QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU Vni TRO cun THUONG NHRN HA LAN TRONG MOI QURN Hi KINH TC GltTA I^nOAT BA]w6l VIET I^AM 1635 - 1786 Nguyen Tuan Anh Din cudi thi ky XVI, diu thi ky XVII, tren co sd nhirng kinh nghiem va he thdng thuong mai ciia thuong nhan Trung Hoa va Syukyu (tue tinh Okynaoa ngay nay), cac thuong gia Nhat Ban da md rdng budn ban vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A va phat trien cao nhat vao thdi ky Chau An Thuyen (1592- 1635). trong dd mdi .quan he Nhat Ban - Viet Nam la mdt mdc son quan trpng nhat trong thdi ky hoang kim thir nhat nay. Den nam 1639, vi nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, chinh quyen Edo da thuc hien chinh sach tda qudc. Do thuyen budn Nhat Ban khdng dupe phep xuat duong nen cac thuang nhan Nhat Ban chi cd the budn ban vdi ben ngoai thdng qua cac thuong nhan trung gian nhu Ha Lan, Trung Qudc, Trieu Tien v.v. He qua tat yeu la mdi quan he kinh te Nhat Ban - Viet Nam giai doan nay bi giam siit nhung nhd vai trd cua cac thiro-ng nhan trung gian. trong dd tieu bieu nhat la vai trd cua thuang nhan Ha Lan, mdt sd giao luu kinh te, van hda van tiep tuc dugc duy tri. 1. Giai doan 1635-1700 a. Ddi vdi Ddng Ngodi Sau khi Mac Phii thuc hien chinh sach tda qudc 1639. do thuyen Chau An khdng the tiep tuc den cac thuang cang qudc te nen Khoa Lich sit - Dai hoc Sir pham Hue boat ddng kinh te thuo-ng mai ciia Nhat Ban phai phu thude vao cac thuong nhan Trung Hoa va Ha Lan Mac dii gap nhieu khd khan nhung Ha Lan van tiep tuc quan he vdi chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai. Ly do chii yeu la thi trudng Nhat Ban van rat can mdt lugng Idn to lua ngoai nhap. Do nhung ""ddng gdp" trong viec dan ap cude kho-i nghia Shimabara, Ha Lan ngay cang chiem dugc uu the tai thi trudng Nhat Ban va ngudn eung cap to sdng tir Dang Ngoai trd nen rat can thiet cho viec khang dinh vi tri cua hp d Nhat Ban. Hon the nira, sd to lua cua Ha Lan nhap vao Nhat Ban lai khdng phai chiu sir kiem soat va dinh gia ciia che dp Pankada (che dp bao mua to liia do phia Nhat Ban don phuang dat ra) ma chinh quyen Edo van ap dung vdi hang hda ciia Bd Dao Nha. Sir im ai dd ciia Nhat Ban da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho thuong nhan Ha Lan thu dugc lai suat rat eao, thudng la gap ddi so vdi gia gdc. Lugng to sdng do Ha Lan nhap vao Nhat Ban nam 1637 la 53.637 kin', cimg vdi sd to cua Bd Dao Nha, "con sd nay len den ' Kin: don vj do trong lirong Nhat Ban tuong duoni: voi 0,596 kg. (Dai tri) eiia thii'o'ttq nhdn 'Jt)d JUan. 47 141.000 kin"^, do vay ma lugng to nhap da vugt qua nhu can tieu dimg ciia Nhat Ban va lam cho gia to giam dot ngpt. Sau nam 1639, do tau budn cua Bd Dao Nha bi cam khdng dupc den Nhat Ban nen Ha Lan gan nhu dde chiem ihi trirdng nay, vi vay hang hda do ngudi Ha Lan dem den da thu dugc lai suat Idn. Lgi nhuan trung binh ciia mat hang satin va lua la 65%. 