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From Inertia to Public Action
Sina Odugbemi and Taeku Lee, Editors
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized
61639
ACCOUNTABILITY
THROUGH
PUBLIC OPINION
FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION
ACCOUNTABILITY
THROUGH
PUBLIC OPINION
FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION
SINA ODUGBEMI AND TAEKU LEE
Editors
© 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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Washington DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000
Internet: www.worldbank.org
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-8505-0
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8556-2
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8505-0
Cover photograph: Joseph Luoman; ©iStockphoto.com / luoman
Cover design: Critical Stages
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Accountability through public opinion : from inertia to public action / [edited by]
Sina Odugbemi, Taeku Lee.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8505-0—ISBN 978-0-8213-8556-2 (electronic)
1. Government accountability. 2. Public services—Public opinion. 3. Organizational
effectiveness. 4. Performance—Management. I. Odugbemi, Sina. II. Lee, Taeku.
JF1351.A246 2010
320.01—dc22
2010032302
v
Contents
Contributors xi
Acknowledgments xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
Section I Foundations 1
1 Taking Direct Accountability Seriously 3
Sina Odugbemi and Taeku Lee
2 The (Im)Possibility of Mobilizing Public Opinion? 11
Taeku Lee
3 The Public and Its (Alleged) Handiwork 25
Sina Odugbemi
Section II Structural Context 35
4 Gaining State Support for Social Accountability 37
Harry Blair
5 The Workings of Accountability: Contexts
and Conditions 53
Enrique Peruzzotti
6 Associations without Democracy: The West Bank
in Comparative Perspective 65
Amaney Jamal
Section III Information and Accountability 83
7 Necessary Conditions for Increasing
Accountability 85
Arthur Lupia
vi Contents
8 Information Processing, Public Opinion,
and Accountability 95
Charles S. Taber and Everett Young
9 Information, Social Networks, and the Demand
for Public Goods: Experimental Evidence
from Benin 123
Leonard Wantchekon and Christel Vermeersch
Section IV Building Capacity through Media
Institutions (Media and Journalism) 137
10 Training Journalists for Accountability
in Argentina 139
Laura Zommer
11 Well-Informed Journalists Make Well-Informed
Citizens: Coverage of Governance Issues in the
Democratic Republic of Congo 151
Mary Myers
12 Communication Technologies for
Accountability 159
Anne-Katrin Arnold
Section V Deliberation and Accountability 181
13 Minipublics: Designing Institutions for
Effective Deliberation and Accountability 183
Archon Fung
14 Deliberation and Institutional Mechanisms
for Shaping Public Opinion 203
Baogang He
15 Creating Citizens through Communication
Education in the United States 215
William Keith
16 Participatory Constitution Making in Uganda 235
Devra Moehler
Section VI Power and Public Opinion
(Mobilizing Public Opinion) 255
17 Collective Movements, Activated Opinion, and
the Politics of the Extraordinary 257
Taeku Lee
Contents vii
18 Public Narrative, Collective Action, and Power 273
Marshall Ganz
19 “Social Accountability” as Public Work 291
Peter Levine
20 Holding Government Accountable through
Informal Institutions: Solidary Groups and
Public Goods Provision in Rural China 307
Lily Tsai
21 Adult Civic Education and the Development of
Democratic Culture: Evidence from Emerging
Democracies 319
Steven E. Finkel
Section VII Case Studies 331
22 Is Social Participation Democratizing Politics? 333
Vera Schattan P. Coelho
23 Stimulating Activism through Champions
of Change 347
Samuel Paul
24 Informed Public Opinion and Offi cial
Behavior Change 359
Gopakumar Thampi
25 Overcoming Inertia and Generating Participation:
Insights from Participatory Processes
in South Africa 377
Imraan Buccus and Janine Hicks
26 Civil Society Representation in São Paulo 389
Adrian Gurza Lavalle
27 Embedding the Right to Information:
The Uses of Sector-Specifi c Transparency
Regimes 403
Rob Jenkins
Section VIII Conclusion 413
28 How Can Citizens Be Helped to Hold Their
Governments Accountable? 415
Taeku Lee and Sina Odugbemi
Appendix A 427
Appendix B 479
Index 487
viii Contents
Figures
1.1. The Missing Link in Direct Accountability 6
2.1. From General Publics to Stakeholders 17
2.2. From Passive Inputs to Direct Decision
Making 19
2.3. The Ladder of Participatory Inputs 20
2.4. From Ritual to Co-governance 21
2.5. Civil Society and Authorizing Public Opinion 21
3.1. Social Accountability Building Books 31
3.2. The Open, Inclusive Public Sphere 32
4.1. Spectrum of State Response to Social
Accountability Initiatives 38
4.2. Spectrum of State Support for Social
Accountability Mechanisms 39
12.1. Exchanges between States and Citizens 161
16.1. Predicted Values of Institutional Trust 240
18.1. Mobilization of Others 274
18.2. From Values to Action 276
18.3. Motivating Action 277
18.4. Elements of a Story 280
18.5. Self, Us, Now 283
19.1. Human Development and Voting 294
19.2. Local Community Action on Issues Such as Poverty
and Employment Housing 295
19.3. Spending Time Every Week with People at Sporting,
Cultural, or Communal Events 296
24.1. Group: Kisumu Government and Utilities 370
24.2. Institutional Setting for Implementing CRCs 371
