THdl Dm HOr^NG KIM CUR THUONG NHAN RVUKVU THCKV XV-XVII Ths. Nguyen Van Hoan & Le Van Dung Dai hgc Kinh te - Bai hoc Da Ndng khoa hpc ky thuat chau Au nhu sir dung la ban, cac ban dd dja ly, tien bd ciia nganh ddng tau da gdp phan thuc day manh me qua trinb vuan ra ben ngodi luc dia gid ciia nguoi chau Au. Nhiing cudc phdt kicn dia ly da dan din sy chuyen bien sau sdc trong ddi song cbinh tri vd kinh tc the gidi. Con khat vang la dac trung ciia nhirng ngudi tham gia cac doan thuyen tbam hiem mao hiem d the k\ XV XVI. la tien dc dac biel quan trpng cho nhiing phdt kien dia ly. Trudc hci hp di kiem vang, va bang ngay irong cudn nhat ky cua minh Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Coldn, 1451-1506), thuyen trudng thanh Genoa (Italia), lam \icc cho vua Tay Ban Nba, da cdu thugng de ban cbo minh nhung manh dat cd \ang. Ong \icl: "Vdng Id vgt quy nhdt Iren d&i. thdm chi nd ed the gin cac linh hdn len thien ddng"^'^ Nhiing ngudi Tay Ban Nba d thi ky XVI da danh diu Iren ban dd Clia minh manh dat Bac My can cdi. noi hg khdng tim thay vang va bac. Ngudi Bd Dao Nba da tim thay vdng tren bd bien chau Phi, d An Do, d khip Vien Ddng (trong do cd Nhat Ban); vang la mdt tir miu nhiem da xua ngudi Tay Ban Nha vugt Dai Ta) Duong. Vdng la thit ngu&i da trdng ddi hd\ 1. Mot thdi dai ciia kham pha, chinh phuc \i\ hiii thuong quoc te Cdc cudc thap ty chinh la co hpi de tao lap ra nbung kho bdu quan trpng, dac biet Id kho bau truyen thuyet ciia cac chirc sac ddng Den. Nhirng boat ddng budn ban, ngan hang va tai chinh nd rd d cdc cdng hda Italia vao thi ky XIII va XIV. rdi d Ha Lan vd Anb. Vdi \'icc phat minh ra may in, nhirng budc tien ciia nganh luyen kim, viec sir dung than trang (nang lugng thdc nudc), diing cdc xe chd trong cac bam md, sy phat minh rd ret ve san xuat kim loai vd sgi det da in dau len nira thir bai cua the ky XV; Dd ciing la luc bat dau che tao vd sir dung nhiing khau phao va nhung thii sung dau tien; sy cdi tien trong viec ddng cdc thuyen budm Idn (caravelle) va ve ky thuat hang hai cbo phep md ra cdc dudng hang hdi mdi. Tien vdn, bang bda ddi dao bom, tau be vd vu khi: dd la cdc phuang tien de phdt trien thuang mai, khdm pba va cbinh phuc'" TbI ky XV XVI la thdi dai hang bai eye thjnh vdi nhiing con tau ddng ldm cho phep vugt dai duomg sdng to gid ca de di cbinh phyc vd budn ban vdi the gidi ben ngoai chau Au. Tren ca sd nhiing tien bd cua *'' Michel Beaud.' Lich sir chu nghTa tu bdn tir 1500 din 2000 (Histoire du capitalisme de 1500 a 2000), Nxb. Thi giai, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 42. (2) Michel Beaud sdd, tr. 44. ^k(ii itiU kiumg kim eua 43 tru&c tien khi vira m&i ddt chdn len mdt bin b& m&i duge tim^^\ Nam 1519, Fernando Cortes da dd bd len bd bien Mexico vd bit diu cbl ngy nin van minh Aztec gidu cd trong viing cao nguyen thudc mien trung Mexico. Cortes tbii nhan rang: '•''Chung tdi. ngu&i Tdy Ban Nha, dau benh tim md vdng Id thude ehira duy nhdC^^^ Cudi the ky XV sy khuech truomg ciia phuang Tay trong ITnh vyc thuang mai hang hai qudc te