'Nam 1644. do linh hinh ngogi thuang giica Ddng Ngodi vd Nhcil Bdn CO nhieu dieu kien thudn lgi nen Hd Lan da thu dugc lgi nhuan Id 3 trdm nghin gulden "^. Theo W. Dampier, vao thang 7 nam 1786, thuong nhan Anh van den Tonkin. Ong khang dinh: "Thdi gian tdi d do. hdng nam vdn cd cdc thuang nhdn tic Nhdl Ban den Toguin vd mpt sd ngudi trong so do Id cdng ddn Anh ehiing ta. Tuy vgy, dieu chdc chdn Id sau khi Anh rdi bd thuang qudn a Ddng Ngodi, Hd Lan dd chiem hdu hel thi phdn ve ta lua, mat hdng cd y nghia chien luac „4 Trong quan he cua Ha Lan vdi Dang Ngoai, to sdng dugc coi la mdt trong nhirng thuong pham quan trpng nhat. Ngoai to sdng, sd hang xuat khau cdn cd lua, satin va nhieu loai vai vdc khac. Cac bang thdng ke cdn lai ngay nay chi the hien ty le to- sdng, "neu tinh ea liia va satin thi hang nam sd to sdng xuat di chiem 85%)""\ To cua Dang Ngoai thudng duge chia lam hai loai la: loai " Nguyen Van Kim, Quan he cua Nhdt Bdn voi Dong Nam A thi ky XV-XVl, NXB Dai hoc qu6c gia Ha Noi, HaNoi, 2003. tr. 193. 'Nguyin Van Kim. sdd, tr. 193. •* William Dampier, Voyage and Discoverie 1688, London, 1931, tr. 73. . , ,^,i\ ,,,, ,,, ' Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr. 194. „,,;, _„,.,,'^ ,.^,fj ,,, , to mua ciia chiia Trinh va to mua ciia thuang nhan ty do. Gia ca ciia hai loai to nay dugc the hien rd trong ty gia quy ddi. To sdng mua ciia chiia Trinh thudng dupe tinh bang bac tdt vdi ty le quy ddi cao ban so vdi thuang nhan tu do, qua dd cho thay chinh sach ap dat gia ca, tinh chuyen quyen, dde doan ciia chinh quyen Le - Trinh trong quan he ngoai thuang thdi bay gid. vao dau nhiing nam 1640, tinh hinh chinh trj ciia Dang Ngoai ludn cd nhiing bien ddng Idn. Dieu kien ehinh tri dd da anh hudng den quan he kinh te vdi cae nudc. Nam 1643, thuang nhan Ha Lan khdng mua dugc to sdng vi nam dd chiia Trinh da dan 100.000 quan tien danh Dang Trong. Do sg bi eudp doat tai san, nhieu thuong nhan giau cd da rdi khdi kinh thanh Thang Long, san xuat bi ngung tre nen khi tau Ha Lan cap cang da khdng the nao mua dugc sd to lua va lugng hang can thiet. Lien tiic trong may nam, do loan lac, trdm eudp ndi len nen ngay ca tai Thang Long, thg det ciing da phai bd chay ve que va bang det da kbdng dugc van chuyen len thanh phd. Them vao dd, d Trung Qudc, trong thdi ky ehuyen giao quyen lire giiia nha Minh vdi nha Thanh, tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hdi rdi loan nen nhieu nganh san xuat ciing bi dinh ddn. Trong thdi gian nay, thuyen budn ngoai qude den Trung Qudc giam di, ngudn hang nhap ciia Nhat Ban tii' Dai Loan ciing khdng dugc dap img, vi vay to sdng cua Dang Ngoai trd thanh mat hang cd gia tri va dem lai ngudn lgi nhuan Idn cho cac thuang nhan ngoai qudc. 48 NGHIEN CQu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 Trong cac hoat ddng kinh te ciia Nhat Ban \'di Dang Ngoai ndi len \'ai trd ciia mdt thuang nhan cd ten la Wadaryaemon. Ong la mdt ngudi hieu rd tinh hinh vimg Thuan - Quang \a dupe coi la mdt thuong nhan chuyen bao mua to- hia. Sau khi chuyen ra kinh doanh o- phia Bac. \A'adar>aenion da cd nhirng lien he mat thiet \-di chinh chiia Trinh. Nam 1638. khi dai dien thuo-ng mai Ha Lan la Karl-hrtinck xin phep chiia li-inh de thanh lap thuo-ng quan nham bao mua to lua \a hang hda