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Transformation the life of Kim Thai commune residents (Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh Province) from 1995 to 2010 = Biến đổi đời sống của cư dân Kim Thái (huyện Vụ Bản, tỉnh Nam Định) từ năm 1995 đến 2010
1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN TRONG NGHIA TRANSFORMATION THE LIFE OF KIM THAI COMMUNE RESIDENTS (VU BAN DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE) FROM 1995 TO 2010 Major: VIETNAMESE STUDIES Code: 60 31 60 ABSTRACT MASTER THESIS Hanoi – 2012 This thesis was completed in INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES 2 Supervisors: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Phan Phuong Thao Objection 1:………………………………………………… Objection 2:………………………………………………… This thesis was protected before Counicl in Institute of Vietnamese studies and development sciences on … time……day……month…….2012 Can learn dissertation at: Library center of Vietnam national university, Ha Noi 3 THE AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS LIST 1. N-Phu Xuan:“ Lotus symbol in Buddhist culture”, Journal Buddhist Culture, number 96 - 2010, pg. 12 – 13. 2. Nguyen Trong Nghia:“ Bells in my childhood through”, Journal Buddhist Culture, number 96 - 2010, pg. 24 – 25. 3. N-Phu Xuan:“ Buddhism and national feeling”, Journal Buddhist Culture, number 97 – 2010, pg. 34 – 35. 4. Nguyen Trong Nghia:“Tu Đam – Historic pagoda”, Journal Buddhist Culture, number 98 - 2010, pg. 24 – 25. 5. Nguyen Trong Nghia:“Linh Ung Pagoda, the beauty of the Da Nang”, Journal Culture - Art, number 319 month 1- 2011, pg. 75 – 76. 6. Nguyen Trong Nghia: “Ritual folk dance in "Hau Dong" in Phu Day, Nam Dinh province”, Scientific level, Phu Xuan University, to collect 9-2011. 7. Nguyen Trong Nghia: “Mother principle expression in Phu Day, Nam Dinh”, Journal Buddhist culture, number 164, 11-2012, pg. 10 – 13. 4 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Reasons.………………………………………………………………… 1 2. Historical research.………………………………………………………………….2 3. The object and scope of research .………………………………………………… 6 4. Researching Methods.…………………………………………………… 7 5. Result of thesis ……………… ……………………………………………………8 6. The structure of thesis.………………………………………………………………9 Chapter 1 10 OVERVIEW OF KIM THAI COMMUNE’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL, CULTURAL 1.1. Natural environment and geographical cultural position of Kim Thai commune 10 1.1.1. Overview of the natural environment …………………………………………10 1.1.1. Geographical cultural position …………………… 14 1.2. Social characteristics ……………………………… 16 1.2.1. History…………………………………………………………………………16 1.2.2. Administrative organization ………………………………………………… 17 1.2.3. Residential situation ………………………………………………………… 19 1.3. Cultural characteristics and relic system …………………………………… 20 1.3.1. Kim Thai – Vu Ban – Unique cultural region…………………………………20 1.3.2. System of typical cultural historical relics ………………………… ……… 23 1.4. Conclusion of chapter 1……………………………………………………….26 Chapter 2 27 THE TRANSFORM OF KIM THAI’S RESIDENTS CULTURAL LIFE FROM 1995 TO PRESENT 2.1. Status of Kim Thai resident traditional culture before 1995…………………….28 5 2.1.1. Marriage……………………………………………………………………….28 2.1.2. Funeral……………………………………………………………………… 31 2.1.3. Worship and religious in family …………………………………………… 32 2.1.4. Worship, religious – belief in the community ……………………………… 37 2.1.5. Home and community’s cultural activities ……………………………………42 2.2. Transformation Kim Thai residents’ cultural life since 1995 to present……… 44 2.2.1. Recovery and promotion of traditional cultural values ……………………….44 2.2.2. Penetration and spread of the Mau religious to form other religious worship form…………………………………………………………56 2.2.3. Diversity in cultural activities in family and personal conception…………….62 2.2.4. Formation of a new culture in the spiritual life……………………………….66 2.3. Some suggestions and solutions…… ………………………………………… 68 2.3.1. Some proposals for Kim Thai’s cultural life transform in reasonable way……69 2.3.2. Some solutions for Kim Thai’s cultural life transform in reasonable way…….69 2.4. Conclusion of chapter 2………………………………………………………….71 Chapter 3 73 TRANSFORM OF ECONOMY – SOCIAL LIFE AT KIM THAI COMMUNITY FROM 1995 TO THE PRESENT 3.1. Social-economy characteristics of Kim Thai commune before 1995……………73 3.1.1. Economy characteristics of Kim Thai commune before 1995……………… 73 3.1.1.1. The period of agricultural cooperation in the 60 – 70 of 20 th century………73 3.1.1.2. The period of implementation of the new securities from 1981to 1994…… 76 3.1.2. Characteristics of social life in Kim Thai commune before 1995 …………….90 3.2. Changes in social – economy life of Kim Thai citizens from 1995 to present…………………………………………………………….86 3.2.1. Changes in economy of Kim Thai citizens