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THE MECHANISMS OF
DNA REPLICATION
Edited by David Stuart
The Mechanisms of DNA Replication
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3433
Edited by David Stuart
Contributors
Andrey Aleksandrovich Grach, Lynne Cox, Penelope Mason, Christophe Thiriet, Angélique Galvani, Agustino Martinez-
Antonio, Laura Espindola-Serna, César Quiñones-Valles, Susan Forsburg, Sarah Sabatinos, Radmila Capkova
Frydrychova, James Mason, Naoki Sato, Takashi Moriyama, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Amine Aloui, Herve Seligmann,
Yoshizumi Ishino, Takeo Kubota, Maria Vittoria Di Tomaso, Alba Guarne, Lindsay Matthews, David Stuart, Douglas
Maya, Mari Cruz Muñoz-Centeno, Macarena Morillo-Huesca, Sebastian Chavez, Lidia Delgado Ramos, Dianne C.
Daniel, Edward Johnson, Ayuna Dagdanova, Thomas Melendy
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Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Machines that Drive DNA Replication 1
Chapter 1 Pulling the Trigger to Fire Origins of DNA Replication 3
David Stuart
Chapter 2 Replicative Helicases as the Central Organizing Motor Proteins
in the Molecular Machines of the Elongating Eukaryotic
Replication Fork 29
John C. Fisk, Michaelle D. Chojnacki and Thomas Melendy
Chapter 3 The MCM and RecQ Helicase Families: Ancient Roles in DNA
Replication and Genomic Stability Lead to Distinct Roles in
Human Disease 59
Dianne C. Daniel*, Ayuna V. Dagdanova and Edward M. Johnson
Chapter 4 DNA Replication in Archaea, the Third Domain of Life 91
Yoshizumi Ishino and Sonoko Ishino
Chapter 5 Proposal for a Minimal DNA Auto-Replicative System 127
Agustino Martinez-Antonio, Laura Espindola-Serna and Cesar
Quiñones-Valles
Chapter 6 Extending the Interaction Repertoire of FHA and
BRCT Domains 145
Lindsay A. Matthews and Alba Guarné
Chapter 7 Intrinsically Disoredered Proteins in Replication Process 169
Apolonija Bedina Zavec
Section 2 Mechanisms that Protect Chromosome Integrity During DNA
Replication 191
Chapter 8 Preserving the Replication Fork in Response to Nucleotide
Starvation: Evading the Replication Fork Collapse Point 193
Sarah A. Sabatinos and Susan L. Forsburg
Chapter 9 The Role of WRN Helicase/Exonuclease in DNA
Replication 219
Lynne S. Cox and Penelope A. Mason
Section 3 Replication of Organellar Chromosomes 255
Chapter 10 Replicational Mutation Gradients, Dipole Moments, Nearest
Neighbour Effects and DNA Polymerase Gamma Fidelity in
Human Mitochondrial Genomes 257
Hervé Seligmann
Chapter 11 The Plant and Protist Organellar DNA Replication Enzyme POP
Showing Up in Place of DNA Polymerase Gamma May Be a
Suitable Antiprotozoal Drug Target 287
Takashi Moriyama and Naoki Sato
Section 4 Chromatin and Epigenetic Influences on DNA Replication 313
Chapter 12 Roles of Methylation and Sequestration in the Mechanisms of
DNA Replication in some Members of the
Enterobacteriaceae Family 315
Amine Aloui, Alya El May, Saloua Kouass Sahbani and Ahmed
Landoulsi
Chapter 13 The Mechanisms of Epigenetic Modifications During DNA
Replication 333
Takeo Kubota, Kunio Miyake and Takae Hirasawa
Chapter 14 Chromatin Damage Patterns Shift According to Eu/
Heterochromatin Replication 351
María Vittoria Di Tomaso, Pablo Liddle, Laura Lafon-Hughes, Ana
Laura Reyes-Ábalos and Gustavo Folle
ContentsVI
Chapter 15 A Histone Cycle 377
Douglas Maya, Macarena Morillo-Huesca, Lidia Delgado Ramos,
Sebastián Chávez and Mari-Cruz Muñoz-Centeno
Chapter 16 Replicating – DNA in the Refractory Chromatin
Environment 403
Angélique Galvani and Christophe Thiriet
Section 5 Telomeres 421
Chapter 17 Telomeres: Their Structure and Maintenance 423
Radmila Capkova Frydrychova and James M. Mason
Chapter 18 Telomere Shortening Mechanisms 445
Andrey Grach
Contents VII
Preface
DNA replication is a fundamental part of the life cycle of all organisms. Not surprisingly
many aspects of this process display profound conservation across organisms in all domains
of life. Successful duplication of the genetic material can decide the life or death of an organ‐
ism. Hence, the integrity of the DNA replication process is paramount and any defects or
errors can lead to a myriad of problems ranging from cell death and developmental failure
to increased propensity for cancer.