cua Dang Ngoai, phu Chua da giao cho dng thuc hien ke hoaeh nay. Theo nhiing ngudn lu lieu cua Ha Lan, Wadaryaemon da cd nhieu lien he \d-i thuong nhan Bd Dao Nha va chinh dng da ddng vai trd tich cue trong viec \'an chuyen to lua tii- Dang Ngoai sang Nhat Ban. Til nam 1644. dai dien thuang quan ciia Ha Lan a Dang Ngoai va Brook-horst da thiet lap dugc mdi quan he tdt dep \-di Wadaryaemon trong viec xay dung thuong quan cimg nhu trao ddi hang hda \'a cho Ha Lan va}- ng. Thdng qua viec duy tri quan he thudng xu\-en \'di thuang nhan Ha Lan, Wadar\aemon cimg da biet dugc nhiing dien bien ehinh tri can ban d Nhat Ban nam 1645, vi va>- nga> 23-5-1645, Wadaryaemon da phai dan ngudi than trdn chay tren chiec thuyen manh dugc budc san vao tau ciia ngudi Ha Lan. Den ngay 6-8-1645, khi tinh hinh tam yen, Wadaryaemon lai diing thuyen manh de di \-c phia ha lim sdng Hdng. Tai day, dng da mua gao giri sang Dai Loan eiing 100.000 kin ddng da mua dugc d Ke Chg. Ngoai ra, dng cdn dimg thu}-en di vao Thuan Hda nhap mdt khdi lugng Idn to liia va xuat cho tau budn Ha Lan. "Trong khi dnh hinh trong medc cd nhieu bien dpng. ngodi dicdng phd bon eicdp bde hodnh hdnh nen Idt ca moi ngudi deu gidn die vd Inr ve que. cd ihe ihdy dicgc Wadaryaemon qua Id mpt con iiguvi diing cam vd cd tdi khi vdn hinh an vd sic di lgi mua hdn giica Ke Chg vd Thudn IIda"\ Den nam 1664. do mdt sd khd khan, lugng bac chu\-en tir Nhat Ban sang Dang Ngoai diing cho \-iec mua ban, trao ddi hang hda bi giam siit nen da anh hudng den ddi sdng ciia khdng it ngudi thude gidi quy tdc, quan lai va mdt bd phan thi dan \dn da quen vdi cac ngudn thu nhap tir boat ddng ngoai thuong. Lgi dimg tinh trang thieu tien luu thdng ciia Dang Ngoai. mac dii bi chinh quyen kiem soat chat che nhung cac thuong nhan Nhat Ban van tim each xuat tien sang Dai Viet. Nam 1638. 120.000 tiln ddng Nhat Ban da dugc xuat sang Viet Nam (chu \-eu o Dang Ngoai) de mua lua. Nam 1650. ba chiec thuyen manh eiia Riyaemon (thuang gia Nhat Ban cd anh budng Idn d Viet Nam luc bay gid) va hai tau eua Bd Dao Nha da nhap khau mdt luang Idn tien tii" Ma Cao \ ao Dang Ngoai. Mae dii chua rd da}- la tien ddng Trung Qudc hay Nhat Ban nhung ban than Riyaemon da cd ke hoaeh dirng ra nam vai trd luu thdng tien te Nhat Ban a Dang Ngoai. Nhung ke hoaeh do da khdng thanh vi gap sir phan ddi eiia chinh qu}en Vua Le. Chua Trinh do Chua Trinh khdng mudn Riyaemon can thiep qua sau \-ao ddi sdng '' Nguyin Van Kim, Nhcii Ban voi chdu .4 nhting mHi lien he lieh sic vd chuyen bien kinh te xa hoi. NXB Dai hoc qu6c gia Ha Noi. Ha Noi. 2003. tr. 130. 'Dili tri) eiia tlin'o'nq nhdn 76d Man. 49 kinh te, ban nira ti gia giiia tiln te Nhat Ban va hang hda ludn bien ddng. Din nam 1665, vi bi thua Id trong kinh doanh tien te nen Riyaemon da phai mac ng thuong nhan Ha Lan mdt khoan tien Idn din 90.000 gulden^. Sau khi Nhat Ban thi hanh chinh sach tda qude, do gianh dugc lai the thuong mai ma Ha Lan da gan nhu dde chiem thi trudng Nhat Ban. Trong quan he vdi nudc ta, thuong nhan Ha Lan ciing td ra kha nhay ben vdi nhimg dien bien chinh tri. Viec chinh quyen Chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai va Chua Nguyen d Dang Trong it nhieu ed thai dp than thien vdi thuang nhan ngoai qudc ngoai ly do kinh te cdn xuat phat tir nhu cau quan sir. Trong dieu kien chinh tri phirc tap ciia cue dien phan tranh Nam Bac. khac vdi Yamada (thuong nhan Nhat Ban) d Xiem, Riyaemon cung nhu nhieu thuong nhan Nhat Ban khdng tham gia vao cac muu toan ehinh tri, gianh doat virong quyen ma chi chuyen tam vao boat ddng thuang mai. Vai trd ciia dng trong viec duy tri va phat trien quan he thuong mai giii'a Dang Ngoai vdi Nhat Ban ciing nhu giira Viet Nam vdi eae nudc phuang Tay khac la mdt ddng gdp quan trpng. • '•''• ••'"• • • b. Ddi vdi Ddng Trong Chinh sach ddng cira ciia Nhat Ban nam 1639 da tac ddng sau sac tdi boat ddng ngoai thuang CLia ca Dang Trong ciing nhu Dang Ngoai, dae biet la eae thuang nhan vdn da cd quan he hit sire mat thiet vdi Nhat Ban nhu d Hdi An, Phd Hien. Trong khudn khd eiia chinh sach tda qudc. mac dii thuyen budn Nhat Ban khdng dugc phep di ra nudc ngoai nhung ngugc lai thuyen budn Ha Lan. i'rung Qudc va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A van cd the tiep tuc den Nhat Ban trao ddi hang hda. budn ban. Thdng qua boat ddng cua cac doan thuyen budn giii vai trd trung gian dd ma quan he giii'a Viet Nam va Nhat Ban khdng bi gian doan. Sau 45 nam chien tranh lien mien (1627-1672), qua 7 lan giao tranh, de huy ddng sire ngudi, sire ciia cho chien tranh, tiem luc kinh te ciia ca Dang Ngoai ciing nhu Dang Trong da ed phan suy kiet. 0 Dang Trong, chua Nguyen mudn cung cd lai quan he thuong mai vdi cae nudc de khdi phuc kinb te va day nhanh cdng cude khai pha mien Nam. Nam 1688, tire la 49 nam sau khi ehinh sach sakoku dugc thuc hien, chiia Nguyen Phuc Tran van giri thu cho Mac Phii Edo yeu cau md lai quan be thuang mai va mong mudn nhap ve nhieu tien ddng de tang cudng kha nang tai chinh. Vao the ky XVII. dudng la mdt trong nhirng san pham xuat khau ehii yeu eiia Dang Trong sang thi trudng Nhat Ban. Tir Trung Qudc ky thuat ep va che bien dudng da dugc truyen ba den Dang Trong (viing Quang Nam), Siam, Campuehia va Java (vimg Batavia va Peklogan). Nhung ciing chinh tir Ddng Nam A, dudng da dugc xuat khau vdi khdi lugng Idn sang Trung Qudc va dac biet la Nhat Ban. Nam 1685, Nhat Ban da nhap vl 2.199 tan dudng. Theo R.L.innes", trong nhiing ^ Gulden: don vi tien te Ha Lan trong thai gian 1597- 1641. Xin xem them: Robert Leroy Innes, The door ajur- japan is foreign trade in the seventeenth century. The University of Michigam, 1980. 50 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 nam 1640-1700, hang nam Nhat Ban deu phai nhap ve mdt sd lugng dudng tuong tu nliu vay. "Ndm 1636 thicang nhdn Hd Lan tieng hy vong mua dugc khoang 250 den 300 Idn diedng a Ddng Trong nhicng ihiec te ho dd khdng mua dugc sd lugng hdng cdn thiii"'''. Nam 1695. khi den Dang Trong, thuong nhan ngudi Anh la Bowyear da viet: ""Cdc thuyen mua (dem den Ddng Trong) tic Quang Ddng lien diic dugc ldi sudt rdt nhieu, ciing nhu hdng la lua hoa kieu: linh, lua. do gdm Trung Qudc. chi;. kem. thuy