trd nen manh me horn bao gid het vi muc dicb cao nhdt la tdi da bda Igi nhudn trong budi binh minh tich Iiiy nguyen thiiy cua chil nghia tu ban. '"'Nhitng dng vua them khdt vinh quang vd eua cdi, nhirng nhd nude ddu tranh gidnh uu the, nhirng thuang nhdn vd chil ngdn hdng duge khuyen khich ldm gidu them: do Id nhirng sire mgnh se thiie ddy viec budn bdn, nhUng cudc ehinh phuc vd chien tranh, se bien su cu&p bdc thdnh he thdng, se td chirc viec budn bdn nd le, se giam giu nhirng ke du thii du thue de huge hg phdi lao dgng"^^^ Nam 1487, Bartbelemy 7 f Diaz bi bao thdi that xa xudng phia nam vd di vdng quanh miii Hdo Vgng. Nam 1492, Christopher Columbus khdm phd ra chau My. Ndm 1497, ndi gdt Diaz, thuyen trudng ngudi Bo Ddo Nha Vasco de Gama hudmg vl phia bic, dpc theo duyen hdi phia Ddng chau Phi vd din mdt viing cd nhiing ldi budn Arap bilt vugt An Do Duong sang An Do, ^^^ F.Ia.Polianski: Lich su kinh ti cdc nuac - Thai ky tu bdn chu nghia, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1978, t.2, tr. 458 - 459. *^^ Michel Beaud sdd, tr. 43. (')Nt. lan dau tien tim ra con dudng hang hai tir chau Au vdng qua miii Hdo Vpng (Cape Hopy) d chau Pbi, vugt An Dp Duong de den thanh phd cdng thuomg mai Calicut sam udt d Tay Nam An Dp vao nam 1498. Sy kien nay dugc coi la diem mdc dac biet quan trpng, md dudng cho qua trinh xam nhap cua ngudi Au vdo mang ludi budn ban truyen thdng ciia cdc nudc chau A. Tai dd. mdt nban td eye ky quan trpng kich thich nhirng kham phd mao hiem ciia phirong Tay ircn nhiing con dudng van dam tren bien chinh la sy gidu cd ciia huomg lieu, gia vi phuomg Ddng nhumg thir mang lai gid trj hang hda Idn. Mdt tryc thuang mai dudng bien chau A -C f f Au - An Dp dugc khai thdng va ket ndi. Huomg lifu dugc cdc doan thuyen budn chd tdi tap ve thu dd Lisbon ciia Bd Dao Nha va gid trj thuomg pham tang len gap rudi khi chd den thdnh phd Venice (Italia). Nhu mdt he qua tat yeu, Lisbon trd thanb diem trung chuyen budn bdn giiia Bd Dao Nha va the gidi Dia Trung Hdi. Theo Michel Beaud, mdt cudc sdn dudi eiia cdi vd citng rdng lan budn bdn vd cu&p bdc m& rd I Nam 1510, ngudi Bd Ddo Nba chiem ddng cii diem Goa tren dat An Dp va bien nd trd thdnh thudc dia dau tien ciia hp d chau A. Trong nhiing ndm tiep theo, ngudi Bo Dao Nba chinh phuc vuomg qudc Malacca tren bdn ddo Malay, ddng thdi day manh anh budng vd sy bifn dien qua nhiing hanh ddng xam lugc cdc viing khde nhu Ceylon, Java, Sumatra Day cd the coi la nhiing budc dao dau cua thyc dan chau Au trong qud trinh xam luge chau A, trong dd khdng the phii (6) Nt. 44 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 nhan vai trd "tich eye" ciia cae dpi thuyen budn bode cdc bam dpi cd cdc dodn truyen bd Thien Chua gido trong cdng cudc phdt kien dja ly cudi till ky XV dau the ky XVI. Ddi vdi Bd Dao Nba, bp da ndi dai dugc bdnh lang budn ban ciia minh tir Lisbon den An Dp (Goa, 1510), sang bdn ddo Malay (Malacca, 1511), ndi lien vdi Trung Hoa (Macao, 1557), rdi den cac dao Nbat Bdn (Hirado, Dcshima tir sau ndm 1543). Chi mdt nam sau khi cir diem d Goa dugc xdc lap, nam 1511 Bd Ddo Nha da cd the loai bd vai trd ciia thuong nhan Arap d Malacca rdi nhanh chdng gidnh dugc the ddc quyen trong viec trao ddi huong lifu tai khu vyc bien Ddng. Nhumg cii lieu ljch sir cho thay, vao nam 1517, thuyen budn Bd Ddo Nba da den Trung Qudc. Mac dii khdng dugc trieu dinh nha Minh (1368-1644) cbo tbiet lap quan hf ngoai thuang nhung cudi ciing, sau sy nd lyc ben bi, ngudi Bd ciing da dat dugc co sd d Macao. Nam 1522, bam dpi Tay Ban Nba dudi sy cbi buy ciia Ferdinand Magellan da hodn thdnh chuyen di vdng quanh the gidi vd thdng qua dd da chiing minh dugc rang Trdi Ddt ciia chiing ta cd dang hinh cdu. Nam 1564, Tay Ban Nha ciing chiem dugc Philippines va hai nudc da diing nhimg dia bdn nay de thdm nhap thi trudng Ddng Bic A'^\ R.H.P.Mason & J.G.Caiger viet: '''Tie the ky XV, nhUng ngu&i mien cue Tdy (Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha) ciia chdu Au da di qua nhirng vimg biin tir tru&c ehua cd ai thdm dd de den nhitng luc dia lg vl ly do budn bdn vd xdm chiem thuoc dia vd v&i y do ehdy bdng truyen dgo Thien Chua''^^\ Sau sy xuat hifn ciia Bd Ddo Nha. Tay Ban Nha, cdc cudng qudc chdu Au khde nhir: Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp cung lan lugt tim den phuong Ddng. 2. Ryukyu trong thoi dai hoang kim hai thu'OTig quoc te the ky XV - XVII Trong cdc cudn sach giao khoa lich sir the gidi ciia phuong Tay. vdi quan diem la\ chau Au Idm trung tdm, dai da sd y kien cho rang chau Au da mang tien bd va van minh "khai sdng" the gidi phuong Ddng dang chim trong bdng tdi ciia sy ngu ddt, lac hau. Tuy nhien, khi xem xet lich sir vdi con mat da dien, nhieu chieu \'a tu duy bien chimg, ngudi ta lai nhan thay mdt biic tranh muon mdu vd hodnh trdng ve sy phdt trien cua phuang Ddng chau A. Y)6 Id trudc khi ngirdi chau Au den, d chau A da cd sy giao luu budn ban giiia cdc vuomg qudc trong cac khu vyc. Mdt trong nhirng trung tam thuong mai llie bay gid cbinh la Vuomg qudc Ryukyu (Luu Cau) ma ngay nay dugc biel den la linh Okinawa tuoi dep ciia Nhat Ban, xir sd ciia hoa anh dao (Sakura), Thin dao (Shinloism) vd tinh thin vd sT dao (Bushido). Tinh Okinawa Id mdt quin ddo nim d eye nam cua ddo Kyushu mdt trong bon ddo ldm cua Nhat Ban. Tdng dien tich Okinawa la 1.202km^, gdm 5 nhdm dao chinh: Okinawa, Miyako, Yaeyama, Daito va ^^' Nguyen Van Kim: Nhdt Bdn vai chdu A Nhirng moi lien he lich sir vd chuyen bien kinh te xa hoi, Nxb. DHQGHN, 2003, tr. 113. (8) R.H.P.Mason & J.G.Caiger: Lich su Nhdt Ban (A History of Japan), Nxb. Lao dong, Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 192. '^fiM. ttxii iLodng. kun. eua 45 Sekaku. Cdc ddo trdi dai 400km theo hudmg bic nam vd 1.000km theo hudng ddng tdy. Khi hau d Okinawa thudc khi hau can nhift ddi, cd nhieu ddo san hd vay bgc tao thdnh mdt viing bien xinh dep. Hifn nay Okinawa ^ f cd VI tri chien luge eye ky quan trpng trong vdnh dai kinh te Chau A - Thdi Binh Duomg. Tir day ed the di xudng phia Nam rat de ddng. Theo cdc nha nghien ciiu, the ky XXI f 7 la the ky eua bien va dai duomg, Okinawa lai ed thdi co va van hdi mdi de phdt trien. Thdi ed, Okinawa cd ten la Ryukyu. Cdc phdt hifn khdo ed bpc cbo rang tir thdi cd dai cho den f \ tan the ky X, sy hifn difn cua mdt nen kinh te ndng nghifp trdng trpt the hien khd md nhat d Ryukyu. Nhung tir cudi the ky Xlll, nhilu quy tdc {Aji) da tao lap dugc nhieu lanh dia, trang vien (Shoen) nhd Id co sd thu hiit mdi quan hf thuomg mai vdi viing bien phia Ddng Tnmg Hoa. Din giiia thi ky XIV, d Ryukyu hinh f * ' thanh 3 vuomg qudc ldm cdt cii gdm: Bac Son (Hokuzan), Trung Son (Chuzan) vd Nam Son (Nanzan). Cdc vuomg qudc nay diu chii truomg phdt triln quan hf thuang mai. Nam 1372, Ryukyu trd thanh xii chu hiu thin thudc vd thudng xuyen cong nap vuomg trilu phong kiln Trung Qudc liic dd Id nhd Minh (1368-1644). Mdi quan hf thuomg mai vdi luc dia khdng Id ndy dugc thilt lap. Ngay sau dd, Ryukyu da cir nhiing chiec iliuyin mdnh chd qud edng nap hodng dk Trung Hoa eua qudc vuomg Ryukyu tdi Phiic Chau (Fwchou) - Trung Qudc. Ciir nhu vay hing nam, nhiing chile thuyen dd lai chd to sdng, lua, gom su tinh xdo, cay thudc ciing nhilu san phim khde tir Trung Hoa vl Ryukyu. Ryukyu cdn md rdng quan hf thuang mai bdng each bdn lai nhumg hang hda Trung Hoa cho cac vimg xung quanh. Ryukyu trd thdnh vuomg qudc ddc lap vdo diu thi ky XV va trd nen phdn thjnh nhd giao thuomg vdi cdc nudc Idng gieng nhu Nhat Bdn, Trung Qudc vd cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A. Nam 1429, bing tdi ndng td chirc va siic manh quan sy, vua ciia Vuomg qudc Chuzan Sho Hashi (1422-1439) thilt lap vuomg trilu thdng nbat todn quan ddo Ryukyu vd liy lau ddi Sburi d Naha lam kinh dd cua nhd nudc mdi. Do dat dupe sy thdng nhit vl chinh tri, cd ndng lyc qudn Iy toan bd cu dan tren quin ddo, de xdc lap mdi bang f f \ giao qudc te, trieu dinh Ryukyu da sdm cung cd moi quan bf than thudc vdi Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn. Nhd vdo sy bao trg ciia trieu dinh Bic Kinh, lgi dung chii truomg ciia Trung Qudc theo dudi cbinh sdch ddng cira dit nudc, ddng thdi thiy rd khd nang Nbat Bdn chua the tham nhdp vao thi trudng Ddng Nam A, ehinh quyin thdnh Sburi da phdt huy thi manh eua vi tri cau ndi giiia bai khu vyc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A de tbiet lap vd diy manh quan hf ngoai thuomg^^^ Trong nhimg thi ky XV-XVI, Ryukyu trd thanh cudng qudc thuang mai d chau A. Theo Minh sir (Minshi) bd sir ldn nbat ciia nhd Minh ghi chep, Vuomg qudc Ryukyu ludn ddn dau cdc vuomg qudc d chau A trong vifc giri cde thuyen cdng nap vd thdng thuomg tdi Trung Qudc. Ryukyu da giri tdng cdng la 171 thuyen, trong khi dd Annam cd 89 chile, Java 37 chiec, Trieu Tien 30 chile vd Nhat Bdn 19 chilc^'°^ '•^^ Nguyin Van Kim, sdd, tr. 12. ^'"^ Fusaki Maehira: The Golden Age of the Ryukyu Traders, Pacific Friend A Window on Japan, April 2000, Vol. 27, No. 12, p. 28-32. 46 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134);2011 Bdng 1: So lu^ng su do^n thuong mai Ryukyu den Dong Nam A (II) Diem den Siam Malacca Pattani Java Palembang Sumatra Sunda Annam Thdi gian 1425 1570 1463 1511 1490 1543 1430 1442 1428 1440 1463 1468 1523- 1518 1509 NSm c6 quan he 146 ndm 49 54 13 13 6 6 1 So luong thuyen 59 20 11 6 4 3 2 1 Bdng 2: Tong so hien vat cac su doan Ryukyu bieu chinh quyen Dong Nam A (12) Nu-6c, Khu vuc Siam Malacca Patani Java Palembang Sumatra Sunda Annam To lua (sue) 698 180 0 107 55 75 0 100 Gom su* (T6ng so san phim 63.340 19.000 0 10.000 0 7.260 0 0 Vu Kiem, dao 120 40 0 45 6 15 0 10 khf Ao gi^p 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 I ^0 gidp v^ 120 miii ten Lu-u huynh (can) 63.5000 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.000 va 2.000 Can sat So-n (So san pham 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 4 Quat (chiec) 780 210 0 100 10 60 0 0 s6 chuyen di 30 10 8 6 8 3 2 1 sa ngu-6'i tham gia 3.549 553 209 379 130 <"^ Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr. 106. ^'^^ Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr. 79. ^kM itqi keanq, klnt eua 47 Ben canh quan he ehinh tri va thuang mai vdi Trung Hoa, Ryukyu edn thudng xuyen ed sy gdp mat cua cde thuomg nhan Nhat Bdn, Trilu Tien vd Ddng Nari A. Nhilu thuyin budn ldm eua thuomg nhan Ryukyu da din Phiic Chau, Chuang Chau (Trung Qudc), Han Thanh, Phii Son (Pusan) eiia Trilu Tien, Ayutthaya (Siam), Van Ddn (Dai Vift) Theo khdo ciiu eiia A.Kobata vd M.Matsuda trong tdc pham Ryukyuan Ralations with Korea and South Sea Countries, hai nam 1480-1481 cd 6 chuyin thuyen cua Siam dugc cu den Ryukyu vd 22 f ^ \ f chuyen thuyen shissho (thuyen dugc cap / f giay phep eua Ryukyu) den Siam (1509- f 1570). Ryukyu eiing da ddn nhdn 2 chuyen thuyen tir Palembang vdo ndm 1431; 5 chuyin tir Malacca (1469-1481). Ve phan minh, Ryukyu ciing da cir 53 chuyen thuyen din Siam (1425-1570); 6 chuyen thuyen den Java (1430-1442); 8 chuyen thuyen den Palembang (1428-1440); 11 chuyin thuyin din Malacca (1463-1511); 3 chuyen thuyen din Sumatra (1463, 1467 vd 1468); 1 chuyin \ f f y thuyen den An Nam (1509); 2 chuyen thuyen din Sunda Karapa (1513, 1518); 8 chuyin den Patani (1515-1543)^'^^ Thuyin budn Ryukyu thudmg dem den cdc nudc Ddng Nam cac loai hang nhu: luu huynh, gom sii, lua, satin, tien ddng, sit, thudc chiia bfnh cua Trung Qudc; kiem, thuang, do gidp, tranh tudng, quat, dd son mdi va ddng, vdng eua Nhat Bdn. Hdng bda bg mua mang ve Ryukyu la eac san pham gia vi, huomg lifu eiia xii sd nhift ddi nhu hat tieu, ddu Id hdi, san hd, thuy ngan, thudc nhudm, ngd voi, dau cp, dau dira, bdng, da trdn, da cd sau, gd dinh huomg, nhac cu vd nhieu san pham thii f f cdng khde cua Nam A vd Ddng Nam A Sau dd hp lai mang cdc sdn phdm ndy tdi bdn cho ngudi Nhat tai cdc cdng Bonotsu (Nam Kagoshima), Hakata (thudc Fukuoka), Myogo (thude Kobe) va Sakai (Nam Osaka). Vdo thi ky XV XVI, Sakai khdng cbi Id trung tdm chinh tri, quan sy cua cdc daimyo, md cdn Id noi lam an budn ban eua cdc thg thu cdng vd thuomg nhan. Thanh phd Sakai dugc coi Id thdnh phd ty tri dien hinh nhdt, 7 f ed binh thiic td chiic gidng nhu cdc thdnh phd cdng hod d chau Au vao thdi trung dai. Nd khdng chiu sy If thudc vao mdt lanh chiia f \ phong kien nao, ddng thdi nd cd mdt hdi % f ddng qudn ly thdnh phd rieng, mdt quan dpi rieng, mdt toa dn rieng Vdi td chiic nhu f the, Sakai thyc sy la mdt nudc cdng hod ty tri^''', Thanh phd cang thi Sakai nhd be dugc coi la ''Venice cua Nhdt Bdn" vd Id diem hudng tdi ciia nhieu doan thuang thuyin ^'^^ A.Kobata va M.Matsuda: Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan, 1969, p. 53 - 185. ^'''^ Nguyin Gia Phu, Nguyin Van Anh: Dgi cuang lich sir the giai trung dgi, Nxb. Giio due, Ha Noi, 1997, t.2, tr. 168. 48 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 qudc tl. Tren nhilu phuang difn, Sakai cd dang ve eua mgt thanh thi Tay Au trung dai vdi mdt ehinh quyin rieng dai difn cbo gidi thj dan, cd quan dpi rieng vd dugc bdo vf bdi hf thdng hdo, luy chic cbin^'^^ Nam trong hf tbong thuomg mai ndi A va A Au sdi ddng dpc theo con dudng to lua, gdm sir tren biln nhu vay, kinh dd Naha ciia Vuomg qudc Ryukyu trd nen thinh f vugng trong vai trd la mgt thuang cdng qudc te. Lieh dgi bdo dn (Rekidai hoan hodc Li-tai pao-an), bd sir lifu quy do cdc sir gia Nho f gido Clia Vuomg qudc Ryukyu bien soan trong cdc the ky XVII-XIX, viet ve lich sir 443 nam ngoai giao cua Ryukyu tir ndm 1425 den khi chinh quyen Tokugawa sup dd vdo ndm 1867, ghi nhan vdo thdi diem dd, > f cdc thuyen budn Ryukyu rat hay lui tdi budn bdn vd tim kiem hang hda, lgi nhudn d Ayutthaya (Siam). Theo Rekidai hoan, ndm 1925 Id ndm md ddu quan hf Ryukyu - Sian. Vd Rekidai hoan thdng ke cd tdi 58 chiec thuyen budn da ehinh thiic tdi Siam. Nam f r 1463, qudc vuomg Ryukyu da giri bieu lua, to tdm, vii khi nhu dao, kiem va cdc sdn vat Trung Hoa kem theo Id thu tay giri den Suntal Mansur Shah, qudc vuomg ciia Malacca de xin lap quan hf bang giao vd cho phep thuang nhdn Ryukyu ra vdo budn bdn vd lap thuang diem d day. Ngoai ra, thuyen budn Ryukyu cdn lui tdi nhieu thuang cang khde nhu Van Ddn (Dai Vift). Nhu vay co thi thiy ring, trong nhirng thi ky XV-XVII. f ngudi Ryukyu da cd nhiing tien bd vugt bac trong quan hf thuang mai qudc te, trong do cd nhilu mdt vugt qua cd ngudi chau Au. Tuy khdng the san xudt ra nhieu mat hang trao ddi cd gid trj qudc te, nhung do co sy lya chgn hdng hda ky luong tir cdc thj trudng ldm, ddng tin cay nhu Trung Quoc, Trieu Tien va Nbat Ban, nen cdc san pham hdng hda cua thuang nban Ryukyu dem den Ddng Nam A ludn bdn dugc gid cao va dugc nhieu nudc ua chupng. Nhirng ngudn Igi ldn tbu dugc trong quan hf ngoai thuomg da tac ddng manh me den sy phdt trien ciia ddi sdng kinh te trong nudc. Giir vj tri tmng tam cua Vuomg qudc, khu vyc thdnh thi Sburi Naha ludn ndo nhiet vdi nhiing bdng bda xa xi dugc dem ve tir viing An Dp bode thj trudmg Ddng Nam A, hang dugc chuyen Naha rdi tir dd lai dugc chd di cdc cang ciia Trung Quoc, Trilu Tien vd Nbat Ban. Chuzan khdng cd dugc sy gidu cd ciia Genoa, ve dep eua Venice hay quyen lyc ciia Lisbon, nhung miic do phdt triln kinh te eung ed thi dat nhu cdc thanh thi dd^'^^ f f 3. Su ket thuc vai tro hai thuong quoc te cua Ryukyu ^'^^ Nguyin van Kim, sdd, tr. 357. Q^lidi itai fmdtLg kliti eua 49 Tuy nhien sy thinh vugng ciia Ryukyu trong quan hf thuang mai vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam A rit ngin ngui. Nam 1511, ham dpi Bd Dao Nha da ddnh chilm Vuomg qudc Malacca, cho xay dyng nhieu phdo ddi vd can cii quan sy. Dd la ly do cit nghia tai sao thuomg nhan Ryukyu dimg lien lac thdng thuomg vdi vuomg qudc nay. Vd khi ngudi chdu Au hung bdng tien ve chau A trong ddng ve cua ten an cudp hung bao vd trieu dinh pbong kien nha Minh thay ddi cbinh sdch ddi ngoai, thyc hifn lenh cam bdi (hai- chin), ddng cira vdi ben ngodi thi van mfnh ciia cdc thuang nhdn Ryukyu da di den bdi cham diit. Hp khdng cdn giur dugc vi tri hodng kim timg cd trong lich sir thuomg mai ndi rieng vd lich sir hang bdi qudc te ndi chung niia. Theo ddng thdi gian, ndm 1609, daimyo . Shimazu ciia han Satsuma (nay thudc Nam I tinh Kagoshima) huy ddng lyc lugng quan sy : ddng ddo 3.000 quan vdi hom 1.000 chien thuyin, tir Nhdt Bdn vugt bien tien ra chinh f f phyc Ryukyu. Cudc khdng chien chdng xam lugc cua Ryukyu that bai. Qudc vuomg Sho Nei (cim quyin 1589-1620) va quan lai hoang trilu bi giam giii d Kagoshima. Mua thu nam 1611, vua Sho Nei cimg cdc quan lai trilu dinh dugc trd vl Ryukyu, nhung khung cdnh dit nudc vd ddi sdng ehinh tri da ed nhilu thay ddi. Tir day, nhin ehung boat ddng cua Ryukyy diu ddt dudi sy qudn cbe ciia lanh chiia Shimazu. Ryukyu khdng the khdi pbuc lai nin ddc lap thyc sy cua minh dugc nira^'^^ Vuomg qudc van tiep tuc tdn tai, nhung tat cd ngudi dan tren quan dao deu bj cim sir dyng vii khi. Dd la ly do dan den sy ra ddi ciia mdn vo Khdng thii dao (Karatedo) d Ryukyu. Mdn vd Karatedo ndi tiing cd Ijch sir binb thanb va phat trien ban 400 nam da lan truyen khap the gidi vdi sd mdn sinh bom 30 trieu ngudi. Nam 1879, dudi thdi tri ciia hodng de Minh Tri (1868- 1912), Ryukyu chinh tbiic sdp nhap vao lanh thd Nbat Bdn khi che do phan chia quan huyen keo ddi sang tan day va dugc ddi ten thdnh tinh Okinawa, tdn tai cho den ngay nay. Qudc vuomg Ryukyu Id Sho Tai ciia ddng hg vua Sho cai tri Ryukyu tir the k> XV. dugc dem ve Tokyo va dugc nudi dudng tai trieu dinh Nbat Bdn. Cbinh quyen ^ f f Minh Tn da thdng bdo cho the gidi biet quyen sd biiu cua Nhdt Bdn ddi vdi quan ddo Okinawa, khi cur mdt dao quan sang cbinh phat Dai Loan vao nam 1874 de trd thii cho nhiimg thuyen ddnh cd cua ngu dan Okinawa bi thd dan Dai Loan tan cdng. (17) Nguyin van Kim, sdd, tr. 187. . Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp cung lan lugt tim den phuong Ddng. 2. Ryukyu trong thoi dai hoang kim hai thu'OTig quoc te the ky XV - XVII Trong cdc cudn sach giao khoa lich sir the gidi ciia . THdl Dm HOr^NG KIM CUR THUONG NHAN RVUKVU THCKV XV- XVII Ths. Nguyen Van Hoan & Le Van Dung Dai hgc Kinh te - Bai hoc Da Ndng. Trung Hoa vl Ryukyu. Ryukyu cdn md rdng quan hf thuang mai bdng each bdn lai nhumg hang hda Trung Hoa cho cac vimg xung quanh. Ryukyu trd thdnh vuomg qudc ddc lap vdo diu thi ky XV va trd