CHU NGHIA TU^ BAN NHA Nl/6C TRONG THOI KI QUA DO LEN CHU NGHIA XA HOI ThS. PHAM THI MINH PHUONG Khoa Ly lugn chinh tri Tru&ng Dgi hpc Giao thdng Van tdi Tdm tdt: Su ton tgi nen kinh te nhiiu thdnh phdn trong thai kl qud do len chu nghia xd hdi la mdt tdt yeu khdch quan. Cdc thdnh phdn kinh ti ndy tdn tgt dan xen vd cd moi Hen hi vai nhau. Trong cdc thdnh phdn kinh te dy, kinh te tu bdn nhd nudc Id mgt hinh thiec kinh ti cd vai trd dgc biit quan trgng trong viic hudng kinh te tu nhdn dl vdo quy dgo ciia chii nghia xd hgi Tie viec tim hieu ly ludn ciia V. I. Lenin ve chu nghia tu bdn nhd nudc, tdc gid neu len mdt sd gidl phdp nhdm .^ie dung cd hiiu qud kinh te tie bdn nhd nudc a nuac ta. Summary: ji^g existence of multi-component economy In period of transition to socialism Is an objective Inevitable. Those economic sectors exist altogether and closely relate to each other. In those economic sectors, state capitalist economic sector Is a sector which has a particularly Important role in orienting private economic sector Into the orbit of socialism. From reseaching V.L Lenin's theory about state capitalist economic sector, the author gh>es some solutions In order to using this economic sector effectively In our country. I. DAT VAN DE Su tdn tai khach quan va lgi ich cua nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan trong thdi ky qua do len chil nghTa xa hdi la dieu da dugc khang dinh til' lau ca ve ly luan va thuc tien. Trong nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan ay, kinh te tu ban nha nudc cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng nham hudng kinh te tu nhan di vao quy dao cua chil nghTa xa hdi. Vi vay, viec trd lai nhung nguyen ly cua Lenin ve chii nghTa tu ban nha nudc de de xuat mdt sd giai phap nham sir dung cd hieu qua thanh phan kinh te nay d nude ta hien nay van la van de can thiet. II. NOI DUNG Theo Lenin, chu nghTa tu ban nha nudc (CNTBNN) la san pham ciia sir can thiep cua nha nudc vao boat ddng cua xi nghiep tu ban. Neu nha nudc la giai cap tu san, CNTBNN phuc vu lgi ich ciia giai cap tu san. Neu nha nudc la cua giai cap cdng nhan thi CNTBNN phuc vu lgi ich cho giai cap cdng nhan. Vi vay, CNTBNN dirge thilt lap trong thdi ky qua do len Chu nghTa xa hdi la thu CNTBNN dac biet. Tinh chit dac biet ciia nd tbi hien, vl mat chinh trj: Tinh chit cua nha nudc da thay doi. Dd la nha nude cua dan, do dan va vi dan. vl mat kinh tl, nha nude da cd trong tay mdt khu vuc kinh tl nha nudc nim giu nhung vi 100 tri then chdt trgng ylu trong nin kinh tl. Trong thdi ky qua do len Chu nghTa xa hdi, Lenin chii truong sii' dung Chii nghTa tu ban Nha nude de cai tao va xay dung Chii nghTa xa hdi, Chu nghTa tu ban Nha nude la hinh thuc de cai tao tu ban tu nhan di theo Chu nghTa xa hdi "Chu nghTa tu ban Nha nudc ve kinh te cao hon rat nhieu so vdi nen kinh te hien nay ciia nude ta"'. Dudi su kiem soat cua nha nudc ddi vdi cac nha tu ban kinh doanh trong cac ITnh vuc cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, thu'O'ng nghiep, dd la thir CNTBNN boat dgng theo "tay iai" ciia nha nudc vd san. La san pham ciia ljch sii', kinh te tu ban nha nudc dat tdi trinh do phat trien cao, Lenin nhin thay d do da xuat hien nhan td tien de cho viec xay dung Chu nghTa xa hdi. Ngudi viet: "Khdng cd ky thuat tu ban dugc xay dung tren nhung phat minh mdi nhat ciia khoa hgc hien dai, khdng cd mdt td chuc nha nudc cd ke hoach khien cho hang chuc trieu ngudi phai tuan theo het siic nghiem ngat mdt tieu chuan thdng nhat trong viec san xuat va phan phdi san pham thi khdng khdng the ndi den Chu nghTa xa hgi dugc"". Tir nhu'ng ly giai ndi tren, cd the thay ndi dung chu yeu ciia CNTBNN bao gdm: Mdt Id: CNTBNN khdng chi la mdt thanh phan kinh te hdn hgp, mdt hinh thuc kinh te hdn hgp giua nha nudc vd san vdi tu ban tu nhan trong va ngoai nude ma dd cdn la mdt boat ddng kinh te coi trgng lgi ich vat chat, van dung co che thj trudng de lam ddng luc thuc day kinh te phat trien, bdi vi, CNTBNN sinh ra do chinh ta phai lgi dung ban tay tu ban, ma tu ban chi cd the ra ddi tren nin kinh te hang boa phat trien cao. Hai la: CNTBNN cdn la su hgc tap, su van dung cao do nhQng thanh tuu khoa hgc ky thuat cdng nghe va thanh tuu khoa hgc quan ly kinh te, dilu hanh kinh tl ciia Chii nghTa tu ban. Ngudi vilt "Chi khi nao nhung ngudi cdng san biet dimg ban tay ciia ngud'i khac de xay dung nen kinh te ay va ban than minh, hgc tap giai cap tu san ay va hudng giai cap ay theo con dudng minh mudn, khi dd chiing ta mdi cd the lanh dao dugc nin kinh tl ^ Nhu vay, quan niem cua Lenin ve su phat trien ciia CNTBNN trong thdi ky qua do len Chii nghTa xa hdi d hai muc do: Nd la mdt hinh thuc kinh te qua do va nd la mdt giai doan phat trien - giai doan "trung gian", dugc vi nhu chiec "cau nhd" vQng chac de dua san xuat nhd len san xuat ldn xa hgi chii nghTa bd qua giai doan phat trien tu ban chu nghTa. Vdi tu each la mdt hinh thiic kinh te qua do, Lenin chi ra, CNTBNN nhu la mdt thanh phan kinh te trong thdi ky qua do len Chu nghTa xa hdi. Trong thanh phan kinh te nay nha nudc ciing vdi cac nha tu ban lien ket, lien doanh de tien hanh san xuat va tieu thu hang boa d day cd 4 loai hinh chu yeu. Dd la: - Td nhugng: Dd la loai hinh ma nha nudc vd san nhudng cho tu ban nude ngoai quyen khai thac mgt sd xi nghiep, ham md, dat dai, khu rirng dudi su kiem soat cua nha nude. Nha nudc vd san va nha nudc tu ban nudc ngoai ciing nhau ky ket hgp ddng quy djnh thdi han td nhugng, quy md xi nghiep, doanh lgi mdi ben v.v Dudi hinh thiic td nhugng, Lenin chi rd ca nha tu ban va nha nudc cimg cd lgi. Ddi vdi nha tu ban dd la lgi nhuan cao, la ngudn nguyen lieu quy hiem, cdn doi vdi nha nudc vd san, qua td nhugng ma thuc diy san xuat phat trien, tang sd lugng san phim trong dieu kien nha nudc vd san cdn thilu thon du mgi phuong tien. Td nhugng la hinh thu'c CNTBNN don gian nhit, sang td nhit, cd hinh thii rd ret nhat. - Hinh thirc thu' hai cua CNTBNN la hgp tac xa ciia nhung ngudi tieu ndng, tieu san Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 32 - 11/2010 101 xuat. Theo Lenin so vdi td nhugng thi hgp tac xa it don gian hon, cd hinh thii it rd ret hon, phiic tap hon. Song "Chu nghTa tu ban hgp tac xa gidng CNTBNN d chd nd tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho sir kiem ke, kilm soat, theo ddi, cho nhung quan he da ghi trong hgp ddng giira nha nudc vdi nha tu ban. Nlu xet vl mat thuong nghiep thi hgp tac xa cd lgi va cd ich hon thuong nghiep tu nhan ching nhung vi ly do neu tren ma cdn vi nd tao nen dieu kien thuan lgi cho viec lien hgp va td chiic hang trieu ngudi sau dd toan the dan chiing, va tinh hinh ay lai la mdt dieu lgi rit ldn cho budc qua do tuong lai tir CNTBNN len Chii nghTa xa hdi"\ - Hinh thiic thir ba cua CNTBNN la nha nudc ldi cudn nha tu ban