ngdn, nhdn sdm, long ndo vd cdc vi thude khde; Tie Xiem: trau khdng, gd do (diing de nhupm). san. xd cic, ngd voi. thiec. chi, ggo: Tic Campuehia: thic hodng (dimg ldm ihiidc ve), cdnh kien trdng. sa nhdn, sdp. son, xd cic. gd do, nhica thdng, da irdu. da vd gdn huait, ngd voi. sung te v.v. Cdn Ddng Trong bdn ra: vdng, sdt. ta vd hdng del nhu linh. lua , ky nam. trdm huang. dudng. dudng phen , yen sdo, hgt lieu, bdng "^ . Trong sd san vat eiia Dang Trong, ky nam dugc thuang nhan nhieu nudc rat ua chudng vi nhirng dugc tinh dac biet cua nd. Trong tac pham "Phii bien tap liic" Le Quy Ddn viet: "Mudn phdn biet trdm huong vdi ky- nam thi Idy hinh chdt khi md phdn biet. Trdm huang thi cicng, ndng, it tham, sdc nhgl. vi ddng: kj' nam thi mem, nhe. cd hoi ddu, thorn mdt, vi gdm dit cay, chua. ngol ddng: trdm hieong thi khdi hit xody rdi scat mdi lan. dot ky nam thi khdi len thdng md ddi. Trdm huang ehi cd the gidng khi. Ky nam cd the chiea benh triing phong. ddm siiyen, cdm khdu, moi chicng. mdi vdo nicdc md ro vd dot khdi eho huang vdo miii ihi tinh lgi ngay. Dau bung ddy lice thi ngdm la khdi ngay. Lgi cdn trie dugc id khi. ui khi nen trong chd hdnh dich. hdnh qudn khdng the khdng diing "". Ciing vi \'ay ma ky nam ludn dugc gia cao tren thi trudng Nhat Ban. Dudi tac ddng cua nhirng ehinh sach kinh te tich cue ddng thdi ciing chiu anh hudng manh me ciia nen kinh te thuang mai qude tl, den the ky XVII-XVIIl, mac dii hau nhu khdng cdn quan he true tiep vdi Nhat Ban va thuang nhan mdt sd nudc niia nhung kinh te xir Dang Trong van cd nhieu budc phat trien. La mdt viing dat tuong ddi rdng Idn, ed rirng va bien lai cd ddng bang dupe bdi dap bdi sdng Thu Bdn. Quang Nam da trd tbanh mdt vimg dat rat giau cd. Theo Le Quy Ddn: '"Thudn Hda khdng cd nhieu cuu edi, deu Idy a Qudng Nam, vi xie Qudng Id ddt phi nhieu nhdt thien hg. Ngudi Thdng Hoa, Dien Bdn biet del ven lua. vdc, dogn. linh. Id, hoa mdu kheo dep chdng kem Quang Ddng, rupng ddng rpng rdi, liia ggo Idl dep. trdm huang, tdc huang. sicng le. ngd voi. vdng bgc, ddi mdi, trai dc, bdng. sdp. dudng. mat, ddu, san, ea, hd lieu, cd, mudi, gd lgi deu sdn xudt a day" . • Trong qua trinh lam an. sinh sdng d Dai Viet, do cd nhirng hieu biet ve van hda, ngdn ngii, kha nang thuong thuyet. va tinh trung Robert Leroy Innes. sdd, tr. 504-508. '" Thanh The Vy. Ngogi thuong Viet Nam hoi the ky XVII. XVIII ddu thi k)> XIX, NXB Su hoc, Ha Npi, 1961, tr. 227. " Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc II Le Quy Don Todn tap, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1977, tr. 33 1. '"Le Quy Don, sdd, tr. 337. 'Vai trd eiia thiionq nhdn 16ii Man. thuc, thuong nhan Nhat khdng ehi dugc ngudi Viet ma ca nhieu nude ngoai tin cay, nhd lam trung gian budn ban. Thdng qua cac hoat ddng kinh te, giao tilp xa hdi, mdt sd thuong gia Nhat Ban da kit hdn vdi ngudi Viet. Tren tam bia ""Phd da linh son trung phat" d ddng Hoa Nghien, chiia Non Nudc, Da Nang, dupe tao lap vao nam 1640, cdn ghi lai ten cua 5 ngudi Nhat lay vg Viet. Dieu thil vi la, ngoai nhii'ng boat ddng kinh te, dau tich ve mdt thdi giao lim