KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM ^o/ thanjg. miuL (X>u£ut 1975 THANG LQI CUA Y CHJ OOC LAP, THONG NHAT VA CHU NGHIA XA HOI PGS, TS DOAN NGOC HAI* D ai thang miia Xuan 1975, giii phdng hoan toan mign Nam, thdng nhit Td qudc, dua ci nudc tign Ign CNXH la mdt trong nhtmg thang lgi vT dai ciia cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX dudi sy lanh dao eua Ding Cong sin Viet Nam. Dd la thang lgi eiia dudng ldi va phuang phip cich mang dting din, sing tao ciia Ding, sy doin kgL cd kgt dan tdc, anh diing hy sinh ciia ddng bio, chign sT ei nude vi giiip dd qudc tg. Dd li sy van ddng ty nhign, hgp quy luat cua qui trinh phit trign cich mang Viet Nam. Sau thang lgi eua eudc khang chign chdng thye dan Phip xam luge (7-1954), mign Bac hoan toin giii phdng, timg budc qui do di Ign CNXH. Theo Hiep dinh Gionevo, mign Nam tam thdi do My vi ehinh quygn Sii Gdn kigm soiL se tign hinh tdng tuygn eir thdng nhat dat nude sau hai nam, nhung dg qudc My xam luge da bign mign Nam thinh can cir quan sy, thupc dia kigu mdi cua My, am muu chia cat lau dii dat nude ta. Diy khdng phii li lan dau tign dat nude bi chia cat, ma trudc dd, da timg cd nhtmg thdi ky phii chia cit do tranh gianh quygn lyc giiia Hpc vien Chinh tri, Bd Quoc phdng eic tip doan phong kign myc nit trong nudc vi cic thg lyc phong kign ngoai bang. Sy chia cat dat nude do eic trigu dai phong kign Viet Nam gay ra keo dii hang thg ky, nhung giira cic mign khdng ed sy khie biet sau sac vg chinh tri, kinh te, van hoi, xa hdi. Nam - Bac trigu, dang Trong hay dang Ngoii, dgu la chg dp phong kign ehuygn che, dya trgn ngn ting tu tudng, y thirc he Nho giio vdi ngn kinh tg ndng nghigp lac hau, ty eip ty tuc. 21 nam (1954 - 1975) dit nudc bi chia cat, hai mign Nam - Bac ed sy ddi lap nhau vg chg dp ehinh tri; kinh tg, van hoi, tu tudng ed sy bign ddng, khac biet, nhat li d cic vtmg dan cu nam sau trong vtmg kigm soat ciia My va chinh quygn tay sai. Tic nhin chinh gay ra sy chia cat dat nudc vi cd tinh tao dyng sy khic biet dd li dg qudc My vi eic thg lyc phan dpng tay sai ciia My d mien Nam. Kg thii cd tinh chia eit lau dii dit nude ta, gay ngn nhigu noi khd nhye cho ddng bio hai mign Nam - Bac. Nhung cai mi chimg khdng thg chia cat dugc dd li truyen thong ygu nude, doin kgt, Idng ty hao, ty tdn dan tdc, tinh than diu tranh bat khuit trudc ke thii, dugc bun diic Uong miy nghin nam lieh sir, tniyen lai cho thg he Hd Chi Minh, trd thanh nigm tin sit di: Du TAP CHl LjCH SU" OANG - S6 4/2010 27 KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG Ml^N NAM song CO thi can, nui co thi mdn, nhung hai mien Nam - Bac khdng thi ndo chia cdt dugc. Ngay trong thing 7-1954, tai Hgi nghi Trung uong sau (khoi II), Ding ta vi Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da khang dinh: Didu chinh khu vyc la tam thdi, Trung - Nam - Bic dgu la bd cdi CLia ta, nudc ta nhat dinh se thdng nhat, ddng bao ea nudc nhat dinh dugc giii phdng. Day khdng chi la tinh cim thidng ligng ciia Ding, ciia Bac Hd trudc ndi dau dat nudc bi chia cat, ddng bao va chign sT d mign