vdi tu each mgt nha budn lam dai ly de hg ban san pham cho nha nude va mua san pham cua nhtrng ngudi san xuat nhd cho nha nude, nha nudc tra tien hoa hdng cho hg. - Hinh thirc thir tu la nha nudc chd tu ban tu nhan trong nudc thue de kinh doanh mdt xi nghiep, viing md, khu dat v.v d day hgp ddng cho thue gidng hgp ddng td nhugng. Vdi tu each la mgt giai doan phat trien, Lenin coi CNTBNN la giai doan gan lien vdi thdi ky qua do len Chu nghTa xa hdi. Dd la giai doan chuan bj vat chat day du nhat de tien vao CNXH ma bat ky mdt dat nudc nao tien len Chu nghTa xa hdi cung phai trai qua. Dieu dd lai cang can thiet hon cho cac nude cd nen kinh te kem phat trien di len Chii nghTa xa hdi bd qua giai doan.phat trien tu ban chu nghTa. Ddi vdi nude ta hien nay, vdi diem xuat phat thap song lai cd dieu kien qudc te thuan lgi, mudn nhanh chdng cd "phdng chd", mudn lgi dung cd hieu qua nhan td qudc te phai biet "mugn ban tay" ciia Chu nghTa tu ban, phai van dung CNTBNN. Song trudc het phai xae djnh rd muc dich ciia su van dung la d chd nha nudc ciia giai eip vd san Igi dung '' tay" cua tu ban dl phat triln kinh t ! trudng, de chuyin giao cdng nghe vs 'ih tuu khoa hgc quan Iy hien dai, qua dd chuan bj CO sd vat chit, tao "phdng chd" dl di vao Chu nghTa xa hdi. Mudn vay qua trinh van dung phai tuan thii cac nguyen tic sau. - Bit cir trong quan he kinh tl, ky thuat nao cung phai dam bao nin kinh tl phat trien diing djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa. - Binh dang, tdn trgng lln nhau, ciing cd lgi trong quan he vdi tu ban trong va ngoai nudc. - Tren co sd phan tich dimg din tuong quan lire lugng, tuy thudc tinh chit va trinh do quan ly de lira chgn va quyet djnh eac hinh thirc kinh te tu ban nha nudc thich hgp. Lenin tung nhan manh: CNTBNN la chu nghTa phuc tiing su dieu tiet ciia nha nudc (giam sat, kiem tra, quy djnh cac hinh thirc trat tu ). Dieu do cd nghTa la CNTBNN gin lien vdi nha nudc, phu thudc vao ban chat cua nha nudc, kha nang dieu tiet ciia nha nudc va phu thudc vao su vung manh cua nha nudc. Khi luan giai ve su "khdng dang sg" Lenin da dat niem tin vao su lanh dao vung vang cua Dang cdng san, tinb chat vai trd ciia nha nudc Xd viet. Ngudi viet: "Vay thi hay thir dem nha nudc Gioongke tu ban, nha nudc ciia bgn dja chii va tu ban, thay bang nha nudc each mang, cac ban se thay rang trong mdt nudc dan chu each mang that su thi CNTB DQNN tat nhien va nhat djnh phai cd nghTa la mdt budc tien len Chu nghTa xa hdi". Vi vay, de van dung CNTBNN, de giu' vQ'ng djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa ddi hdi mdt sd dieu kien cd thi coi nhu la nbOng thach thirc bit budc phai vugt qua. Mdt Id, phai giu vung sir lanh dao ciia Dang cdng san, chinh dang cua giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam. Day la mdt thach thiic ma tinh 102 Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI: So 32-11/2010 kha thi cua nd phu thudc vao viec Dang phai tu ddi mdi, tu dilu chinh theo hudng: Tri tue boa, dan chu boa trong sach va lanh manh boa. Hai Id, phai cd mdt nha nudc phap quyln day dii tri tue va cd nang lire, cd uy tin, trong sach, the hien dugc trong thuc tl tinh chit cua mdt nha nudc cua dan, do dan va vi dan. Ba Id phai khac phuc cd hieu qua te budn lau va tham nhung dang tdn tai nhu mdt "qudc nan" cd lien quan den nguy co "di chech hudng xa hdi chu nghTa" bang mdt co che khoa hgc va cd mdt thai