giira hai nudc cdn de lai ca trong ddi sdng van hda, trong dd tieu bieu nhat la d Hdi An cd chiec eau gd mang ten cau Nhat Ban, mac dii da trai qua nhieu lan triing tu, tdn tao nhung nhiing dau tich van hda Nhat Ban van cdn the hien tren kien true ciia cay cau. Gan day, trong cdng trinh giao luu Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, cac hpc gia Viet Nam va Nhat Ban ciing da edng bd mdt sd tu lieu cd gia tri ve quan he giua hai nude thdi can the. Chiu tac ddng ciia chinh sach tda qudc, vi nhieu nguyen nhan,tinh hiru nghi giii'a cu dan hai dan tde van dugc duy tri. Trong phan viet: "Ghi chip nhicng nhdn thiec ve An Nam ciia ngudi Nhdt thdi can the, tdc gid Llkeuchi satoshi da cht ra 7 trudng hgp thuang nhdn vd ngu ddn Nhdt Bdn vd Viet Nam gap ncin. Cdc thuyen dd thicdng la do gap bdo nen dd bi trdi dgt vd da duge thuang nhdn nudc ngodi cieu trg. Trong 7 trudng hgp do, cd ba Idn thuyin tic Nhdt Bdn da gigt den Viet Nam: vdo ndm 1765 cd hai thuyen vd ndm 1794 mpt Ihuyin. Trudng hop thuyin Viet Nam bi ngn vd ngudi Viet dugc dua den Nhdt cd bdn Idn xdy ra vdo cdc ndm: 1693. 1787. 1801 vd 1815"^\ Rieng ve sir kien 18 ngudi Dang Trong hi nan nam 1693 rdi dugc thuyen Siam ciru dua den Nhat Ban sau dd hdi huong da dugc ghi chep tuo'ng ddi cii the trong "Nagasaki shi" (Lich sic Nagasaki). Khi biet su viec dd, nam 1695 chiia Nguyen da giii hai hue thu sang Nhat Ban de tri an. Dieu dang quy la, mac dii quan he chinh thirc giira hai nudc khdng cdn dupc duy tri nhu trudc nOa, nhung dau an tdt dep ve mdt thdi hung thinh trong quan he bang giao van dugc duy tri trong tam tri nhieu ngudi. 0 Nhat Ban, mdt sd ngudi da viet hoac ke lai nhirng dieu ma minh mat thay, tai nghe va cam nhan ve viing dat An Nam giau cd, tham ehi cd ngudi chua tiing tdi Viet Nam nhung bang each thu thap tu lieu khae nhau hp da de lai mdt sd tac pbam gia tri. Trong sd dd, tieu bieu la bd sach An Nam ky luoc cao (An Nam - kiyaku ko) do Konyo-morishige, mdt vien chiic cua Mac Phii, thu but va hoan thanh vao nam 1796'''. Budc sang the ky XVIII-XIX, tuy quan he Nhat - Viet cd phin bj gian doan nhung mdt sd giao luu kinh te, van hda van duge tiep tuc dugc duy tri. Nhin lai quan he Nhat Ban vdi Viet Nam trong lich sir cd the thay: Mae dii khdng tranh khdi nhiing budc thang tram nhung truyen thdng hiiu nghi giiia hai nudc da tao nen co sd thiet yeu cho su phat trien quan he hgp tac va sir hieu biet giiia hai dan tdc trong thdi ky can, hien dai. ' Nguyen Van Kim, Nhdt Ban vai chdu A nhiing moi lien he lich sir vd chiiven bien kinh te xd hoi, sdd, tr. 137. Tai lieu tren trang web: www.ncnb.org.vn 52 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 2. Vai trd eiia ngudi Ha Lan trong mdi quan he Nhat Ban - Viet Nam (ca Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) giai doan 1700-1786 Nira sau the ky XVII la thdi ky cd nhieu bien ddi trong budn ban thuo'ng mai ciia cac nudc trong khu vuc Ddng A va Ddng Nam A. Do sii mat gia tram trpng cua tien ddng d nhirng nam 1670 nen lgi nhuan cua Ha Lan tai thi trirdng Ddng Nam A va Ddng A hi giam sut dang ke. Mat hang to