[...]... how to finance collection and recycling programs to improve returns, how to label batteries to maximize collection, and how to measure recycling rates With NiMH and Li-ion batteries, the issues are developing the recycling technologies to improve materials recovery With the alkaline manganese and carbon zinc batteries, the questions revolve more around the economics of the collection and recovery processes... Battery Raw Materials Production 9 Battery Production Process 9 Battery Distribution and Transportation Requirements 9 Battery Use 9 Battery Recharging and Maintenance (Rechargeable Batteries) 9 Battery Recycling or Waste Management Option Once these stages are established and the scope of the life cycle analysis reasonably well defined, then a complete materials and energy inventory analysis (Step... 329 Appendix B Main Legislation on Battery Waste in the U.S.A and E.U 341 Subject Index 369 Used Battery Collection and Recycling G Pistoia, J.-P Wiaux and S.P Wolsky (Editors) 9 2001 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS OF BATTERY SYSTEMS Hugh Morrow International... 108 The Industry NiCd Battery Recycling Program 109 The INMETCO NiCd Battery Recycling Process 113 Chapter 5 Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ni-Cd Batteries 119 N England Introduction and Principal Findings 119 The Nature and Implications of Rechargeable Ni-Cd Battery Distribution ... effect on an individual battery' s life cycle analysis Each one of these stages will be considered in more detail below, but it appears as if battery raw material production, battery manufacture, battery performance during use, and battery recycling or disposal as waste are the most important stages in the comparative life cycle analyses of battery systems The emissions associated with and the energy consumed... 94 Chapter 4 Ni-Cd Battery Collection and Recycling Programs in the U.S.A and Canada 105 N England, D.B Weinberg, K.L Money and H Morrow Introduction 105 The environmental issues 106 The NiCd Battery Recycling Problem ... each of these stages to determine the overall materials and energy balances As shown in Figure 1, the inputs of energy and materials on the left hand side for every stage in the manufacture, use and disposal of a battery are balanced by the outputs of usable products and environmental releases on the right hand side To produce the least environmental and human health impacts, the environmental releases...Chapter 3 Battery Collection and Recycling in Japan 87 K Fujimoto Introduction 87 Treatment of Spent Primary Dry Cells 88 Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Batteries 91 Collection and Recycling Activities for Portable Rechargeable Batteries... order of 0.037% of battery weight for nickel and 0.008 - 0.019% of battery weight for cadmium, depending on the recycling options adopted Once again, these estimates are consistent with other studies, and indicate very low environmental and human health impacts from the manufacturing stage of a battery' s total life cycle analysis Thus, the emissions associated with the manufacture of battery systems,... disposal of spent batteries today are land filling and recycling Land filling is currently the most widely used option, as it is the most widely used disposal option for all municipal solid wastes in OECD nations A recent report (OECD 1998) indicated that an average of 63% of the municipal solid waste in OECD 20 nations was land filled, an average of 17% was incinerated, and the balance of 20% was recycled . and G. Vetter) Used Battery Collection and Recycling (Edited by G. Pistoia, J P. Wiaux and S.P. Wolsky) Industrial Chemistry Library, Volume 10 Used B attery Collection and Recycling Edited. consumer and developing collection/ recycling programs. We may mention the Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA) and the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) in the U.S.A., and. Waste (MSW) 61 Collection of Spent Rechargeable Batteries 66 Collection Efficiency and Recycling Rate 76 Conclusions 81 References 83 Chapter 3. Battery Collection and Recycling in Japan