Nam chua duge giii phdng, ma edn li tu tudng chi dgo, quyit tdm chiin lutyc ciia Ddng ta vi nhiem vu gidi phong miin Nam, thong nhdt To quoc, dong thdi cdn ggi ma su tim kiim con dudng, gidi phdp thich hgp di thuc hien muc tieu chiin luge do. Tdi Hdi nghi Trung uong 15 (1959), Ding ta phae thio rd net hon dudng Idi cich mang mign Nam: giai phdng hoan toan mign Nam khdi ach thdng tri ciia de qudc va phong kign, hoan thanh each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan d mign Nam, thye hien ddc lap dan tdc, ngudi ciy cd rudng, gdp phan xay dyng mdt nudc Viet Nam boa binh, thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu vi giiu manh. Trong eudc khang chign chdng My, eiiu nudc, chiing ta phai chdng lai mdt kg thit manh hon nhigu lan, nhat la ve kinh tg vi quan sy. Vdi cudng vpng thye thi chidn luge toan cau phan cich mang, dg qudc My tien hanh chign tranh xam luge nudc ta vira bang thii doan chinh tri mi dan, vira bang thii doan quan sy dam mau; tign hanh mdt cupc chign tranh tdng lyc vg chinh tri, kinh tg, quan sy, tu tudng va van hoa. Dg dinh thing eudc chien tranh xam luge dd, chting ta cting phai sir dung sire manh tdng hgp bao gdm cic ygu td chinh fri, quan sy, kinh tg, van hoi, stic manh dan tdc kdt hgp vdi sire manh thdi dai. Chiing ta biet giinh thang lgi timg budc cho dung; tir gianh thang lgi quygt dinh, danh cho My ciit, tign Ign gianh thang lgi hoan toan, dinh cho nguy nhao, giii phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc. Tidn hanh chign tranh bang phuong phip cich mang bao lyc tdng hgp, sir diong hai lyc lupng, hai hmh thiic dau tranh (chinh tri vi quan sy); tign hanh khdi nghla timg phan d ndng thdn tidn Ign chign tranh cich mang; kgt hgp dau tranh chinh tri, diu tranh quan sy vdi dau tranh ngoai giao; kgt hgp khdi nghTa eiia quan chimg vdi chign tranh cich mang, ndi day va tign cdng, tidn cdng va ndi day; dinh dich trgn ba viing chign luge (rimg niii, ndng thdn, ddng bang vi thanh thi); danh djch bang ba mtii giip cdng (quan sy, chinh tri, binh van); ket hgp 3 thir quan (bd dpi chii lyc, bd dpi dia phuang va dan quan du kich); ket hgp danh Idn, dinh vira, dinh nhd; thye hien lam chu dg tigu diet dich, tigu diet djch dg lam ehu; nam vung phuong cham chign luge danh lau dai, ddng thdi bidt tao thdi CO va nam vtmg thdi eo md nhiing tran quygt chign chign luge lam thay ddi eye dien chign tranh, tign Ign tdng tien cdng vi ndi day dinh bai quan thii, gianh thang lgi hoin toan. Trong ehi dao chign luge, vao thdi digm chin mudi nhat ciia tinh thg each mang, thdi CO chign luge dg giai phdng mign Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc xuat hien ttr sau Hiep dinh Pari dugc ky kgt (27-1-1973). Dg qudc My chip 28 TAP CHl LjCH SLf DANG - SO 4/2010 KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM nhan nit quan My va quan cac nudc ddng minh ra khdi midn Nam Viet Nam; lye lupng vti trang cich mang Viet Nam van d nguyen tai mign Nam; hai ben d mign Nam se hiep thuong giii quygt van dg ndi bd d midn Nam Viet Nam. Dae biet, thdi ea chign luge giii phdng mign Nam da Id rd vio cudi nam 1974, diu nam 1975, nhat li sau cie tran quydt chign chign luge, giii phdng Tay Nguydn, Hue, Di Nang. Khdng bd Id thdi co, Ding kip thdi didu chinh chign luge, ttr dy kign giii phdng mien Nam trong 2 nam 1975 - 1976, xudng cdn mdt nam, giii phdng midn Nam trong nam 1975, rdi dgn giii phdng mign Nam trudc miia mua nam 1975, cudi cting giii phdng midn Nam trong thing 4-1975. Ding quyet dinh ehuygn eudc tidn cdng chien luge thanh eudc Tdng tidn cdng chidn luge. Tu tudng chidn luge: "Thin tdc, tio bao, bat ngd, chac thang" gitr vai trd chit dao trong mpi hanh ddng ciia quan vi dan ca nudc khi thdi CO ddn. Chign dich Hd Chi Minh toin thang, giai phdng midn Nam, hoan thanh each mang din tdc dan chu nhan din trong ei nudc. Nhtmg quygt dinh dd phan inh thii dp quyet doin, mau le, mdt sy didu chinh chign lupe linh boat, sing tao eua Ding khi tinh the cich mang xuit hien. Dd la ban ITnh, tri tue ciia mpt Ding diy dan kinh nghiem trong lanh dao, didu hinh chign tranh. Vao thdi digm lieh sir dd, ngu trii trir, do dy se bd Id thdi CO. Trong chi dao thye tign, Ding tap trung tdi da lyc lugng da dugc chuan hi trudc cua tit ei cic quan binh ehiing, ci din tdc tham gia chidn dich Hd Chi Minh, thye hien ket hpp tdng cdng kich vd quan sy vdi ndi day eiia quan chimg trdn toan mign Nam, gianh thing lgi hoan toan cupc khing chidn chdng My, ciai nudc vao ngay 30-4-1975. Chien thing 30-4-1975 li mdt thing lgi kep ciia cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX. Chign thang dd da giai phdng hoin toin mign Nam, hoan thanh cich mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan trong ci nude. Dd li thing lgi cua dudng ldi cich mang giuong cao ngpn ed ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi chii nghTa xa hdi; cua dudng ldi chidn tranh nhin dan, ciia nghe thuat quan sy eiia Ding ta, quan dpi ta duge chung diic sudt chidu dii lieh sir cich mang Viet Nam. Chign thang do cting la thang lgi ciia sy nghigp thdng nhat dit nudc, dua ca nudc tidn Idn chii nghTa xa hdi. Chidn thang 30-4-1975, muc tigu ddc lip dan tdc da duge thye hien, nhung cupc dau tranh thang ngheo nin, lac hau dupe dat ra trye tidp khdng kem phan khd khan, gian khd. Nhidu vin dg dat ra ddi hdi Ding phii giii quyet. Cd thdng nhat dit nude ngay hay khdng? Thdng nhit bang con dudng nao? Thong nhat rdi dua dat nudc thoit khdi ngheo nin, lac hiu bang con dudng nao? Trudc nhung van de trpng dai ciia dit nude, eua dan tdc d vao thdi didm lieh sir nhu thd, ngu khdng quyet doin, mau le, sing tao, sdm dua ra dudng loi, phuong phap cich mang phit hgp se giy ra nhung hiu qui khdn ludng. Lap trudng thong nhit dat nudc ciia Ding ta li thdng nhat trdn co sd dinh hudng phat TAP CHi LICH Sl> OANG - SO 4/2010 29 KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG MI^N NAM. tridn chii nghTa xa hdi, thdng nhat khdng nhiing vd mat lanh thd mi thdng nhat ve cac ITnh vyc ehinh tri, kinh td, van hoa xa hgi , khdng thd chd den khi hai mign cd sy phit trign tuong ddng vg mpi mat rdi mdi thdng nhat vd mat nha nude. Thdng nhat dat nude la sy phit tridn tu nhidn, hgp quy luat, hgp long dan ciia ddng bio hai mien Nam Bac, bit ngudn ttr lieh sir, truydn thdng doan kdt, ed ket dan tdc da dugc ren luyen qua hing nghin nam ljch sir, vugt qua nhieu budc thang tram dd tdn tai va phit tridn ciia dan tgc ta. Trong thdi ky dat nudc tam thdi bi chia eat, van li mdt Dang - Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam lanh dao cich mang; mdt dan tdc, mdt quan dpi cich mang tien hanh, tuy vd hinh thtie ed sy khic nhau vd miu ed, tdn gpi cic td chire chinh quydn, mat trin, hai mien cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh lieh sir. Sau ngiy 30-4-1975, dat nudc thdng nhat, nhan dan ci nudc budc vio thdi ky xay dyng CNXH thi nhtrng sy khic nhau vd ding vd bg ngoai ay khdng can thidt nira. Han ai hdt, nhan dan Viet Nam y thirc sau sac rang, khdng cd con dudng nio khic la con dudng ci nudc tien len ehu nghTa xa hdi mdi tao ra nhtrng tidn dd can thiet cho su tdn tai va phit trien, lam cho dat nudc thoat khdi ngheo nin, lac hau. Ding ta khang dinh: thong nhdt cdng sam, dua cd nuac di lin chu nghia xa hgi ngdy cdng phdt huy nhanh chong sice mgnh todn dien ciia ddt nudc vdo su nghiep xdy dung vd bdo vi To quoc. Chit truang eiia Ding nhanh chdng thye hien thdng nhit nudc nha ngay sau ngay mign Nam hoin toan giii phdng da dugc nhin dan ca nudc ddng tinh ung hd. Ding da lanh dao thye hidn thdng nhat Td qudc mot cich sang tao, ddc dao, mot mau myc ve sy hoi hgp, thdng nhat dan tgc. Trudc hgt la thye hien thdng nhat nudc nha vd mat nha nudc theo dung phip ly, dan chii li tdng tuydn cir tren toan lanh thd Viet Nam dg bau ra Qudc hgi chung ciia ei nudc, theo nguyen tac dan chu, phd thdng, binh ding, true tiep va bd phigu kin. Thye hien chii truong dd, ngay 25-4- 1976, cir tri ci nude phan khdi di bd phieu bau Qudc hgi, dat ty le 98,7% (mign Bac 99,36%, mign Nam 98,39%); 492 dai higu da dugc bau vao Qudc hgi, bao gdm du cic thanh phan cdng nhan, ndng dan, tri thtic, cie dan tpc, tdn giio, eic lye lugng vti trang, dai bidu cic tang ldp thanh nign, phu nii Qudc hdi chung eiia ci nudc la bieu thi y chi, hinh dgng eiia toin Ding, toin dan, toin quan quydt tam xay dimg mot nudc Viet Nam dpe lap, thdng nhat va XHCN; thuc hien trpn ven Di chiic thieng Hdng cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh: Td qudc ta nhat dinh se thdng nhat. Ddng bao Nam Bic nhat dinh se sum hgp mdt nhi. Tir ngay 24-6-1976 ddn ngiy 3-7-1976, Qudc hgi nude Viet Nam thdng nhat da hgp vi quydt dinh tdn nudc, qudc ky, qudc huy, qudc ca; thinh lap cic eo quan lap phip, hinh phip va tu phip. Qudc hdi da bau ddng chi Tdn Dire Thang lim Chit tjeh nudc, cac ddng ehi Nguyen 30 TAP CHl UCH SU" OANG - S6 4/2010 KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG MI&N NAM. Luong Bang, Nguydn Hiru Thp lim Phd Chii tich nude, ddng chi Trudng - Chinh lam Chii tich Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi va ddng chi Pham Van Ddng lam Thii tudng Chinh phu nudc Cdng hoi xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam. Td chire, nhin sy, phuong thire boat ddng ciia Qudc hdi hoin toin phti hgp vdi thye tidn dat nude, xu thg thdi dai, vdi nguyen vpng ciia ddng bio, chidn sT ei nude. Ddn thing 6-1976, theo chu truong ciia Ding, Mat trin Td qudc, cic td chire quin chiing nhu Doin Thanh nidn, Hdi Phy nir, Cdng doin, cting lan lugt hpp hdi nghi hgp nhat, thdng nhat vd tgn gpi, cie td chirc, phuong thirc boat ddng. Ddn day da thdng nhat cic CO quan lanh dao trong toan qudc, hoan thanh xuat sac nhiem vy thdng nhat nude nhi ve mat nha nude, md dudng cho thdi ky phit trien ciia dan tgc ta trong nhtmg nam tiep theo. Con dudng thye hien thdng nhit nudc nha sau ngay midn Nam hoin toin giii phdng bang phuang phap hoa binh, dd la tu tudng nhat quan eua Ding ngay tir ngay dat nude hi chia cit. Sy thdng nhat ay khdng cd sy gd ep, ip dat, hay cd tinh sip nhap midn np vdi midn kia nhu tuygn truygn cua mdt sd ngudi thidu thien chi, phi hoai sy nghiep cich mang eiia Ding va nhan dan Viet Nam. Thang lgi dd khang dinh bin ITnh chinh tri, tu duy ddc lap, tu chii, sing tao eiia Ding, thd hien sire manh, y chi dai doin kgt toin dan tdc. Ddng thdi thang lgi dd dat ndn mdng vimg chic cho sy phit trign khdng ngimg cua each mang nudc ta. Cich mang Viet Nam trong 35 nam tir sau ngay giii phdng midn Nam, thong nhit dat nude, nhat li gin 25 nam ddi mdi toin dien dat nudc theo dinh hudng XHCN do Dang ta khdi xudng va lanh dao da giinh dugc nhigu thinh tyu to Idn, cd y nghTa lieh sir. Dd li nhiing minh ehirng cho sy diing dan, sing tao ctia Ding trong viee quygt djnh sdm thdng nhat nude nhi, dua ci nudc tien len CNXH ngay sau chidn thing 30-4-1975. Ngay nay, trong tinh hinh thg gidi dang xuat hien nhigu van de phirc tap vg tdn giio, dan tdc, sac tdc, chidn tranh dim miu da nd ra d nhidu nai, nhigu qudc gia, dan tdc bi chia re, ehiing ta eing nhin thire day dii y nghTa ly luin, thye tien, tam vde vT dai vd sy thinh cdng ciia Ding ta trong lanh dao thye hien thdng nhat nude nha, dua ci nudc di len chii nghTa xa hdi sau chidn thang 30-4-1975. Trong sy nghiep ddi mdi, diy manh cdng nghigp hoi, hien dai hoi dat nudc, tich eye ehii ddng hdi nhap qudc td, sy nghigp cich mang ciia nhan dan ta dang dirng trudc nhigu co hdi Idn, nhung van phii ddi mat vdi nhieu nguy co, thich thire. Trong boi einh iy, ban luc nio hdt, chiing ta phii gitr virng ddc lap dan tdc, thdng nhit dit nude, thye hidn muc tidu dan giiu, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan ehii, van minh theo dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa. TAP CHl UCH SU' OANG - S6 4/2010 31 . trong 2 nam 1975 - 1976, xudng cdn mdt nam, giii phdng midn Nam trong nam 1975, rdi dgn giii phdng mign Nam trudc miia mua nam 1975, cudi cting giii phdng midn Nam trong thing 4 -1975. Ding. NAM ^o/ thanjg. miuL (X>u£ut 1975 THANG LQI CUA Y CHJ OOC LAP, THONG NHAT VA CHU NGHIA XA HOI PGS, TS DOAN NGOC HAI* D ai thang miia Xuan 1975, giii phdng hoan toan mign Nam,. Nam, gianh thing lgi hoan toan cupc khing chidn chdng My, ciai nudc vao ngay 30-4 -1975. Chien thing 30-4 -1975 li mdt thing lgi kep ciia cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX. Chign thang dd