lua xuat khau trpng yeu ciia Viet Nam do bi lan at bdi hang to lua xuat khau ciia Bengal nen sd lugng xuat khau bi giam siit mdt each nhanh chdng. Cimg luc dd tai Nhat Ban, nganh san xuat to Ilia ciing bat dau gia tang, nen nam 1672 la nam cd sd lugng san xuat to lua nhieu nhat thi sd lugng xuat khau lai giam dan. Vdi tinh hinh nay, nam 1699, cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan da quyet dinh riit khdi mien Bae Viet Nam dudi quyen cua chiia Trinh va nam 1700, sau khi can nhae, ngudi dirng dau thuong diem Ha Lan d Dang Ngoai la J.Vanco da quyet dinh ddng cira vTnh vien thuang diem Dang Ngoai, rut ve Batavia, khdng gap lai Vua. Nhu vay, budc sang the ky XVIII d Dang Ngoai khdng cdn thuang nhan nao ciia ngudi Ha Lan, d Dang Trong thi tuy ki hda udc nhung viee giao thiep khdng duge man ma lam. Phai mai den giiia the ky thir XVIII, Nguyen Phiic Khoat mdi lai giao dich quan he nhieu vdi Ha Lan (ciing nhu vdi cac lai nude khac). Nhung ciing vi ed nhieu lai khac nen sir eanh tranh kha gay gat, nhat la ddi vdi dich thil trudc la Mi Bd Dao Nha, lai them nhirng ehuyen hang Nguyen Phiic Khoat mua, dpng ng lai, nhu chuyen diic tien kem cho Nguyen Phiic Khoat. Nguyen Phiic Khoat khdng tra tien vi tien kem dat lai Ha Lan due. lai Ha Lan lai dem ban ca cho dan. nhu vay la trai phep. Chinh vi nhirng ly do dd ma "Hd Lan sau khi thdy budn bdn a Ddng Trong khdng cdn ldi nhieu. lgi khd khdn, vd sau khi da yeu cdu Ddng Trong true xudt bon ldi Bd Ddo Nha vd tra cdc khoan ng khdng ed kit qud, Hd Lan quyit dinh bo Ddng Trong vdo ndm 1758" '. Cho den nua sau the ky XVIII, tren dat nude Viet Nam da khdng eon ngudi Ha Lan, duy chi cd ngudi Bd Dao Nha van tiep tiic den trao ddi, nhung hp ciing khdng den trao ddi thudng xuyen nhu trudc niia ma thinh thoang mdi den. Sd dT viec budn ban ay khdng phat dat la vi nhiing nguyen nhan sau: Bay gid chien tranh Trinh - Nguyen da cham dirt, cac Chiia khdng mua simg dan, khdng can sir giiip dd ciia ngudi Au chau nen khdng de dai vdi hp nhu trudc niia, trai lai cdn nghi ngd hp mugn tieng la budn ban de muu dd chinh tri. Cac hang hda hp chd den hau bet la hang xa xi pham, chi ban cho vua, quan cdn dan chiing thi khdng du tien de mua nhirng thir do. Viec mua cac san vat dia phuang bi nha cam quyen kiem soat, ngudi Au chau khdng dugc true tiep budn ban vdi ngudi san xuat. Ngugc lai, ngudi Trung Hoa gap gd ngudi dan que san xuat rat de de mua hang. Chiia, quan ca hai Dang thi yeu sach qua dang, cac tang pham, qua bieu, ban chiu lam giam rat nhieu sd tien ldi kiem dugc. Sir ban che ciia Thanh Thi Vy, sdd, tr. 76. IJai tri) eiiu thiioiiq nhdn ICii Muu 53 cac thuong nhan cliau •\u do each hp doi xir \di nhau (ky thi. tranh gianh. cd khi hp dimg den ca khi gidi). ddi \di ngudi Viet, cd khi hp diing nhirng thu doan bat chinh, gan nhu eudp bde. Cac dieu ii}- lam cho ngudi Viet khdng ne, vi the ma doanh thu cua ngudi Au chau theo dd ma su} giam. Q Quang Ddng. thi trudng mdi mo- cua cd lgi ho-n nen ngudi Au chau chu}en han sang dd (tir dau the ky XVlll). 3. Mot sd ket luan Nlia sau the ky XVII (1635-1700), cdc thuong nhdn Hd Lan cd vai trd quan trpng nhat trong viic ndi kit thitffng intii giua Nhat Bdn vdi Viit Nam. Thuo'ng nhan phuo'ng Tay quan trpng nhat budn ban vdi Dang Trong la ngudi Ha Lan. Vdi nhirng uu the cua minh. ngudi Ha Lan da cd nhiing nd luc thiet lap mdi quan he budn ban \'di Dang Trong tir dau the ky XVII va den nam 1633. ngudi Ha Lan da thiet lap dugc mdt tram budn ban d Hdi An. "Nam 1634. ngudi ilu Lan dua vdo Ddng Trong mpt sd vdn lan. nhung vi ngudi Nhctl dd lain chu nen kinh le a ddy nen htj cht ddu lu 3^.403 Irong Idng sd 57.28~ ddng lien Hd Lun ho mang iheo" . Den thang 3 nam 1637, tau Ha Lan Grdn den Dang Ngoai. thuyen trirdng Hac da dang cho chiia Trinh hai khau dai bac. nhieu dan dugc va xin budn ban. Chiia Trinh cho phep ngudi Ha Lan dugc dat thuang diem d Phd Hien, ngudi Ha Lan bit diu chii trpng Dang Ngoai. Viec nay da dem lai kit qua va sd lugng to Dang "' Nhilu tac gia. Lich su kinh te xd hoi Viet Nam thi kyXl'll rd.\rill. NXB Tre. TP. H6 Chi Minh. 1999. tr. 109. Ngoai gia tang trong tdng sd lugng to- cho- tdi Nhat, nhu vay thuong nhan Ha Lan dii tro- thanh cau ndi lam cho mdi giao llnvong giua Viet Nam va Nhat Ban khdng hi dirt rdi sau 1635. Bir&c sang the ky XVIII, 6' Ddng Ngodi vai trd cua thuong nil tin Hd Lan khdng cdn nuci. Din giira thi ky XVIII, d Ddng Trong ngudi Hd Lan cung rut khdi hodn todn. Sau khi chien tranh Trinh - Ngu}-en chain dirt (1672). chiia Trinh dan to thai dp lanh nhat vdi Ha Lan. linh hinh budn ban da tro nen khd khan ho-n. lai them sir canh tranh ciia cac lai budn phuo-ng Tay khac, dac biet la ngudi Anh. Lai budn Ha Lan than phien ve chinh sach gay phien ha, mua re ban dat ciia chinh quyen Le - Trinh, ciing nhu thai dp sach nhieu, tham nhimg, an hdi Id cua cac quan tuan ha kiem soat tau tliu}'en. Ngugc lai, chinh quyen Le Trinh trach cir ngudi Hii Lan la khdng biet dieu, tu\ da dugc chieu cd uu tien nhung van khdng chiu tuan theo cac luat le cua Dang Ngoai. Theo dd. cac tau budn Ha Lan thirdng khai man de trdn lau thue. thudng chi khai mdt nua sd hang la cd thuc, gay thiet hai cho 1 rieu dinh. Sau khi can nhae, nam 1700, Giam dde thuong diem, giam diem J. Vanld da quyet dinh ddng vTnh vien thuang diem Dang Ngoai. nit nhan vien, thiet bi ve Batavia. Cdn a Dang Trong. thuang nhan Ha Lan sau khi tha}- budn ban khdng cdn lai nhieu. lai khd khan xa sau khi da yeu can Dang Trong true xuat bon lai Bd Dao Nha va tra cac khoan ng khdng cd ket qua. Ha Lan quyet dinh bo Dang Trong \iio nam 1758, ket thiic vai trd cua minh o' y\n Nam. . QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU Vni TRO cun THUONG NHRN HA LAN TRONG MOI QURN Hi KINH TC GltTA I^nOAT BA]w6l VIET I^AM 1635 - 1786 Nguyen Tuan Anh Din . thdi ky Chau An Thuyen (1592- 1635) . trong dd mdi .quan he Nhat Ban - Viet Nam la mdt mdc son quan trpng nhat trong thdi ky hoang kim thir nhat nay. Den nam 1639, vi nhieu nguyen nhan. Vai trd eiia ngudi Ha Lan trong mdi quan he Nhat Ban - Viet Nam (ca Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) giai doan 1700 -1786 Nira sau the ky XVII la thdi ky cd nhieu bien ddi trong budn ban thuo'ng