[...]... the Sea Palisades, New York: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Chester R (1990) Marine Geochemistry London: Unwin Hyman Degens ET and Ross DA (eds.) (1969) Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea New York: Springer-Verlag 16 CONSERVATIVE ELEMENTS Dyrssen D and Jagner D (eds.) (1972) The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans Stockholm: Almqvist Wiksell Dyrssen D (1993) The Baltic-Kattegat-Skagerrak... (eds.) (1999) Methods of Seawater Analysis, 3rd edn Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Kremling K and Wilhelm G (1997) Recent increase of calcium concentrations in Baltic Sea waters Marine Pollution Bulletin 34: 763 767 Libes SM (1992) Marine Biogeochemistry New York: John Wiley Sons Riley JP and Chester R (eds.) (1975) Chemical Oceanography, vol 1, 2nd edn London: Academic Press Sillen LG (1963) How has the sea... of the oceans At any rate, changes in the volume of water will probably not be large in future See also Conservative Elements Elemental Distribution: Overview Hydrothermal Vent Fluids, Chemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge Geochemistry and Petrology Volcanic Helium Further Reading The Future of the Oceans If most of the water found on Earth was primarily in the oceans, with some dissolved in a molten mantle... organization (molecular, cellular, population, community, Marine plankton - Growth rates - Biomass - Species composition Trace element chemistry - Concentrations - Speciation - Redox cycling Figure 1 Conceptual diagram of the mutual interactions between trace element nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Cu, Cd, and Se) and phytoplankton in the sea In these interactions, the chemistry of trace element nutrients, in terms... selenite, and organic selenium compounds) in filtered seawater samples from the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (181 N, 1081 W; Oct.–Nov 1981) Data are from Cutter GA and Bruland KW (1984) The marine biogeochemistry of selenium: A reevaluation Limnology and Oceanography 29: 1179–1192 materials However, a portion of the assimilated nutrients is continuously lost from the euphotic zone by vertical settling... of sea ice in polar regions; thereby calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are precipitated These processes also occur upon evaporation of sea water, e.g for the production of sodium chloride Marine Aerosols Marine aerosols are formed by bursting of air bubbles at the sea’s surface Although some separations of the 15 main constituents might occur by this process, the fallout of sea salts over the continents... of the steady state Deviations from a conservative behavior may be detected by accurate analytical methods and studies of ancient marine waters See also Depth m 1900 2+ Ca SO 42+ Mg 2+ Calcium Carbonates Carbon Cycle Hydrothermal Vent Deposits Hydrothermal Vent Fluids, Chemistry of Iron Fertilization Nitrogen Cycle River Inputs Stable Carbon Isotope Variations in the Ocean Cl 2000 Further Reading Cl... CHEMISTRY OF SEA WATER ORIGIN OF THE OCEANS K K Turekian, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Copyright & 2001 Elsevier Ltd Introduction The oceans and the salts dissolved in them probably all formed early in the Earth’s history Although planetary degassing... early in the Earth’s history because the driving forces for mantle convection and thus plate tectonics are gravitational heat from accumulation and fractionation and heat Craig H (1963) The isotopic geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas In: Tongiorgi E (ed.) Nuclear Geology on Geothermal Areas, Proceedings of the First Spoleto Conference, Spoleto, Italy, pp 17 53 Pisa: V Lischi Figli... It was a significant and wise decision of the GEOSECS leaders that they focused on radionuclides and stable isotopes, which are almost free from contamination, and did not get involved in trace element geochemistry Obviously, without having the real concentration data, any arguments that might be built upon them would be meaningless Obtaining clean (uncontaminated) water samples from various depths of . Concentrations of the Elements 601 INDEX 605 CONTENTS vii INTRODUCTION: MARINE CHEMISTRY AND GEOCHEMISTRY The field of marine chemistry and geochemistry has developed dramatically since the end of World War. Edition Climate & Oceans edited by Karl K. Turekian Elements of Physical Oceanography edited by Steve A. Thorpe Marine Biology edited by John H. Steele Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry edited. Turekian Marine Ecological Processes edited by John H. Steele Marine Geology & Geophysics edited by Karl K. Turekian Marine Policy & Economics guest edited by Porter Hoagland, Marine Policy