28.1. The Process of Public Opinion Formation 418
28.2. Long and Short Routes to Accountability 422
28.3. The Stairway to Mobilization Process 423
28.4. Types of Public 424
28.5. Climbing the Stairway to Mobilization 425
Tables
4.1. Social Accountability Mechanisms and Their Origins 40
6.1. OLS Regression Analysis of the Relationship between
Demographic Variables and Levels of Interpersonal Trust
among the General Palestinian Population 75
6.2. Degree of Associational Clientelism and Levels of
Interpersonal Trust 76
6.3. Measuring Interpersonal Trust, Support for Democratic
Institutions, and Civic Engagement 77
[...]... so-called accountability initiative has worked, and I will pour resources into the work, but I don’t believe these examples exist The third is the tendency to take an accountability mechanism that has been shown to work and turn it into a technical tool without the engagement with critical publics and public opinion that made it work in the first place That is what has tended to happen with tools such as public. .. conception of public opinion is discursive (Herbst 1998) Public opinion is not blind prejudice, nor is it a mere aggregation of attitudes that have not been reflected upon It is what crystallizes at the end of a process of debate and discussion, with all the relevant information available in the public arena Public opinion, thus understood, is at the heart of politics; public opinion, thus understood, is... constructing public spheres and strong civil society organizations), and mediating factors (e.g., communicative networks that enable the transmission of mobilizing frames and the cultivation of civic education) needed to build the capacity for activated public opinion These building blocks facilitate movement onward and upward along what we term “the stairway to mobilization” from indifferent general publics to. .. Peace and Conflict Resolution Developing concepts and approaches to strengthen accountability of institutions in the governance and development sector constitute the core of Thampi’s current professional experience A large part of this work has been carried out through applications of participatory monitoring systems and public advocacy tools in South Asia, Africa, and East and Central Asia He was a... as a 5 6 Accountability through Public Opinion fundamental part of the governance agenda The initiatives intent on promoting the accountability of governments to their own citizens will have a secure future in international development with potentially exciting development outcomes The Proverbial Missing Middle This is a book about direct accountability, that is, the ability of citizens to directly... grant to the El País of Madrid and received the “Argentine Attorney Award” from the Asociación de Entidades Periodísticas Argentinas (ADEPA) in 2005, the “Italian Young Journalist Prize” in 2002, the “In Depth Journalist Award” from Inter-American Press Association, Houston, 1999, and the Public Good” award from ADEPA, 1998 Acknowledgments This book contains a compilation of contributions to a workshop... regimes seek to control the flow of information, constrain the size and scope of the public sphere, and muzzle the press The power they fear is the power of public opinion, because they know that much of their power and legitimacy depends on it (Hume 1987 [1742]) We argue that, by the same token, at the heart of any serious analysis of direct accountability is the nature of regulative public opinion That... seek to demonstrate in this volume Coda on the Arab Spring: March 2011 As this volume is going into production, the literal embodiment of accountability through public opinion has been spreading like wildfire in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa On an unprecedented scale in recent history—perhaps the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 compares—a groundswell of latent public. .. Sadly, accountability is becoming the latest in a long line of international development buzzwords At the time of writing, actors in development appear to delight in announcing their intention to “promote accountability far more often than they know what it means to do so, and certainly far more than they are committed to doing what it takes: in time, treasure, political fights, and so on 3 4 Accountability. .. indifferent general publics to voting publics, attentive publics, active publics, and fully mobilized publics And the mechanisms that move us up this stairway range from information sharing and attitude change to behavior change and the sustainable mobilization of mass publics Ultimately, the events of the Arab Spring reinforce our firm conviction that good governance is beholden to communicative processes and . Authorized 61639 ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH PUBLIC OPINION FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH PUBLIC OPINION FROM INERTIA TO PUBLIC ACTION SINA ODUGBEMI AND TAEKU LEE Editors © 2011 The International. photograph: Joseph Luoman; ©iStockphoto.com / luoman Cover design: Critical Stages Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Accountability through public opinion : from inertia to public. From Inertia to Public Action Sina Odugbemi and Taeku Lee, Editors Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized 61639 ACCOUNTABILITY
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