Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Giáo trình nghiên cứu cho các học viên cao học chuyên nghành địa
LibraryPirate LibraryPirate Key Methods in Geography LibraryPirate Key Methods in Geography Second Edition Edited by Nicholas Clifford, Shaun French and Gill Valentine LibraryPirate First published 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, Post Bag 7 New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Library of Congress Control Number 2010925556 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4129-3508-1 ISBN 978-1-4129-3509-8 (pbk) Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed by MPG Books Group, Bodmin, Cornwall Printed on paper from sustainable resources Chapter 1 © Nick Clifford, Shaun French and Gill Valentine 2010 Chapter 2 © Mick Healey and Ruth L. Healey 2010 Chapter 3 © Iain Hay 2010 Chapter 4 © Joanna Bullard 2010 Chapter 5 © Paul White 2010 Chapter 6 © Sara L. McLafferty 2010 Chapter 7 © Miles Ogborn 2010 Chapter 8 © Robyn Longhurst 2010 Chapter 9 © Eric Laurier 2010 Chapter 10 © Rob Bartram 2010 Chapter 11 © Myrna M. Breitbart 2010 Chapter 12 © Fiona M. Smith 2010 Chapter 13 © Clare Madge 2010 Chapter 14 © Alan Latham 2010 Chapter 15 © Catherine Souch 2010 Chapter 16 © Alice Turkington 2010 Chapter 17 © Stephen Rice 2010 Chapter 18 © Ellen Wohl 2010 Chapter 19 © Stuart N. Lane 2010 Chapter 20 © Paul Aplin 2010 Chapter 21 © Richard Field 2010 Chapter 22 © Chris Perkins 2010 Chapter 23 © Danny Dorling 2010 Chapter 24 © Adrian Chappell 2010 Chapter 25 © Michael Batty 2010 Chapter 26 © John H. McKendrick 2010 Chapter 27 © Meghan Cope 2010 Chapter 28 © Bettina van Hoven 2010 Chapter 29 © Iain S. Black 2010 Chapter 30 © Marcus Doel 2010 Chapter 31 © Michael Bradford 2010 Chapter 32 © Robin A. Kearns 2010 Editorial arrangement and Introduction © Nick Clifford, Shaun French and Gill Valentine 2010 LibraryPirate Notes on Contributors ix List of Figures xvi List of Tables xix Acknowledgements xxi GETTING STARTED IN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH 1 1 Getting Started in Geographical Research: how this book can help 3 Nick Clifford, Shaun French and Gill Valentine 2 How to Conduct a Literature Search 16 Mick Healey and Ruth L. Healey 3 Ethical Practice in Geographical Research 35 Iain Hay 4 Health and Safety in the Field 49 Joanna Bullard GENERATING AND WORKING WITH DATA IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 59 5 Making Use of Secondary Data 61 Paul White 6 Conducting Questionnaire Surveys 77 Sara L. McLafferty Contents LibraryPirate vi Key Methods in Geography 7 Finding Historical Sources 89 Miles Ogborn 8 Semi-structured Interviews and Focus Groups 103 Robyn Longhurst 9 Participant Observation 116 Eric Laurier 10 Geography and the Interpretation of Visual Imagery 131 Rob Bartram 11 Participatory Research Methods 141 Myrna M. Breitbart 12 Working in Different Cultures 157 Fiona M. Smith 13 Internet Mediated Research 173 Clare Madge 14 Diaries as a Research Method 189 Alan Latham GENERATING AND WORKING WITH DATA IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 203 15 Getting Information about the Past: Palaeo and Historical 205 Data Sources of Climate Catherine Souch 16 Making Observations and Measurements in the Field 220 Alice Turkington 17 Sampling in Geography 230 Stephen Rice 18 Analysing a Natural System 253 Ellen Wohl LibraryPirate vii Contents 19 Numerical Modelling in Physical Geography: Understanding Explanation and Prediction in Physical Geography 274 Stuart N. Lane 20 Using Remotely Sensed Imagery 299 Paul Aplin REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA 315 21 Data Handling and Representation 317 Richard Field 22 Mapping and Graphicacy 350 Chris Perkins 23 Using Statistics to Describe and Explore Data 374 Danny Dorling 24 An Introduction to Geostatistics 386 Adrian Chappell 25 Using Geographical Information Systems 408 Michael Batty 26 Statistical Analysis Using PASW (formerly SPSS) 423 John H. McKendrick 27 Coding Transcripts and Diaries 440 Meghan Cope 28 Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis 453 Bettina van Hoven 29 Analysing Historical and Archival Sources 466 Iain S. Black 30 Analysing Cultural Texts 485 Marcus A. Doel LibraryPirate viii Key Methods in Geography 31 Writing Essays, Reports and Dissertations 497 Michael Bradford 32 Understanding Assessment 513 Robin A. Kearns Glossary 528 Index 537 LibraryPirate Paul Aplin is Associate Professor in Geographical Information Science (GIS) in the School of Geography at Nottingham University. He has interests in environmen- tal remote sensing, specializing in land cover investigation, classification, scaling issues and ecological applications. He is Chairman of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetric Society and Book Series Editor for the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. His current research activities include knowledge transfer in terrestrial Earth Observation technologies (funded by the Natural Environment Research Council) and land cover classification in support of environmental assessment in Panama, Chile and South Africa (funded through various sources). Rob Bartram is a graduate of University College London (BA Geography) and the University of Nottingham (PhD). He was Lecturer at the University of Shef- field Department of Geography with research and teaching interests in Social and Cultural Geography. He now works in medical general practice. Michael Batty is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Director of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), University College London. His research is in the development of computer-based technologies, specifically graphics-based and mathematical models for cities, and he has worked recently on applications of fractal geometry and cellular automata to urban structure. He was awarded the CBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List in 2004 and is a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was formerly Director of the SUNY Buffalo site of NCGIA (1990–1995). His most recent books are Cities and Complexity (MIT Press, 2005) and Virtual Geographic Environments (edited with Hui Lin, Science Press, 2009). He is also the editor of the journal, Environment and Planning B. Iain S. Black is Fellow in Geography at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He has written widely on the historical geography of money and banking in Britain between 1750 and 1950, with particular reference to the social, economic and architectural transformation of the City of London. Recently, these interests have been extended to work on the role of imperial and colonial banking groups in the diffusion of British banking culture overseas between 1850 and 1950, together with studies of the impact of empire on the landscape and built environment of London in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Michael Bradford is Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Teaching and Learning from 2001 to 2004 and Head of the School of Geography from 1996 to 2000. Notes on Contributors LibraryPirate x Key Methods in Geography Myrna M. Breitbart is Professor of Geography and Urban Studies and Director of the Community Engagement and Collaborative Learning Network at Hampshire College where she has taught since 1977. Her teaching and research interests as well as publications focus on the broad themes of participatory planning and social action (with a special interest in young people), community economic development and struggles over urban public space. She is currently conducting research on the role of the arts and cultural economy in urban redevelopment with a special focus on small, post-industrial cities. Professor Breitbart has a strong commitment to community-based learning and participatory action research. She works closely with a number of community development and housing organizations as well as urban youth and community art organizations in Western Massachusetts. Joanna Bullard is Reader in Aeolian Geomorphology at Loughborough Univer- sity. She completed her undergraduate degree at Edinburgh University and her PhD at the University of Sheffield, specializing in the relationships between sand dune geomorphology, vegetation and climate. She has undertaken fieldwork on glaciers, in tropical forests, along various coastlines, and in sandy and rocky deserts around the world. Her current research focuses primarily on aeolian dust emissions in cold and hot deserts. She is the physical geography editor of the RGS-IBG book series and one of the associate editors of the journal Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Adrian Chappell is Senior Research Scientist with the Commonwealth Scien- tific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia’s national science agency and one of the largest and most diverse research agencies in the world. Prior to joining CSIRO he was Senior Lecturer at the University of Salford for more than ten years before becoming a Senior Geoscientist for a Geostatistics Consultancy company working on three-dimensional geophysical problems. His interest in geostatistics was initiated during his doctorate at University College London tackling the problem of sampling and mapping the spatial and tempo- ral variation of soil erosion in Niger, West Africa. He developed his knowledge of geostatistics with diverse applications that include the spatial and temporal variation of aeolian sediment transport in Australia and the UK, African and Australian dust, wandering gravel bed-rivers in UK and West African Sahel rain- fall. His applications of geostatistics are an attempt to improve across scales, the understanding of spatial variation in geomorphic processes and the implications for land surface formation. Nick Clifford is Professor of River Science at Nottingham University and Visit- ing Professor in the School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy at University College Dublin. He received his BA and PhD from the University of Cambridge. His principal research interests are in fluvial geomorphology, and the history of ideas and methods in Geography. He is currently Director of the River Science Research Network, which is dedicated to improving the scientific basis for river management and rehabilitation. He is a member of the editorial board of . LibraryPirate LibraryPirate Key Methods in Geography LibraryPirate Key Methods in Geography Second Edition Edited by Nicholas Clifford, Shaun French and Gill Valentine LibraryPirate First published. Measurements in the Field 220 Alice Turkington 17 Sampling in Geography 230 Stephen Rice 18 Analysing a Natural System 253 Ellen Wohl LibraryPirate vii Contents 19 Numerical Modelling in Physical Geography: . 453 Bettina van Hoven 29 Analysing Historical and Archival Sources 466 Iain S. Black 30 Analysing Cultural Texts 485 Marcus A. Doel LibraryPirate viii Key Methods in Geography 31 Writing Essays,