The importance of accurately regulating the initiation and progression of DNA synthesis is
reflected in the complexity involved in assembling the molecular machines that carry out
chromosomal DNA synthesis. Chapters by Ishino & Ishino and Martinez-Antonio et al. dis‐
cuss the process of DNA replication in bacteria and archaea and reveal aspects of the proc‐
ess that are conserved, and aspects that are unique when compared to eukaryotes.
The large size of eukaryotic chromosomes presents challenges to accomplishing accurate
and timely DNA replication required for cell proliferation. The molecular machines that
drive DNA unwinding and chromosomal DNA synthesis are assembled in a multi-step
process that allows for many layers of potential regulation to ensure that DNA replication is
initiated accurately and only when appropriate. Many of these mechanisms serve double
duty to ensure that DNA replication is initiated only once in any given cell cycle. This is
essential to ensure that all portions of the genome are replicated but that none are over-re‐
plicated which could lead to the formation of structures at risk for breakage or inappropriate
recombination.
The assembly and activity of the DNA helicases and“replisome” that unwinds chromosomal
DNA and drives DNA replication are reviewed and discussed in chapters by Stuart, Fisk et
al., and Daniel, et al. The assembly of these fantastic DNA replication machines depends
upon highly specific and exquisitely regulated protein-protein interactions achieved by spe‐
cific interaction domains and a subset of these important interaction domains and mecha‐
nisms are reviewed in chapters by Matthews & Guarne and Zavec.
The Integrity of chromosomal DNA replication is a high priority for cells and there are
many mechanisms devoted to ensuring that damage to chromosomes is limited during the
duplication processes. The intra S-phase checkpoint and mechanisms that retain integrity of
the replication forks in the face of conditions that lead to pausing or stalling of the replica‐
tion process is discussed by Sabatinos & Forsburg who also present a model for the conse‐
quences of replication fork collapse during conditions when fork stalling or pausing occurs
globally during the replication process. Cox & Mason describe the current state of under‐
standing of the WRN helicase that functions in mammalian cells with emphasis on the effect
of loss of function mutations in WRN that lead to Werners Syndrome, a disorder that reca‐
pitulates cellular aging.
Cellular DNA is not “naked” but is wrapped and folded into complex three-dimensional
structures through its interaction with histone and other chromosomal proteins that com‐
prise chromatin. The histone proteins are subject to an array of post-translational modifica‐
tions that include acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. The DNA-
protein complex that is chromatin can exist in a range of structures varying in the degree of
condensation and modification state of the proteins. Not surprisingly the state of the chro‐
matin has significant effects on the replication of the DNA, influencing the selection of start
sites for DNA replication, the rate of fork progression and extent of fork pausing, as well as
having effects on DNA repair and recombination. Chapters by Kubota et al., Aloui et al, Di
Tomaso et al., Maya et al., and Galvani & Thiriet review aspects of the relationship of DNA
replication to chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation.
Not all segments of chromosomal DNA are the same even within the same cell. Some re‐
gions of the chromosomes have unique characteristics required to carry out a particular
function. The ends or telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes are particularly interesting as
they present a problem of how to fully replicate both strands without a loss of genetic
information. The end replication problem and mechanisms that solve the problem are de‐
scribed in chapters by Grach and by Frydrychova and Mason.
This volume outlines and reviews the current state of knowledge on several key aspects of
the DNA replication process. This is a critical process in both normal growth and develop‐
ment and in relation to a broad variety of pathological conditions including cancer. Under‐
standing and defining the molecular mechanisms that drive and regulate DNA replication
will offer insight into the fundamental process that allows cellular life and proliferation. Ad‐
ditionally, these insights will ultimately offer the hope of controlling diseases like cancer
that deregulate DAN replication and cell proliferation.
