Reality and Challenges Reality and Challenges EthnicMinoritiesandRegional DevelopmentinAsia Cao (ed.) Since the Second World War, Asian nations have experienced some of the fastest economic growth in the world. Yet, paralleling the extraordinary growth, unequal development has generated economic and regional imbalances, particularly in the ultramodern metropolises and littoral zones. The development experience in the world over the last century has shown that economic growth cannot be sustained without taking into consideration the social and political development of vulnerable populations, including greater recognition of minority rights. Better minority socioeconomic and political accommodations have contributed to society’s overall well being and the sustainability of economic growth. Integrating minorities as part of their development is a challenge of immense magnitude that Asian societies are facing. Within this context, the objective of Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges is to support the interdisciplinary discussion that aims to join studies surrounding the development of minorities in Asia. Dr. Huhua Cao, professor in Social Geography at the University of Ottawa, is a specialist in the application of the geostatistical approach to urban and regional minority development. Edited by Huhua Cao Reality and Challenges EthnicMinorities andRegional DevelopmentinAsia Public ationsSeries Edited Volumes 10 www.aup.nl ISBN 978 90 8964 091 8 640918789089 9  )3". Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia Publications Ser ies General Editor Paul van der Velde Publications Officer Martina van den Haak Editorial Board Wim Boot (Leiden University); Jennifer Holdaway (Social Science Research Coun- cil); Christopher A. Reed (The Ohio State University); Anand A. Yang (Director of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies and Chair of International Studies at the University of Washington); Guobin Yang (Barnard College, Colum- bia University) The ICAS Publications Series consists of Monographs and Edited Volumes. The Series takes a multidisciplinary approach to issues of interregional and multilat- eral importance for Asia in a global context. The Series aims to stimulate dialo- gue amongst scholars and civil society groups at the local, regional and interna- tional levels. The International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS) was founded in 1997. Its main goals are to transcend the boundaries between disciplines, between nations studied, and between the geographic origins of the Asia scholars involved. ICAS has grown into the largest biennial Asia studies event covering all subjects of Asia studies. So far five editions of ICAS have been held respectively in Leiden (1998), Berlin (2001), Singapore (2003), Shanghai (2005) and Kuala Lumpur (2007). ICAS 6 will be held in Daejeon (South Korea) from 6-9 August 2009. In 2001 the ICAS secretariat was founded which guarantees the continuity of the ICAS process. In 2004 the ICAS Book Prize (IBP) was established in order to create by way of a global competition both an international focus for publications on Asia while at the same time increasing their visibility worldwide. Also in 2005 the ICAS Publications Series were established. For more information: www.icassecretariat.org Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia Reality and Challenges Edited by Huhua Cao Publications Ser ies Edited Volumes 10 Cover design: JB&A raster grafisch ontwerp, Westland Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 091 8 e-ISBN 978 90 4850 818 1 NUR 747 / 761 © ICAS / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re- served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in- troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents Table of Contents 5 List of Tables, Figures, and Photos 7 Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 13 Huhua Cao Part I Minority Region Development 2 Maximising Opportunities for the Tibetans of Qinghai Province, China 19 Anja Lahtinen 3 Southeast Asia ‘Ethnic Minorities’ in an Account by the Florentine Merchant Francesco Carletti: A 17th Century Manuscript 33 Elisabetta Colla 4 Fuzzy Sets in Regional Development Analysis: A case study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Western China 49 Shengquan Ma, Ruibo Han, Chengyi Zhang 5 Patterns of the Use and the Choice of Health Care Facilities among the Han and Minority Populations in China 65 Julia Vedom and Huhua Cao 6 Accessibility of Health Care for Pastoralists in the Tibetan Plateau Region: A Case Study from Southern Qinghai Province, China 83 Peter M. Foggin, Marion E. Torrance and J. Marc Foggin 7 Dealing with Urban Ethnic Differences: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Canadian Strategies 93 Reza Hasmath Part II Ethnic Mobility And Urbanisation 8 Urbanisation Processes among Ethnic Groups in Western China 109 Ai Deng, Anwaer Maimaitiming, Huhua Cao 9 Conflict and Displacement: A Leading Social Problem in Sri Lanka A Study of Two Communities in Anuradhap ura District 129 