LATEST RESEARCH INTO QUALITY CONTROL Edited by Isin Akyar Latest Research into Quality Control http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45955 Edited by Isin Akyar Contributors Sigrid Mennickent, Marta De Diego, Berta Schulz, Sunday Ameh, Alexandre Leal, Takuhiro Uto, Nguyen Huu Tung, Yukihiro Shoyama, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Isin Akyar, Donald R. Love, Stella Lai, Renate Marquis-Nicholson, Chuan-Ching Lan, Jonathan Skinner, Elba Lucia Cavalcanti Amorim, Valérium Castro, Joabe Melo, Tadeu José Da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho, Allan Jonathan Cernicchiaro, Stephen Inkoom, Osamu Morinaga, Huck, Saskia Van Ruth, Edoardo Capuano, Farzaneh Lotfipour, Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi, Bruna Chiari, Vera Isaac, Maria Gabriela José De Almeida, Marcos Antonio Corręa, Giuseppe Vermiglio, Giuseppe Acri, Barbara Testagrossa, Federica Causa, Maria Giulia Tripepi, Hoa Van Ba, Touseef Amna, Shihori Tanabe, Sun Ha Jee, Marcelo Gonzaga De Freitas Araujo, Tais Maria Bauab, Kung-Tien Liu, Jian-Hua Zhao, Lee-Chung Men, Chien-Hsin Chen, Qian Sen, Zhu Xuemin, Rodrigo Catharino, Felipe Ravagnani, Ana Faria, Daniel Saidemberg, Diogo Noin De Oliveira, Sabrina Sartor, Onur Karatuna Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. 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Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published December, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Latest Research into Quality Control, Edited by Isin Akyar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0868-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Section 1 Quality Control of Herbal Medicine 1 Chapter 1 Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods Using Monoclonal Antibodies Against Sennosides 3 Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro Shoyama Chapter 2 Applications of Anti-natural Compound Immunoaffinity Purification on Quality Control 29 Takuhiro Uto, Nguyen Huu Tung, Hiroyuki Tanaka and Yukihiro Shoyama Chapter 3 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenolic Compounds Contained in Plant Samples 47 Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti de Amorim, Valérium Thijan Nobre de Almeida de Castro, Joabe Gomes de Melo, Allan Jonathan Chernichiarro Corrêa and Tadeu José da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho Chapter 4 Microbial Quality of Medicinal Plant Materials 67 Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo and Taís Maria Bauab Chapter 5 Application of ISO 9001 Industrial Standard to Herbal Drug Regulation 83 Sunday Ameh, Florence Tarfa, Magaji Garba and Karniyus Gamaniel Section 2 Quality Control in Food Science 109 Chapter 6 QA: Fraud Control for Foods and Other Biomaterials by Product Fingerprinting 111 Edoardo Capuano and Saskia M. van Ruth Chapter 7 Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect 145 Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef Chapter 8 Novel Analytical Tools for Quality Control in Food Science 177 Christian W. Huck Section 3 Quality Control in Pharmaceutics 193 Chapter 9 Microbial Quality Concerns for Biopharmaceuticals 195 Farzaneh Lotfipour and Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi Chapter 10 New Approachs in Drug Quality Control: Matrices and Chemometrics 215 Sigrid Mennickent, M. de Diego, B. Schulz, M. Vega and C. G. Godoy Chapter 11 Quality Control of Formulated Medicines 227 Alexandre S. Leal, Maria Ângela de B. C. Menezes, Ilza Dalmázio, Fernanda P. Sepe, Tatiana C. B. Gomes, Amalia S. Santana, Luzia H. da Cunha and Radojko Jaćimović Section 4 Quality Control in Radiology and Clinical Imaging 243 Chapter 12 Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Medical Exposures in Ghana - A Medical Physicist’s Perspective 245 Stephen Inkoom Chapter 13 Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging 255 Kung-Tien Liu, Jian-Hua Zhao, Lee-Chung Men and Chien-Hsin Chen Chapter 14 Unified Procedures for Quality Controls in Analogue and Digital Mammography 293 Barbara Testagrossa, Giuseppe Acri, Federica Causa, Raffaele Novario, Maria Giulia Tripepi and Giuseppe Vermiglio Section 5 Quality Control in Energy 317 Chapter 15 The Quality Management of The R&D in High Energy Physics Detector 319 Xuemin Zhu and Sen Qian ContentsVI Section 6 Quality Control in Cosmetics 335 Chapter 16 Cosmetics’ Quality Control 337 Bruna Galdorfini Chiari, Maria Gabriela José de Almeida, Marcos Antonio Corrêa and Vera Lucia Borges Isaac Section 7 Sops: What Are They Good For? 365 Chapter 17 Standard Operating Procedures (What Are They Good For ?) 367 Isin Akyar Section 8 Quality Control in Clinical Laboratory Medicine 393 Chapter 18 Postmortem DNA: QC Considerations for Sequence and Dosage Analysis of Genes Implicated in Long QT Syndrome 395 Stella Lai, Renate Marquis-Nicholson, Chuan-Ching Lan, Jennifer M. Love, Elaine Doherty, Jonathan R. Skinner and Donald R. Love Chapter 19 Quality Assurance in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 413 Onur Karatuna Chapter 20 The Investigation of Gene Regulation and Variation in Human Cancers and Other Diseases 435 Shihori Tanabe and Sun Ha Jee Chapter 21 Quality Control Considerations for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation of Paraffin-Embedded Pathology Specimens in a Diagnostic Laboratory Environment 469 Lisa Duffy, Liangtao Zhang, Donald R. Love and Alice M. George Chapter 22 Quality Control of Biomarkers: From the Samples to Data Interpretation 491 F. G. Ravagnani, D. M. Saidemberg, A. L. C. Faria, S. B. Sartor, D. N. Oliveira and R. R. Catharino Contents VII Preface Quality control has an emerging importance in every field of life. Quality control is a process that is used to guarantee a certain level of quality in a product or service. It might include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. Most often, it involves thoroughly examining and testing the quality of products or the results of services. The basic goal of this process is to ensure that the products or services that are provided meet specific requirements and characteristics, such as being dependable, satisfactory, safe and fiscally sound. There are some standards which guarantee quality control. In those standards you've got to document everything and track it. You should write what you do, do what you write. Groups that engage in quality control typically have a team of workers who focus on testing a certain number of products or observing services being done. The goal of the quality control team is to identify products or services that do not meet a company's specified standards of quality. If a problem is identified, the job of a quality control team or professional might involve stopping production or service until the problem has been corrected. Depending on the particular service or product as well as the type of problem identified, production or services might not cease entirely. There should be well organized procedures and management for ensuring quality control. With the improvement of technology everyday we meet new and complicated devices and methods in different fields. Quality control should be performed in all of those new techniques. In this book “Latest Research Into Quality Control” our aim was to collect information about quality control in many different fields such as: Quality Control in general: SOPs Quality Control in Clinical Laboratory Medicine Quality Control of Herbal Medicine Quality Control in Food Science Quality Control in Pharmaceutics Quality Control in Radiology and Clinical Imaging Quality Control in Energy Quality Control in Cosmetics The aim of this book is to share useful and practical knowledge about quality control in several fields with the people who want to improve their knowledge. Dr Isin Akyar Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey PrefaceX [...]... temperature The protocol of the EB technique is shown in Figure 9 Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51272 Figure 9 Eastern blotting protocol Figure 10 Double staining protocol 19 20 Latest Research into Quality Control For successive staining by anti-SB MAb (7H12), the PVDF membrane stained by anti-SA MAb was treated in the same way as anti-SA MAb... be applied for phytochemical investigations involving crude plant extracts, the assay specificity was checked by determining the cross-reactivities of MAb with various related compounds The cross-reactivities of the MAb was examined by competi‐ tive ELISA 9 10 Latest Research into Quality Control Figure 5 Calibration curve for SA Figure 6 Chemical structures of SA, SB and its structurally related compounds... tissues individually by ELISA and HPLC The concentrations of SA were determined by ELISA to determine 64.4±4.5, 48.1±8.2, 15.0±1.6 and 1.8±0.3 ng/mg fresh wt in phloem, cambium, pith and bud, respectively This result was a good agreement with those of HPLC resulting in 58.4±2.6, 49.0±3.9 and 13.3±0.5 ng/mg fresh wt in phloem, cambium and pith, respectively 23 24 Latest Research into Quality Control Figure... well and incubated for 15 min The absorbance was measured by a micro plate reader at 405 nm and 490 nm The cross-reactivities (CR) of sennosides and related compounds were determined as fol‐ lowing μg / mL of SA yielding A / A0 = 50% CR(% ) = × 100 μg / mL of compound under investigation yielding A / A0 = 50% 7 8 Latest Research into Quality Control where A is the absorbance in the presence of the test...Section 1 Quality Control of Herbal Medicine Chapter 1 Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods Using Monoclonal Antibodies Against Sennosides Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro Shoyama Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51272 1 Introduction Recently, medical usage of Japanese traditional medicine has been expanded by reaching... previously indicated Table 2 shows the SA concentrations in various rhubarbs Shinshu Daio bred by crossing R palmatum and R coreanum in order to increase the concentration of SA in Japan, contained the highest SA; 13.69±0.69 μg/mg dry wt Ga-wo which was estimated to be high grade, con‐ 11 12 Latest Research into Quality Control tained 6.62±0.42 μg/mg dry wt The other three species showed almost the same concentra‐... 13 14 Latest Research into Quality Control (MW 862) are 2,500 resulting in the range of one to five molecules of SB (three on average) conjugated with BSA This conjugate, although having a relatively low hapten number, proved sufficiently immunogenic in agreement with our previous results [10] The number of SB contained in the SB-HSA conjugate was also determined to be around four molecules by its... access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by/ 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Latest Research into Quality Control used as cathartics in Japan The main purgative principles of rhubarb have proved to be sen‐ nosides [1], identical... 21 22 Latest Research into Quality Control 4.3.2 Double staining of sennosides using anti-SA and SB MAbs Previously, I used 4-chloro-1-naphthol for staining of SB However, since it could not func‐ tion well for SB, the combination of 4-chloro-1-naphthol and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole was selected to improve double staining of sennosides as indicated in Figure 10 SA and SB were stained clearly by the... antiserum (polyclonal antibody ; PAb) and MAb in general PAb is a heterogeneous mixture of antibody molecules arising from a variety of constantly evolving B lymphocytes There‐ fore, PAb can often show high affinity because different antibody populations react with the 5 6 Latest Research into Quality Control variety of epitopes that characterize the antigen On the other hand, there are some prob‐ lems of . LATEST RESEARCH INTO QUALITY CONTROL Edited by Isin Akyar Latest Research into Quality Control http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45955 Edited by Isin Akyar Contributors Sigrid. Medicine Quality Control of Herbal Medicine Quality Control in Food Science Quality Control in Pharmaceutics Quality Control in Radiology and Clinical Imaging Quality Control in Energy Quality Control. this book Latest Research Into Quality Control our aim was to collect information about quality control in many different fields such as: Quality Control in general: SOPs Quality Control in