Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Vital Notes for Nurses are indispensable guides for student nurses taking the pre-registration programme in all branches of nursing. These concise, accessible books assume no prior knowledge. Each book in the series clearly presents the essential facts in context in a user- friendly format and provides students and qualifi ed nurses with a thorough understanding of the core topics which inform professional practice. Published Vital Notes for Nurses: Psychology Sue Barker ISBN: 978-1-405-1-5520-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Accountability Helen Caulfi eld ISBN: 978-1-4051-2279-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Health Assessment Edited by Anna Crouch and Clency Meurier ISBN: 978-1-4051-1458-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Professional Development, Refl ection and Decision-making Melanie Jasper ISBN: 978-1-4051-3261-9 Vital Notes for Nurses: Nursing Theory Hugh McKenna and Oliver Slevin ISBN: 978-1-4051-3702-7 Vital Notes for Nurses: Research for Evidence-Based Practice Robert Newell and Philip Burnard ISBN: 978-1-4051-2562-9 Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care Hilary Lloyd ISBN: 978-1-4051-4598-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Jane Wills ISBN: 978-1-4051-3999-1 Promoting Health Edited by Jane Wills © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Blackwell Publishing editorial offi ces: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA Tel: +1 781 388 8250 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identifi ed as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-4051-3999-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Promoting health / edited by Jane Wills. p. ; cm. – (Vital notes for nurses) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3999-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3999-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Public health nursing. 2. Health promotion. I. Wills, Jane, MSc. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Health Promotion. 2. Public Health Nursing– methods. 3. Nurse’s Role. 4. Nurse-Patient Relations. 5. Patient Education. WY 108 P965 2007] RT97.P76 2007 613–dc22 2006100266 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/12 Palatino by SNP Best-set Ty pesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore by COS Printers Pte Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellnursing.com Contents Preface ix About the Authors x 1 Introduction: The Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health 1 (Jane Wills) Introduction 1 What is health promotion and public health? 1 Chapter overviews 4 Conclusion 9 References 10 2 Health and Health Promotion 11 (Linda Jackson) Introduction 11 Learning outcomes 11 Defi nitions of health and wellbeing 12 Infl uences of health 14 Health education and health promotion 16 Public health and the new public health 20 The nurse’s role in promoting health 22 Summary 25 Further reading and resources 25 References 26 v vi Contents 3 Infl uences on Health 28 (Jenny Husbands) Introduction 28 Learning outcomes 28 Inequalities in health 29 Explaining health inequalities 32 Tackling health inequalities 37 Global perspective on tackling health inequalities 40 The role of the nurse in tackling health inequalities 41 Summary 43 Further reading and resources 43 References 43 4 Approaches to Promoting Health 46 (Susie Sykes) Introduction 46 Learning outcomes 46 Perspectives of health 47 Approaches to health promotion 48 Models of health promotion 53 The role of the nurse in health promotion 63 Summary 63 Further reading and resources 64 References 64 5 Priorities for Public Health 66 (Jenny Husbands) Introduction 66 Learning outcomes 66 Public health priorities 66 Accidents 68 Cancer 70 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 75 Diabetes 78 Obesity 80 Summary 84 Further reading and resources 85 References 86 6 Health Information and Epidemiology 88 (Amanda Hesman) Introduction 88 Learning outcomes 89 Health information 89 Defi nitions and uses of epidemiology 92 Contents vii Measuring health and disease in populations 93 Surveillance of health and the collection of health information 103 The role of the nurse in using health information 105 Summary 107 Further reading and resources 107 References 108 7 Protecting the Health of the Population 110 (Amanda Hesman) Introduction 110 Learning outcomes 110 The changing pattern of disease and ill-health 111 Protecting populations: the ‘bigger picture’ 112 Vacci nation 113 Screening 114 Surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases 120 Surveillance, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 124 The role of the nurse in health protection 124 Summary 127 Further reading and resources 127 References 128 8 Promoting Healthy Lifestyles 129 (Jenny Husbands) Introduction 129 Learning outcomes 129 Healthy lifestyles 130 Health decision making 132 Approaches to changing lifestyles 136 The role of the nurse in promoting health behaviour and lifestyle change 149 Summary 151 Further reading and resources 151 References 152 9 Promoting Health for Communities 154 (Linda Jackson) Introduction 154 Learning outcomes 154 Working in communities 155 Defi ning ‘community’ 156 Needs assessment 157 Promoting health in communities 162 viii Contents Community involvement and participation 163 Developing local communities 164 Community development 165 The role of the nurse in promoting health for communities 170 Summary 172 Further reading and resources 172 References 173 10 Creating Supportive Environments for Health 175 (Amanda Hesman) Introduction 175 Learning outcomes 175 Creating supportive environments 176 The settings approach 180 A health promoting health service 181 The hospital setting 182 The pharmacy setting 185 The school setting 187 The prison setting 188 The role of the nurse in creating supportive environments for health 190 Summary 191 Further reading and resources 191 References 192 Index 194 Preface Health is everybody’s business. We have a population that is living longer and is likely to carry a burden of chronic disease. An increasing number of products, treatments and information are available to an informed health consumer and ‘health’ is discussed by those as diverse as Kylie Minogue in relation to breast cancer, Jamie Oliver in relation to healthy food for children and Bill Gates in relation to human immu- nodefi ciency virus/acquired immune defi ciency syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) treatments. Globalisation means the worldwide spread and movement not only of products but also people (including health sector workers) and diseases. Better population health depends on making health everybody’s business but nurses have a vital role to play. As key health professionals, you are in a unique position to act as powerful advocates for a future healthy planet; to ensure equity particularly in access to health care and services; and to make the healthy choice the easier choice. Nurses make a major difference across the life cycle and in their commitment to vulnerable or marginalised groups, such as the poor, the elderly, refugees and asylum seekers, and the homeless. This book is about protecting the health of the public by preventing disease and illness particularly through identifying risk and promoting health by supporting and maintaining a healthier lifestyle and the building of healthier communities. These are probably the most important parts of your nursing role. Health matters – it is a human right and it is sound economic investment. Jane Wills ix About the Authors Amanda Hesman is Senior Lecturer Adult Nursing at London South Bank University where she teaches Public Health. She is a registered nurse with a particular interest in sexual and reproductive health and has worked as a health advisor in genitourinary medicine (GUM) in Brighton and as a GUM researcher in London. She has an MA in Women’s Studies and is a member of the UK Public Health Association and British Association of Sexual Health and HIV. Jenny Husbands is Senior Lecturer Adult Nursing at London South Bank University where she teaches Public Health. She has worked as a health visitor and has also worked in a Health Promotion department with responsibility for working with primary care organisations and practitioners. She is also a keep fi t teacher. Linda Jackson is currently Health Development Manager for Green- wich Primary Care Trust. Prior to this she was Senior Lecturer in the MSC Public Health/Health Promotion degree programme at London South Bank University. She has also taught in the School of Public Health at Curtin University in Western Australia and worked in a variety of posts in Australia and the USA. Her primary interests are in nutrition, health promotion practice and workforce development. Susie Sykes is Senior Lecturer in Public Health and Health Promotion at London South Bank University. She has worked in public health for ten years having worked in the voluntary sector prior to that. Her professional practice interests are work with young people, community development and in recent years public health evaluation. Susie com- bines an academic career with freelance work in strategy development and project evaluation mostly for public sector organisations. x [...]... of health and are registered on Part 3 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) register, many other nurses have an interest in and responsibility for enabling people to achieve optimum health What is health promotion and public health? Health promotion and public health have assumed increasing importance in nursing In part this is a consequence of changing 1 2 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health. .. role in promoting health Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter you will be able to: • • • analyse the difference between a medical and social model of health discuss health promotion and apply it to nursing practice define and discuss the concepts of public health and ‘new public health and how they apply to nursing practice 11 12 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Definitions of health. .. reorient health services strengthen community action (WHO, 1986; Nutbeam, 1998) These five areas suggest that for the health of the population to be improved, it is important not only to help individuals to lead healthier lives but to make it easier for them to do so, e.g encouraging healthy 18 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Table 2.1 Ottawa Charter Ottawa Charter Action Areas Examples Build healthy... responsibility for their own health Collaboration and partnership between professionals, private, public and voluntary sectors and across agencies Information, research and evidence to provide a sound base for practice 10 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health References Acheson D (1988) Public Health in England: report of the committee of inquiry into the future development of the public health function... in health promotion: a test case for social policy and social theory In Gabe J Calnan M and Bury M (Eds.) The Sociology of the Health Service London, Routledge Department of Health (1998) Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation The Stationery Office, London Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform DoH, London Department of Health (2004) Choosing Health: making healthier... of a functional view of the patient’s health and may focus on his ability to perform selected duties of everyday life, e.g., dressing, cooking, climbing stairs and moving about unaided The patient’s mental health may or may not be assessed, however, this may be the most important issue for this patient 14 Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Influences on health As previously mentioned, there are... of health and the wider influences on health Health education and health promotion Health education and health promotion are often thought to mean the same thing, however, they are not Simply put, health education is part of, but not the sum of, health promotion’ (Gott and O’Brien, 1990) Education is one of the means of improving health and is often the main one that is used by health professionals Health. .. progress of health promotion in nursing In Scriven A (Ed.) Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and allied health professionals (p 19) Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan World Health Organization (2002) World Health Report 2002–reducing risks, promoting healthy life WHO, Geneva 2 Health and Health Promotion Linda Jackson Introduction This chapter considers the concept of health and why... health promoting setting As the hospital is part of the community, so creating supportive environments for health means integrating the hospital with wider health concerns such as sustainable development and environmental management Within the hospital itself, promoting health would mean closer relationships of different The Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health 9 disciplines such as occupational health, ... people in good health and therefore a concern for community nurses alone Chapter 2 sets the scene by unpacking The Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health 5 the concepts of health promotion and public health and exploring how these strategies have come to be at the centre of health care practice Chapter 3 summarises some of the evidence showing how social factors affect health Inequalities in health status . Vital Notes for Nurses: Promoting Health Vital Notes for Nurses are indispensable guides for student nurses taking the pre-registration programme. 978-1-405-1-5520-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Accountability Helen Caulfi eld ISBN: 978-1-4051-2279-5 Vital Notes for Nurses: Health Assessment Edited by Anna Crouch and Clency Meurier ISBN: 978-1-4051-1458-5 Vital. Slevin ISBN: 978-1-4051-3702-7 Vital Notes for Nurses: Research for Evidence-Based Practice Robert Newell and Philip Burnard ISBN: 978-1-4051-2562-9 Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care Hilary