in characterization studies of heavy ends, residues, and asphalt, he is also knowledgeable about crude oils and products, refining process technology, waste oil recycling, and stability characteristics of jet fuels MOHAMMAD FARHAT ALI, PH.D., BASSAM M EL ALI, PH.D., is Professor of Industrial Chemistry at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals in Saudi Arabia His specialties include homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis using transition metal complexes in hydrocarboxylation, hydroformylation, oxidation, coupling, hydrogenation, and other important processes; investigation of the organometallic intermediates and the mechanisms of various homogenous reactions; and synthesis, characterization, and application of various supported catalytic systems in the production of fine chemicals He has taught many industrial chemistry courses including Industrial Catalysis, Industrial Organic Chemistry, Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, and Petroleum Processes G SPEIGHT, PH.D., has more than 35 years' experience in fields related to the properties and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels He has participated in, and led, significant research in defining the uses of chemistry with heavy oil and coal The author of well over 400 professional papers, reports, and presentations detailing his research activities, he has taught more than 50 related courses Dr Speight is the author, editor, or compiler of a total of 25 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues He lives in Laramie, Wyoming JAMES Contributors Hasan A Al-Muallem, Ph.D Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Mohammad Farhat AIi, Ph.D Professor of Chemistry Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Bassam M ElAIi, Ph.D Professor of Chemistry Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Manfred J Mirbach, Ph.D Landis Kane Consulting R&D Management Fuellinsdorf, Switzerland Ahsan Shemsi Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia James G Speight, Ph.D CD&W Inc Laramie, Wyoming Preface The organic chemical industry is an important branch of industry and its structure usually centers on petroleum and hydrocarbon derived chemicals The volume text of available books is generally lacking in covering other very important nonpetroleum-based organic industries such as paints, dyes, edible oils, fats and waxes, soaps and detergents, sugars, fermentation, chemical explosives, and agrochemical industries This book focuses primarily on the chemical processing of raw materials other than petroleum and hydrocarbons These materials are usually converted into useful and profitable products that are, in general, used as consumer goods The book addresses the needs of both students and practicing chemists and chemical engineers It is intended to be a primary source of information for the young practicing professionals who wish to broaden their knowledge of the organic process industry as a whole The book may also serve as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students in industrial chemistry Chapter describes the development of the chemical industry and its role in welfare and employment around the world This chapter shows how raw materials are procured and converted to consumer products Chapter discusses safety aspects in organic industries and methods to protect the workers from hazards such as exposure to dangerous chemicals, heat, pressures, high electric fields, accelerating objects, and other sources of hazards Chapter deals with the sources of pollution caused by raw materials, products, and wastes in petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, and other industries The growing public concerns over the safety of chemicals in the environment, and the efforts by the governments and industries for their control, are discussed Chapter presents the chemistry and technology of edible oil, fat, and wax processing including refining, recovery, crystallization, interesterification, and hydrogenation The key oxidation reactions of lipids leading to quality deterioration of processed and unprocessed foods, and the mechanism of the action of the antioxidants in improving oxidation stability of foods are discussed Chapter highlights the soap and detergent industry The raw materials, important processes of production, and economic importance of the soap and detergent industry are elaborated Chapter covers one of the most widely distributed and abundant organic chemicals—the sugars The chemistry of saccharides, historical survey, and world production of sugar are presented The sugar recovery from the two principal sources—sugar cane and sugar beets—are discussed The chemistry and uses of nonsugar sweetening agents is also presented Chapter describes paints, pigments, and industrial coatings The major paint components, namely, pigments, binders, additives, and solvents are discussed in separate sections These are followed by the principles of formulation, application techniques, durability, and testing of paints Chapter is devoted to the industrially produced dyes with their classification, manufacture, properties, and main applications, as well as environmental and health aspects Chapter presents an overview of modern fermentation processes and their application in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial chemical industries The social and economic importance of fermentation processes is discussed The pharmaceutical industry is presented in Chapter 10 as one of the most important sectors of healthcare worldwide The discovery, the development, and the production of drugs are covered in this chapter The chapter also includes the correlation between the growth in the worldwide market for Pharmaceuticals and the increase of the world population as a result of higher life expectancy and changes in lifestyle Chapter 11 presents an overview of the agrochemical industry Beginning with the introduction and historical background, it leads to the modern trends in agriculture, chemical pest control, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and biological pest control agents Social and economic aspects of pesticides use are also discussed Chapter 12 presents the chemistry of explosives Chemical explosives and propellants are well-covered in this book because of their importance for peaceful uses They are considered chemical compounds in pure form or mixtures that rapidly produce a large volume of hot gases when properly ignited The destructive effects of explosives are much more spectacular than their peaceful uses However, it appears that more explosives have been used by industries for peaceful purposes than in all the wars Chapter 13 covers the conversion of crude oil into desired products in an economically feasible and environmentally acceptable manner Descriptions are provided for (1) desalting and dewatering; (2) separation processes, of which distillation is the prime example; (3) conversion processes, of which coking and catalytic cracking are prime examples; and (4) finishing processes, of which hydrotreating to remove sulfur is a prime example Descriptions of the various petroleum products (from fuel gas to asphalt and coke) are also given This chapter also includes a description of the petrochemical industry, and the production of the chemicals and compounds in a refinery that are destined for further processing, and used as raw material feedstocks for the fast-growing petrochemical industry Chapter 14 provides the basic principles of polymer science, and addresses the importance of this subject This chapter aims to give a broad and unified description of the subject matter—describing the polymerization reactions, structures, properties, and applications of commercially important polymers, including those used as plastics, fibers, and elastomers This chapter focuses on synthetic polymers because of the great commercial importance of these materials The chemical reactions by which polymer molecules are synthesized are addressed along with the process conditions that can be used to carry them out This chapter also discusses topics on degradation, stability, and environmental issues associated with the use of polymers This book is intended for university and college students who have studied organic chemistry, as well as for scientists and technicians who work in the organic chemical industry, and senior executives and specialists who wish to broaden their knowledge of the industrial organic processes as a whole At the end, we gratefully acknowledge the financial aid, facilities, and support provided by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Mohammad Farhat AU, Ph.D Bassam M ElAIi, Ph.D James G Speight, Ph.D