do xu' ly nghiem minh. III. KET LUAN Ly luan ve CNTBNN cua Lenin khdng chi cd y nghTa ddi vdi nudc Nga trong thdi ky khdi phuc va phat trien kinh te sau chien tranh ma cdn cd y nghTa phd bien ddi vdi tat ca cac nudc di len Chii nghTa xa hdi, dac biet ddi vdi nhting nudc tir nen san xuat nhd di len Chu nghTa xa hdi bd qua giai doan tu ban chu nghTa. Tuy nhien, hinh thirc miic do, phuong phap van dung phai tuy thudc vao dieu kien eu the cua mdi nudc cung nhu dieu kien qudc te trong tirng giai doan. Ddi vdi nudc ta, de sii dung cd hieu qua kinh te tu ban nha nudc ddi hdi ddng bd nhieu dieu kien, trong dd dieu kien tien quyet la phai giu vung nang cao nang luc lanh dao cua Dang cdng san Viet Nam ddng thdi xay dung va cung cd nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chu nghTa. Tai lieu tham khao [1]. V.l. Lenin, tohn tap, tap 43 trang 252-253. [2]. V.l. Lenin, toan tap tap 43 trang 252. [3]. V.l. Linln, toan tap, tap 45 trang 117. [4]. V.I. Lenin, toan tap, tap 45 trang 250. [5]. V.I. Linln, toan tap, tap 44 trang418* CONG TAC TUT TUdNG, LY LUAN VA BAO CHI CUA DANG (tiep theo trang 76) - Doi m&i tdng cu&ng su Idnh dgo eita Ddng, ndng cao chdt luong hieu luc, hieu qud qudn ly Nhd nu&c ddi v&i bdo chi. Giai phap quan trgng la coi trgng, eham lo lam cdng tac xay dung Dang trong cac co quan bao chi. Quy djnh tham quyen, trach nhiem, co cbl phdi hgp gitra 4 co quan sau: chi dao bao chi ciia Dang, quan ly bao chi cila Nha nudc, hdi nha bao va co quan chu bao chi ddi vdi co quan bao cbi va ngudi lam bao. Xay dung che tai dii manh, xir ly dirt diem, kjp thdi, nghiem chinh cac sai pham. Nghien cuu phan loai bao chi theo chiic nang, nhiem vu vdi can bd bao chi. Doi v&i dpi ngU cdn bp cdng tdc bdo chi: Ddi mdi, nang cao chat lugng hieu qua cdng tac dao tao bdi dudng pham chat chinh tri, trinh do nghiep vu, nang lire chuyen mdn va dao diic nghe nghiep. Ddi v&i cdc bdo, ddi, tgp chi chu luc: Cd ke hoach dao tao, bdi dudng, bd sung can bd ed du pham chat, nang luc. Ddi mdi, nang cao chat lugng ve ndi dung hinh thiic, tang tinh thuyet phuc, tinh hap dan, lugng phat hanh, pham vi phat sdng. Doi v&i hogt dpng thdng tin ddi ngogi bdo chi Tiep tuc md rdng sdng phat thanh, truyen binh, bao dien tir ra cac nude, khu vuc. Dua nhieu san pham van hda tdt ddi vdi ddng bao d nudc ngoai va qudc te. Tang cudng gidi thieu ve dat nudc va con ngudi Viet Nam tren the gidi. Tai lieu tham khao [1]. Giao trinh Dudng lli each mang ciia Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, NXB Chinh tri QuIc gia. Ha Ngi, 2009. [2]. Tap chi Ijch sir Dang, 2007. ,' [3]. Van kien Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia Dang Cgng San Viet Nam lin thir X, NXB Chinh trj Quicgia, HaNoi, 2006• Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 32 - 11/2010 103 . va vi dan. vl mat kinh tl, nha nude da cd trong tay mdt khu vuc kinh tl nha nudc nim giu nhung vi 100 tri then chdt trgng ylu trong nin kinh tl. Trong thdi ky qua do len Chu nghTa xa hdi, . nhiiu thdnh phdn trong thai kl qud do len chu nghia xd hdi la mdt tdt yeu khdch quan. Cdc thdnh phdn kinh ti ndy tdn tgt dan xen vd cd moi Hen hi vai nhau. Trong cdc thdnh. cua nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan trong thdi ky qua do len chil nghTa xa hdi la dieu da dugc khang dinh til' lau ca ve ly luan va thuc tien. Trong nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan