[...]... evolving application areas and factors among which are: o Recognition of t h e necessity to reduce pollutant levels in process waste water streams T h e removal of sulfur by formation of gypsum is an example of such an application o Development of new flue gas scruhbing systems using regenerative processes Scrubbing of C1, from incinerator streams and SO2 from flue gases a r e specific application examples... in 1981 by the Electrolyte Data Center of the National Bureau of Standards, under the direction of Dr B.R Staples That work continued throughout the project, generating the bibliographies for electrolyte systems One of these bibliographies, developed by R.N Goldberg, is included in this volume A significant portion of the project funding came from the Office of Standard Reference Dataof the NBS (Dr... Effectivemethodsof finding and using data are also described The Handbook incorporates and extends previous work in a well-organized, easy to understand format, with a focus on applications to serious industrial problems It will become a cornerstone in the study of aqueous electrolyte thermodynamics Electrolyte mixtures come in various forms and add another dimension to the normal complexities of nonelectrolyte... Research Project No 811 In it, the reader and u s e r will find a systematic presentation of electrolyte thermodynamics, from t h e basic definitions of equilibrium constants of ionic reactions to t h e prediction of activity coefficients of various species in rnulticornponent aqueous solutions of strong a n d l o r weak electrolytes and the resulting phase equilibria calculative techniques For several systems,... done by precipitation of heavy metals o Sea water desalination o Crystallization from solution in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals 3 AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE THERMODYNAMICS o Specific ion electrolytes o Ion exchange Specific processes which typify these application areas are: o Treatment of gypsum which is formed in waste water cleanup o Several processes involving formation of Cr(OH)3 These processes... plating processes - manufacture of chrome pigment U s e of a simple solubility product (e.g Lange's Handbook) f o r Cr(OH), is invalid since precipitation involves intermediate complexes which f a r m to a significant degree These a r e just a few of the application areas of electrolyte phase equilibria which have generated an interest in developing a better understanding of aqueous chemistry In contrast... cannot be written o T h e lack of a suitable thermodynamic framework for electrolytes over a wide range of concentrations and conditions o The lack of good data for simple mixtures of strong a n d l o r weak electrolytes with which t o test or develop new frameworks o T h e diversity in data gathering because of t h e lack of a suitable thermodynamic framework As a result of different thermodynamic approaches,... fundamental parameters have often led to t h e results being specific to the system studied and not generally useful for applications where t h e species studied are present with other species Fortunately, in t h e last decade, because of the renewed interest in electrolyte thermodynamics for t h e reasons described earlier, a considerable amount of work in t h e field of electrolyte thermodynamics has been... Table 8: 3-1 Electrolytes Table 9: 4-1 Electrolytes Table 10: 5-1 Electrolytes Table 11: 2-2 Electrolytes Appendix 4.5 - Pitzer Parameter Derivatives Table 1: Temperature Derivatives of Parameters for 1-1 Electrolytes Evaluated from Calorimetric Data Table 2: Temperature Derivatives of Parameters for 2-1 and 1-2 Electrolytes Evaluated from Calorimetric Data Table 3 : Temperature Derivatives of Parameters... vapor-liquid equilibria of weak electrolytes However, in the past several years, consider- able interest has also developed in the liquid-solid strong electrolytes phase Application areas and equilibria of both weak and factors that have affected this growth in interest include: o Hydrometallurgical processes which involve t h e treating of a raw ore o r concentrate with an aqueous solution of a chemical reagent . intentionally left blank MlDBB@@K @FA UEOUS THERMODYNAMICS ELEC 9 ROLYTE This page intentionally left blank BFAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE Theory & Application Joseph E Zemaitis,Jr. Chem. understand format, with a focus on applications to serious industrial problems. It will become a cornerstone in the study of aqueous electrolyte thermodynamics. Electrolyte mixtures come in various. Compounds of 2-1 Type Table 7: Table 8: 3-1 Electrolytes Table 9: 4-1 Electrolytes Table 10: 5-1 Electrolytes Table 11: 2-2 Electrolytes Table 1: Temperature Derivatives of Parameters