David Stuart
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada
Preface
X
[...]... to the external surface of the complex Pulling the Trigger to Fire Origins of DNA Replication http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55319 7 The business end: Polymerases at the origin The final critical steps of origin firing are the recruitment of the replicative polymerases, unwinding of the dsDNA and initiation of DNA synthesis While all cells encode multiple different DNA polymerases the enzymes with the. .. to cancer [3] The integrity of the DNA replication process is ensured partly by DNA repair mechanisms and checkpoint controls However, the primary mechanism that safeguards the DNA replication process is the complex and multi-step process that leads to the assembly and activation of an active replication complex at chromosomal origins of DNA replication The assembly and activation of DNA replication. .. strand while displacing the other strand [65, 159] Achieving this end requires that the dsDNA initially bound be melted and locally unwound allowing release of one strand to the outside surface of the complex and retaining the other within the central channel of the hexamer Although the molecular details 13 14 The Mechanisms of DNA Replication of this process remain unclear some of the current models to... G1-phase prior to the initiation of DNA replication in S-phase The base of the pre-RC is the chromatin bound Orc1-6, which acts as a landing pad for the assembly of a series of other protein factors required to assembly a replication fork and initiate bidirectional DNA synthesis A key requirement for processive DNA synthesis is a dsDNA helicase that can unwind the chromosomal DNA The Orc1-6 itself... orientation, with the dsDNA running through a central channel in the complex [67, 76] The double hexamers can slide on the duplex DNA 7 8 The Mechanisms of DNA Replication creating the potential to load multimers of double hexamer structures at a single ORI This may explain why the number of double hexamers loaded on to the DNA can greatly exceed the number of origins that are activated in the subsequent... by the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) in G2-phase [44-48] As Orc1-6 is required for DNA replication initiated at ORIs, the regulated binding of Orc in metazoans provides an additional layer of regulation that may be used to control the initiation of DNA replication 5 6 The Mechanisms of DNA Replication The Orc1-6 proteins act as a marker of chromosomal ORI sites and a platform for the assembly of replication. .. that they simply recognize and bind to the protein -DNA structure formed by the initial unwinding of the ORI DNA Owing to its ssDNA binding capability RPA associates with the RC once unwinding of the ORI DNA is underway; here it assists in stabilizing the nascent replication bubble and provides access for the replicative DNA polymerases [157] All three subunits of DNA Polδ make contact with PCNA and these... activation of the Mcm2-7 complex and unwinding of the DNA depends upon the further ordered addition of the protein factors Sld3, Cdc45, Sld2, Dpb11, the GINS complex (composed of Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, and Sld5], Mcm10, the replicative DNA polymerases Polε, Polδ, and Polα-primase, along with numerous accessory factors The addition of these factors to the ORI bound Orc1-6 – Mcm2-7 is dependent upon the activity of. .. strand DNA synthesis [158] These factors influence the processivity and integrity of DNA synthesis Unwinding the ORI DNA to provide ssDNA as template for the DNA polymerases and to construct bidirectional replication forks is accomplished by the activated Mcm2-7 hexamer in concert with associated proteins Cdc45, GINS, Mcm10 and the replicative DNA polymerases In vitro the Mcm2-7 hexamer unwinds DNA by... topisomerase The helicase activity of the Mcm2-7 hexamers then drives bidirectional dsDNA unwinding and replication fork movement along the chromosome allowing the synthesis of new DNA Initiating DNA replication is a serious event for a cell The chromosomal DNA is rarely more at risk of damage than when it is being unwound and copied During this processes single stranded DNA is revealed and the fork structures . varying in the degree of condensation and modification state of the proteins. Not surprisingly the state of the chro‐ matin has significant effects on the replication of the DNA, influencing the selection. recruitment of the replicative helicase to origins of DNA replication. The replicative helicase in S. cerevisiae is the minichromosome maintenance The Mechanisms of DNA Replication 6 complex (Mcm2-7). The. G1-phase prior to the initiation of DNA replication in S-phase. The base of the pre-RC is the chromatin bound Orc1-6, which acts as a landing pad for the assembly of a series of other protein factors
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Xem thêm: THE MECHANISMS OF DNA REPLICATION pot, THE MECHANISMS OF DNA REPLICATION pot, Assembly of the pre-RC: Orc marks the spot, Activating the licensed origins: All aboard the helicase train, Who’s on first? Ordered action of DDK and CDK in the activation of ORIs, RecQ and MCM helicases: association with disease and aging, Supportive roles for WRN, BLM helicases and RECQL4 during replication elongation, Unification of BLM, WRN, RECQL4 and MCM2-7 activities in DNA replication and recombination/repair, Dbf4/Rad53: A Case Study for phosphorylation-independent BRCT and FHA Interactions, The Collapse Point: A Metric for Fork Stability, Replication fork stalling – the role of WRN, Mutation patterns: effects of dipole moments or gamma polymerase misincorporations?, Cooperation between “Dam” and “SeqA” in DNA Replication, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine - the sixth base in mammalian DNA, Eu/heterochromatin replication and distribution of genetic damage, From gene to protein, histones are highly regulated, Histones: Enough to pack but not too much, Chromatin: From the nucleosome sub-unit to the higher order structure, The structure of telomeric DNA: “usual” and “unusual” telomeres