CHAPTER NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT Nucleoside, nucleotide, oligonucleotide DNA, RNA Physical & chemical properties Modification mechanism Biosynthesis of nucleotide Application of molecular biology in Food technology Restriction enzymes Genetic engineering GMO (Genetically modified organism) GMF (Genetically modified food) Human genome NUCLEIC ACID - HISTORY  Isolated nuclein (from nuclei of white blood cells) nucleic acid Nucleic acids: polynucleotides Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) Swiss physician and biologist NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE PHOSPHATE GROUP (PO4) NITROGEN BASE (C-N ring) SUGAR (5C) Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA) PURINES Adenine (A) Guanine(G) NUCLEOTIDE PYRIMIDINES Thymine (T); Uracil (U) Cytocine (C) NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE - SUBUNITS NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE - BONDS NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE - PENTOSE POLYNUCLEOTIDE-BACKBONE  THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE  Sugar-phosphate joined by phosphodiester bonds  Sugar-phosphate in poly nucleotide orientated in the same direction  3’-OH group of the sugar in one nucleotide forms an ester bond to the phosphate group on the 5’-carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide POLYNUCLEOTIDE-BACKBONE NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE-BASE Bases  Attached to the 1st Carbon of sugar