after 1995 until now…………… 86 3.2.1.1. Agricultural production ………………………………………………… 87 6 3.2.1.2. Effect of trades and services activities in relate with the festival in Kim Thai economy……………………………………………………… 96 3.2.1.3. Life conditions of Kim Thai citizen …………………………… 100 3.2.2. Changes in social life of Kim Thai citizen from 1995 to present ………… 105 3.3. Proposing of establishing cultural tourism products contributing to sustainable socio-economic development of Kim Thai commune ……………………… 110 3.3.1. The basis for the proposals ………………………………………………… 110 3.3.2. Steps to build Phu Day tourism cultural festival products ………………… 113 3.4. Conclusion of chapter 3……………………………………………………… 124 CONCLUSION 126 RESEARCH PROJECT LIST OF AUTHORS 128 REFERENCES 129 APPENDIX 7 INTRODUCTION 1. Reasons In the history of Nam Dinh Province in general and Vu Ban District in particular, Kim Thai Commune has an important position. It is located in a wonder place with mountain in front, river on the back and plain in the middle with beautiful natural scenery. It also other valuables: architecture, the legend, the myth as well as unique folk festivals. So it is a “cultural cradle” of inhabitants. It can be said that Kim Thai is home of all aspects of vivid cultural -socio-economic of “Thien Ban Luc Ky", especially the traditional cultural values such as The Mother Goddess Beliefs and Phu Day Festival Therefore, there are so many works in various fields such as archeology, religions - beliefs, culture and literature… with the focus on Kim Thai Commune. However, up to now, there has not yet seen comprehensive study on transformation in life resulted from Doi Moi as well as policy advantages of this so - called the holy land of The Mother Goddess in Viet Nam. In recent decades, the results of Doimoi policy has not only had direct impact on the socio - economic life, but also arouse traditional cultural values that had been forgotten by different reasons across regions. During the process of Doimoi, Kim Thai Commune has changed in positive way like other rural areas in the Red River Delta. However, with so many advantages from position, human resources have make those transformations more on deeply and quickly. Research on the transformation of Kim Thai’s residents life from 1995 to now helps us look back to the local advantages on cultural, socio – economic aspects. It also confirms that the path to socialism based on promoting the advantages of cultural traditions is absolutely right. We also give some proposals to developing Kim Thai in to a new rural area has a rich cultural life and sustairable economic and social life. For these above reasons, we close the title of "Transformation the life of Kim Thai commune residents life (Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh province) from 1995 to 2010" for this thesis. 2. Literature review From earlier, Vietnamese villages were became object by international and domestic scientists. Some first work came from French scholars in the end of nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the 30's, 40's of the 20 th century. After August Revolution in 1945, the researching villages were followed by many generations of Vietnamese researchers in successful. Despite the disadvantages came from war, scientific works were appeared in new trends. From the 70 th and 80 th decades, especially since 1986, village researching was comprehensive interested with many specialized sues as history, economy, ethnology, sociology, cultural learning etc… The system issues of village changing, rural of Vietnam during and after Doimoi were really attractive to scholars to review, evaluate, pick up experience, give solutions. On this time, many international and international conferences were held. Many state scientific works and researching collaboration programs were taken place to enrich village data resources. In recent years, it can be said that Vietnamese village researching has gained many achievements in the following 8 aspects: Development history; land regime and socio-economic structure, administration, religion, culture and the present changes [83, pg. 1 - 9]. Located on Red River Delta, Kim Thai Commune is also interested by many researchers. However, due to "located at the end of delta It is formed by the seatback, alluvial collecting, that region is the new land " [114, pg. 21] So, it create the rice culture identity. On the other hand, it creates opportunities to develop traditional customs, especially Mother Goddess belief and festival. Therefore, Kim Thai researching is most interested in cultural aspects related to Mother Goddess religion and “Community of Four Gods” in Phu Day. We think that the Kim Thai comprehensive researching has not been focused. This shows that, today that work plays an important role in scientism and real life. Kim Thai site appear in legendary of Mother Goddess An Thai (Kim Thai later) early appeared in “Van Cat Goddess” in “Truyền kỳ tân phả” (Doan Thi Diem (1705 - 1748)). According to author, An Thai were described as peaceful country, gentle people with two main clans Tran – Le, "An Thai village, Van Cat Commune was a famous village in Thien Ban District with flat land, clear water, green trees, naive customs "[66, pg. 28]. After Doan Thi Diem, there were so many other authors take noted about Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess and also mentioned some characteristics of An Thai village. In general, those characteristics were same but only different in expression styles. For example “Liễu Hạnh công chúa diễn âm” (By Nguyen Cong Tru) or “Vân Cát thần nữ cổ lục diễn âm” (unknown author). After 1954, in the North Viet Nam, in “Viet Nam fairy tales treasure” author Nguyen Dong Chi also raising fairy tales of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess into appendix part to introduce to readers. Recently, in “Four Imortal Gods” by Vu Ngoc Khanh and Ngo Duc Thinh,“Vieng market and Phu festival” by Bui Hanh Can also published a translation of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess in An Thai village. Culture of Kim Thai commune shown in the study of Mother Worship in Phu Day Before 1986, because of various reasons, Mother Goddess religion activities were banned. So, religious researching activities and Phu Day site seem to ignore as if only mention names or just describe to delete [176]. Since the cool breeze of Doimoi, the awareness to find the home of national culture, scholars backed to study this belief. It means that Phu Day and Kim Thai were interested because it seems to be the holy land of Viet Nam Mother Goddess. In 1988, the folklore Institute started to study some aspects relate to worship Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess at Kim Thai Commune. “Hat Van and Hau Dong” was written by Ngo Duc Thinh. Years later, a series of small introductory article was published. “Keo Chu” game has studied in “Keo chu game in Phu Day festival” by Nguyen Dinh San. Some folklore researchers continue to learn more about Phu Day festival and some religious cultural phenomenon like as “Tran Le clans with Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess” by Tran Le Van. “Rite of Phu Day festival” by Bui Van Tam, Thang Ngoc Pho with “Folklore painting of Phu Day festival”. It can be said that religious and cultural life were summarized and vividly portray. On 02 nd June 1992, the Vietnam folk arts Association, Literature Institute, Folklore Institute, Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam Scientism Center held a conference about “The first step of learning about Lieu 9 Mother’s myths and legends”. This was the first scientific conference to discuss a religious cultural phenomenon here. More than 40 presentations by scholars such as Prof. Dinh Gia Khanh, Prof. PhD. To Ngoc Thanh, Prof. Tran Quoc Vuong, Phong Le, vice Prof. Ngo Duc Thinh, Dang Van Lung, Phan Dang Nhat, vice Prof. Vu Ngoc Khanh and cultural management researcher in Nam Dinh province, Vu Ban District etc,. to mention many aspects: history, culture, folklore, festivals, art, music, performance, conservation, restoration and exploitation of monuments, as well as all forms of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess belief and Phu Day. Through these studies, Kim Thai’s cultural traditions have first interested and full deeply introduce. To clarify the profile of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess, some researchers also studied on the position of Phu Day. Prof.Tran Quoc Vuong find out social historical reasons and psychological in establishing two temples: Tien Huong and Van Cat (Kim Thai Commune). Prof. Cao Xuan Hao and Tran Thuy Anh studied “Research on “Phu Giay” name through the process of research conversion about phonic from Ke Giay to Ke Tran – Phu Tran”. Nguyen Hong Kien found out this place used to be a seaport on geographical culture view. And, there are still many vestiges of “Tu Phap worship”. In 1993, Bui Hanh Can - Le Tran announced their book that call “Vieng market and Phu festival”. The book has many new Phu Day’s materials and spiritual commercial activities in this land. The researching Lieu Hanh Mother Goodness worshipping on Kim Thai Commune was enriched by the thesis of students, graduated students In 1993, Pham Quynh Phuong, a student of History Department of University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formally well know as Ha Noi University) successfully defended thesis: “Lieu Hanh Mother Worship in Phu Day”. In view of synthetic folk cultural activities, the author has outlined a cultural phenomenon, a customs, an attractive ritual this countryside, a typical inhabitant area of the Vietnamese - Kim Thai Commune. In 1995, a student of Literature Department of Hanoi University, Pham Thi Thanh Huyen has protected Master thesis “Phu Day relics and folk legend”. She also referred to the legend of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess and festival in relation to relic and Phu Day’s cultural land. Also in 1995, Nguyen Dinh San successfully defended the PhD thesis at Vietnamese culture and arts Institute with thesis “Lieu Mother Worship in Phu Day”. This was a valuable scientific work in learning Kim Thai commune. The author outlined on natural geographical features, cultural features on Phu Day’s ancient land. Base on that, authors summarized and pick up the characteristics of Mother Goddess worshipping here. After that from March 30 th to April 2 nd , 2001, in Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences in collaboration with the People's Committee of Nam Dinh Province held an international workshop Mother Goddess worshpiping belief and Phu Day festival. It was interested to more than 100 intranational and international researchers from the U.S., Russia, Japan, South Korea, Hungary and Thailand… The scholars also has praised this Belief with acting as shaman pattern “as well as impression festival. It was evaluated as living museum of Vietnamese culture. The basic content of this workshop were later introduced in “Dao Mau and Shaman type in Vietnam’s ethnic people and Asian” by Prof. Ngo Duc Thinh. Phu Day in particular and Kim Thai in general have really honored as a unique natively belief of The Vietnam. 10 Kim Thai’ socio-economic are less interested in summarizing, researching In contrast to be interested in KimThai’s cultural life, Kim Thai’ socio-economic are less interested than. It only perform in indirect statistic numbers in statistical yearbook of Nam Dinh Province and Vu Ban district’s achieved results report annual. There is not any document that were summarized in each development period. In 1995, “History of Kim Thai Commune” book were edited by People's Committee of Kim Thai Commune and Commune Party Committee. It contents each Kim Thai’s development period in August 1945 to 1994. However, this book does not focus on socio - economic of Kim Thai Commune, just mention revolutionary process. However, it also contribute sketch Kim Thai’ socio - economic after analyzing these scattered numbers. Recently, in preparation for the new rural construction movement under the guidance of the Party and the State, the authority and Kim Thai people compiled “The report to do the voice – over about new rural construction”. It detailed the data statistic in all aspects of socio - economic from 2006 to 2010. This is the precious document for me to overview the Kim Thai’s socio - economic characteristics. 3.The object and scope of research The object of this research is to study about the transform of Kim Thai’s residents life (Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh province), include Economic life transform; Social life transform and Cultural life transform. Scope of research + Space limitation: Space of thesis is Kim Thai Commune, Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh Province. It focus is on the village space where takes place socio-economic - cultural activities. + Time limitation: “from 1995 to 2010” 1995 is the starting point when Phu Day festival has tested by goverment. It marking period of Lieu Hanh Mother Goddess worshipping belief and “Tu phu communities” have recognized not only in terms of heritage values but also in ritual values in Kim Thai Commune. 2010 is the timeline statistics on all aspects of Kim Thai Commune that were to review, declared by authority. We have collected these document to analyses in this thesis. However, in order to have updated information and practice, we conducted by questionnaire survey, gather data in 2012 to clarify some contents in the thesis. 4. Research methods From the object and scope of thesis, we have applied multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches as follws: - Collecting and analyzing data Methods: in order to study, collect data on books, articles and monographs related to the thesis. And then classified and systematized data to understand that the cultural- socio-economic picture of Kim Thai is similar to many other regions in the Red River delta. Besides, it has its own characteristics, especially after 1995. - Observation, participation methods: to observe the way of living of Kim Thai inhabitant in a certain period time to learn the habit as well as the behavior of people in housing, shopping facilities, using leisure time, cultural activities in the family, community Through participation in cultural activities such [...]... runs from north to south through this area also was a highway that connected Son Nam Ha town to towns in the south Kim Thai was located in the middle of two important stations Dong Doi (Nam Doi) and Goi (Tu Coi) It also located in the center of the towns: Ung Phong and then Nghia Hung, Goi (Tu Coi) in Thien Ban (Vu Ban) District in the south of Kim Thai or in Thai La, Chau Bac in the north of Kim Therefore,... reference, appendix, this thesis includes three chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of Kim Thai commune s natural environment, social, cultural Chapter 2: The transform of Kim Thai s residents cultural life from 1995 to present Chapter 3: The transform of Kim Thai s residents socio - economic life from 1995 to present Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IN KIM THAI COMMUNE 1.1 Natural... Socioeconomic life of Kim Thai citizens from 1995 to present Like others countryside area of the country, at the end of 1995 and begin of 1996 is important mark, ending of first Doimoi period, change to new period of hard push in industrialize, technologies agriculture in Kim Thai with Kim Thai, the abundant of tradition, especially historical culture Phu Day area and the revival of Phu Day festival from 1995. .. changes from culture to society and economy Along with the recovery of Mother worship on Kim Thai land, many other traditional cultural factors are on the revival All activities in the family and community are also rising It is possible to say that, no time in the history, the cultural life of Kim Thai farmers is as "exciting" as the period from 1995 to the present because they were returned "the right" to. .. geographical culture position of Kim Thai commune + Kim Thai commune is located north of Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh Province, with a total area of 952.65 hectares Located on the Red River Delta, Kim Thai s terrain are almost flat On the boundary of the west, there is a soil and rock mountain range that runs from north to south It includes Tien Huong, Bang and Ngam mountains Kim Thai has tropical monsoon... the transform from 1995 to the present 5 Result of thesis - Through the process of gathering and analyzing data, this thesis contributes to provide information for those who want to learn comprehensively about Kim Thai from local natural features to social, cultural and economic characteristics - This thesis can also adds extra information to the research resources about The transformation of Kim Thai s... established by residents in Phu Day Kim Thai locality are beautiful story, reflecting communities’ desire for life of sufficiency, peace, love and happiness Kim Thai commune is also a countryside containing traces of history of reclaiming the coastal plain, as well as the spirit of the struggle against the evil of the family Tran – Le, the family of Lieu Hanh Holy Mother for many centuries until today Therefore,... activities in the family, community etc, 2.1 Status traditional culture of Kim Thai s residents before 1995 + Marriage in Kim Thai reserved almost all of the ceremonies and customs of the Northern Delta such as: the wedding greeting ritual; the wedding engagement ritual; the wedding ceremony and the wedding gifts ritual However, due to history, economy, the marriage is changed to suit with situation The wedding... of Kim Thai s residents life on the cultural, socio, economic aspects from 1995 up to now - Through this thesis, readers see the gains and losses of Kim Thai resident’s life since the festival was restored back (1995) along with some proposals to ensuring that the cultural life can suite socio economic development as well as promote the potentialities 6 The structure of thesis Beside the introduction,... besides a lot of positive factors, there are "losses" in the cultural life of Kim Thai residents because when the old and the new intertwined, overlap each other, standard deviation factors appear such as: valuing the money role instead of the moral life, lavish life instead of thrift, some new expressions of superstition in market economy time … 3 When Phu Day festival was banned, Kim Thai s economy . objective thesis. Scale of investigation ensure the representative for object. We handle the survey results by using quantitative statistical methods. (Investigation form can be see at the appendix) buildings. The statues also the first to provide additional third party are the statue exactly as the original. Vuong phu, Tam toa altar in forbidden palace. Vuong phu, Tam toa statues also old. limitation: Space of thesis is Kim Thai Commune, Vu Ban District, Nam Dinh Province. It focus is on the village space where takes place socio-economic - cultural activities. + Time limitation: