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DESALINATION,
TRENDS AND
TECHNOLOGIES
Edited by Michael Schorr
Desalination, Trends and Technologies
Edited by Michael Schorr
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Martina Sirotic
Image Copyright Tyler Olson, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published February, 2011
Printed in India
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Desalination, Trends and Technologies, Edited by Michael Schorr
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-311-8
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com
Part 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Part 2
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Preface IX
Desalination Processes and Plants 1
Electrodialysis Technology - Theory and Applications 3
Fernando Valero, Angel Barceló and Ramón Arbós
Water Desalination by Membrane Distillation 21
Marek Gryta
Desalination of Coastal Karst Springs by Hydro-geologic,
Hydro-technical and Adaptable Methods 41
Marko Breznik and Franci Steinman
Corrosion Control in the Desalination Industry 71
Michael Schorr, Benjamín Valdez, Juan Ocampo and Amir Eliezer
Novel Trends and Technologies 87
Application of Renewable Energies
for Water Desalination 89
Mattheus Goosen, Hacene Mahmoudi,
Noreddine Ghaffour and Shyam S. Sablani
Seawater Desalination: Trends and Technologies 119
Val S. Frenkel
Advanced Mechanical
Vapor-Compression Desalination System 129
Jorge R. Lara, Omorinsola Osunsan and Mark T. Holtzapple
Renewable Energy Opportunities in Water Desalination 149
Ali A. Al-Karaghouli and L.L. Kazmerski
New Trend in the Development
of ME-TVC Desalination System 185
Anwar Bin Amer
Contents
Contents
VI
Environmental and Economical Aspects 215
Solar Desalination 217
Bechir Chaouachi
Reject Brine Management 237
Muftah H. El-Naas
DOE Method for Optimizing Desalination Systems 253
Amin Behzadmehr
Impacts of Brine Discharge on the Marine Environment.
Modelling as a Predictive Tool 279
Pilar Palomar and Iñigo. J. Losada
Optimization of Hybrid Desalination Processes Including
Multi Stage Flash and Reverse Osmosis Systems 311
Marian G. Marcovecchio, Sergio F. Mussati,
Nicolás J. Scenna and Pío A. Aguirre
Part 3
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Pref ac e
The sustainability and prosperity of the ancient civilizations of China, Egypt, Baby-
lonia, Phoenicia, Persia and Roma were based on the extensive use of water for hu-
man consumption, crop irrigation, canal navigation and energy generation. Today, the
worldwide scarcity of water and clean energy constitutes a central and critical prob-
lem for the whole humankind. This situation is aggravated as industrial, agricultural
and municipal effl uents reach the water bodies, or the coastal seawater that is used as
feed for desalination plants. All these problems are linked to the actual, natural and
anthropogenic changes of climate, global warming and greenhouse-gas emissions, all
interrelated phenomena that aff ect our planet.
In order to avoid damage to its facilities and equipment, the desalination industry in-
vests considerable eff orts to deal with these changes, in particular with extreme events
such as torrential rains, devastating fl oods, dry seasons with devouring fi res, as well
as with extended spells of cold weather with freezing temperatures.
The book chapters are arranged in an hierarchical sequence, starting with conventional
and novel desalination processes and following with energy, environmental, economic
and ecological issues, all aff ecting the desalination industry image and profi tability.
Leading experts from academia and industry, as well as environment researchers, dis-
tinguished teachers and experienced engineers have wri en special chapters for this
impressive collection. The contributing authors off er a large amount of practical infor-
mation, presenting it in a highly condensed yet coherent body of useful knowledge
and practical expertise. Moreover, the multi-authored characteristic of this volume
off ers a wide spectrum of knowledge and experience, as the authors are specialists in
diff erent fi elds and express diverse approaches and orientations. The intended multi-
facet content of this publication certainly contributes to enrich it.
This compendium provides valuable, encyclopedic knowledge on research, develop-
ment, processes, plants and technologies of this industry, from the fundamental con-
cepts up to many practical cases collected from around the world. Hence, it provides
a useful insight into the world of water, energy and desalination, easy to follow and
to apply.
This volume is an essential companion to chemists, as well as to civil and chemical
engineers who design, build and operate desalination plants. It is also highly relevant
to maintenance personnel, corrosion specialists, material- and mechanical engineers.
X
Preface
Also, university lecturers and researchers will fi nd it useful for their students while
preparing their thesis on subjects related to desalination processes and plants. Not less
so, desalination industry executives should make sure that their fi eld managers and
engineers in charge of running their plants will have access to it, and apply the built-in
know-how in their daily work routine.
Another strong part of this book is the wealth of references listed for each chapter,
amounting to hundreds of sources of detailed information from the modern scientifi c
and technical literature. Anyone interested in desalination will be thrilled by their di-
verse content.
All in all, this volume enables the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the state
of the art of the desalination industry and to become acquainted with the most recent
developments and technologies in this area.
Finally, it is my pleasant duty to acknowledge with thanks each of the learned authors
for contributing their chapters to this volume.
December 2010
Prof. Michael Schorr
Institute of Engineering
University of Baja California
Mexicali, Mexico
. DESALINATION, TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Michael Schorr Desalination, Trends and Technologies Edited by Michael Schorr Published by. 8 Chapter 9 Preface IX Desalination Processes and Plants 1 Electrodialysis Technology - Theory and Applications 3 Fernando Valero, Angel Barceló and Ramón Arbós Water Desalination by Membrane. Valdez, Juan Ocampo and Amir Eliezer Novel Trends and Technologies 87 Application of Renewable Energies for Water Desalination 89 Mattheus Goosen, Hacene Mahmoudi, Noreddine Ghaffour and Shyam S.
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