Rev. Pinnawala Sangasumana 10 Sardar Sarovar Dam: A Case Study of Oustees in Gujarat, India 149 Niladri Ranjan Dash 11 Local Government and Multicultural Coexistence Practices in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Integrating a Growing Foreigner Minority Population 165 Stephen Robert Nagy 12 Challenges of ecotourism in northern Laos: The case of Luang Nam Tha province 183 Yann Roche 13 Ethnic Tourism Development: Preliminary Data for the Dong Village of Zhaoxing, China 193 Candice Cornet 14 Between Performance and Intimacy: Back Spaces and Private Moments in the Tourist Village of Luoshui, China 205 Tânia Ganito Biography of Contributors 217 Bibliography 223 6 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA List of Tables, Figures, and Photos List of tables Table 2.1 Per capita annual income of urban and rural households (Yuan, RMB) 24 Table 2.2 Urban registered unemployment and unemployment rate by region 27 Table 4.1 Information content 54 Table 4.2 The Ideal for each indicator in Ningxia in 2003 58 Table 4.3 Information content 59 Table 4.4 The economic development evaluation table for Ningxia, 2002-2004 59 Table 5.1 Logistic regression results for factors affecting the choice of facilities in 2004 76 Table 6.1 HDI’s and other indicators for selected countries and provinces of China Table 7.1 Ethnic Composition of Total Population in Toronto, 1971-2001 84 Table 7.2 Ethnic Composition of Total Population in Beijing, 2000 100 Table 8.1 The level of urbanisation of ethnic nationalities in western China in 2000 102 Table 8.2 The descriptive statistics of urbanisation level and other variables 111 Table 8.3 Regression results of the nationality urbanisation model 117 Table 8.4 Urbanisation rate among China’s provinces in 2000 119 Table 8.5 The employment, education and other factors of the fifteen ethnic nationalities, whose urbanisation levels are higher than 28 per cent (2000) 122 Table 8.6 The employment, education and other factors of the 36 ethnic nationalities, whose urbanisation levels are lower than 28 per cent (2000) 125 Table 10.1a Selected Villages – Socia l Composition 151 Table 10.1 State-Wise break-up of affected villages and number of affected families 154 Table 10.2 Demography: Resettle d Persons 154 Table 10.3 Land Holding: Number of Households 155 Table 10.4 Occupations: Number of Households 155 Table 10.5a Resettlement Status 156 Table 10.5b Resettlement Status: Agriculture 158 Table 10.5c Resettlement Status: Forest, Livestock and Material Possession 159 Table 10.5d Problems at the Resettle ment Sites 161 Table 11.1 Percent increase/population of Registered Foreigners in Shinjuku Ward, the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and Japan in 1995, 2000 and 2005 168 Table 11.2 Percentage of Immigrants in Britain, France, Germany, United States, Australia, Japan, Tokyo, Adachi and Shinjuku 174 Table 11.3 Adachi resident responses to future direction of Internationalization in Adachi Ward and what area the municipal government should prioritize its resources 176 Table 12.1 Tours operators in Luang Namtha in 2005 190 Table 13.1 Zhaoxing: approximate number of tourists per year 200 Table 13.2 Zhaoxing: estimated villagers’ revenue per month 202 List of figures Figure 4.1 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and its counties 56 Figure 4.2 Economic development levels in Ningxia from 2002 to 2004 60 Figure 4.3 The zoning of economic development levels in Ningxia from 2002 to 2004 61 Figure 5.1 Distribution of minorities in China, 2001 67 Figure 5.2 Health care administration in China 68 Figure 5.3 Distribution of CHNS sample in China 72 Figure 5.4 Analytical framework for the study of choice of health care facility 73 Figure 5.5 Use of health clinics and hospitals in urban-rural areas and by Han (H) and minorities (M) 74 Figure 5.6 Proportion of use of clinics and hospitals by minorities and Han in nine provinces in China 75 Figure 6.1 Location of Zhiduo county in People’s Republic of China 87 8 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA Figure 6.2 Map of Zhiduo county 87 Figure 8.1 China and its western provinces 110 Figure 8.2 Relationship between urbanisation level and non- agricultural employment of the ethnic nationalities in western China, 2000 118 Figure 8.3 Relationship between urbanisation level and education level of ethnic nationalities in Western China, 2000 120 Figure 9.1 Research Locations 132 Figure 9.2 Integrated root causes determining abnormal behaviour 143 Figure 11.1 Changes in the number of registered foreign nationals and its percentage of the total population in Japan 166 Figure 11.2 Map of Tokyo Metropolitan Area 167 Figure 12.1 Luang Namtha Province, including Nam Ha National Protected Area 185 Figure 12.2 Path of Route 3 across Nam Ha National Protected Area 187 List of photos Photo 2.1 Tibetan girls on a way to Tongren 21 Photo 2.2 Tibetan cattle at Qinghai Lake 22 Photo 2.3 Toward modernity in Tongren 23 Photo 12.1 Route 3 between Vieng Poukha and Luang Namtha, during the rainy season 186 Photo 12.2 Akha villagers near Muang Sing, Luang Namtha Province: Ethnic diversity is a major asset for ecotourism in the province 188 Photo 12.3 Ecotourism: a tool for forest biodiversity conservation 189 Photo 12.4 The landscape along several trekking trails in Muang Sing: not exactly as the ecotourists might expect it to be 192 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND PHOTOS 9 [...]... modernisation INTRODUCTION 1.2 15 About this book We examine two broad themes related to minorities and their development: minority region development and ethnic mobility and urbanisation The first theme examines regional development among minorities and in minority regions Anja Lahtinen examines the effects of the Chinese Western Region Development Strategy on provincial development in Qinghai, highlighting... overall well being and the sustainability of economic growth Integrating minorities as part of their development is a challenge of immense magnitude that Asian societies are facing Being a minority has different meanings and implications according to differing contexts and locations, and therefore the word ‘minority’ is problematic, fluid and difficult to define In the interests of national unity and economic... to ethnic minority’ The ethnic groups that the Florentine merchant Francesco Carletti met in Southeast Asia and described in his Codex 1331 were the Bisaya (or Visayan) people, the Chinese, the zinzin, population of Cochinchina (South Vietnam), the Pegu people (Bago in Myanmar) and the Canarini (Konkani speaking people in Goa) Only in the mid-19th century the word ethnic was meaning of “they” and. .. education and job skills, and fluent Chinese language Although Chinese relations with ethnic minorities are now more nuanced, these differing 30 ANJA LAHTINEN perceptions demonstrate the complexities of instituting equitable development 2.6 Conclusion: Looking into the future Qinghai’s provincial government welcomed the central government development initiative and support to speed up infrastructure building... professionals in Hong Kong, (8) focus on the specific features of local economies to create products and services in tune with market needs, and (9) develop local competitive strengths with regard to farming, pasturelands, grassland and biodiversity This integrated approach will expand sources of livelihood for ethnic minorities, enabling them to link into mainstream provincial development Being competent... in China´s Regional Development: Prospects and Policy Challenges, 1 1-1 2 October 2001, Xi´an, China, p 10 The western region consists of 12 provincial units; namely the northwest comprising Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang, and the southwest comprising Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi and Tibet Together they account for 71.8% of China´s land area and 28.5% of... the interior provinces Further extension of the Open Door Policy to all of China followed Deng Xiaoping’s southern inspection trip in 1992 Because of former central policies and planning, Qinghai’s existing resource-based industries, built in the 1950s, suffer from outdated processing equipment This is especially evident in the mining and chemical industries To improve the economic situation, provincial... transfer of enterprises to Qinghai prompted massive in- migration attempts in the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s Similarly, national security considerations in the 1950s and 1960s favoured investments in the interior province This together with the ‘Third Front’ program laid the legacy of long-term economic problems in Qinghai.16 The pouring of investment funds into interior provinces took place at the... situations and approaches to problem solving It thus proposes a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of development challenges, and to finding solutions to the unfavourable treatment of minority communities This approach gives a nuanced perspective to understanding social, economic and political inequalities, and the diverse ways in which people are constructing varied responses to the challenges. .. identified key industries to attract foreign investments These are the development of hydroelectricity, salt lake resources, petroleum and natural gas, non-ferrous metal resources, animal husbandry, wild animal and plant resources and finally tourism.18 2.5 Meeting the challenges Qinghai’s principal challenges are in environmental protection, investment, unemployment, education and poverty linked to ethnicity . clinics and hospitals by minorities and Han in nine provinces in China 75 Figure 6.1 Location of Zhiduo county in People’s Republic of China 87 8 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA Figure. related to minorities and their develop- ment: minority region development and ethnic mobility and urbanisa- tion. The first theme examines regional development among minorities and in minority. Reality and Challenges Reality and Challenges Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia Cao (ed.) Since the Second World War, Asian nations have experienced