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FINAL REPORT
ON
DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR
WATER CONSERVATION IN PULP AND
PAPER SECTOR
Sponsored by
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Delhi
Submitted by:
{Environment Group}
NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY COUNCIL
New Delhi
(March, 2006)
TABLE OF CONTENT
SL. NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO
Chapter 1: Background
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective of the study 2
1.3 Scope of work 2
1.4 Methodology 3
Chapter 2: Industry Profil;e: Pulp and Paper
2.1 Status of Pulp and Paper Mills in India 5
2.2 Classification of Pulp and Paper Mills in the country 11
Chapter 3: Manufacturing Processes
3.1 Generalised Paper /Paper board making process 16
3.2 Different industrial processes in pulp and paper sector 17
3.3 Chemical recovery from black liquor 36
Chapter 4: Water consumption pattern in other countries 48
Chapter 5: Present Water consumption pattern prevailing
in pulp and paper sector in India
5.1 Background 52
5.2 Water consumption Scenario 52
5.3 Water consumption: Norms/Standards for paper and pulp 52
5.4 Water consumption: Latest Trends 54
Chapter 6: Unit Process/operation specific water
consumption factors
6.1 Background 58
6.2 Existing Water Consumption Status 62
Chapter 7: Formulation of Standards for water
consumption by different categories of pulp and paper
manufacturing units
7.1
Background
79
7.2
Proposed categaries of pulp anf paper mills for standards
78
7.3
Proposed types of Water consumption standards
82
7.4
Development of category specific water consumption standards
83
7.5
Proprosed category specific wastewater discharge standards
90
Chapter 8: Water conservation options identified for
different categories of pulp and paper mills
92
Conclusion 115
Annexure I: Copy of Questionnaire
Annexure II: List of pulp and paper mills in India
Annexure III: Compilation of Questionnaire data
STUDY TEAM
PROJECT ADVISOR
Dr. A. K. Saxena, Group Head
TEAM LEADER
Mr. Rajat Gupta, Senior Consultant
TEAM MEMBERS
Mr. K. K. Sinha, Senior Consultant
Ms. Shukla Pal, SeniorConsultant
Mr. S. Baskaran, Consultant
From other Regional Offices
Mr. Kaliprasad V, Senior Consultant, RPMG, Hyderabad
Mr. Hemantha S S, Consultant, RPMG Bangalore
SECRETARIAL ASSISTANCE
Mrs. H. K. Sarna
Mr. R.K. Ahuja
LABORATORY ASSISTANCE
Mr. S. K. Jain, Laboratory Analyst
Mr. Bhupinder Singh Yadav
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
National Productivity Council (NPC) places on record its sincere thanks to the
Central Pollution Control Board for entrusting the study on “ Development of
Guidelines for Water conservation in Pulp and Paper sector”. NPC is grateful
to Shri P. M. Ansari, Additional Director, CPCB and Shri S. K. Gupta, Senior
Environmental Engineer, CPCB for their cooperation and assistance at
various stages of the project in collecting information from State Pollution
Control Boards and in selecting representative pulp and paper mills. NPC is
also thankful to all State Pollution Control Boards for providing list of operating
pulp and paper mills in their respective states.
NPC places on record its sincere thanks to all the management of following
pulp and paper mills for their full cooperations during conduction of field
studies in their mills:
1. M/s Tehri Pulp & Paper Ltd, Muzaffarnagar
2. M/s Shreyan Industries Ltd., Ahmedgarh
3. M/s HNL, Kottayam
4. M/s ITC (PSPD) Ltd., Bhadrachalam
5. M/s Seshasayee Paper & Boards Limited, Erode
6. M/s Indo Afrique Paper Mills (P) Ltd., Pune
7. M/s Pudumjee Pulp & Paper Mills Ltd. Pune
8. M/s. Shalimar Paper Mills (p) Ltd., Muzaffarnaga
9. M/s The Simplex Mills Co. Ltd. (Paper Division), Gondia
10. M/s KAWATRA PAPER Mills Ltd., Dadri
NPC also extends its thanks to various pulp and paper associations for
providing information on pulp and paper mills operating in India.
Last but not the least, NPC is thankful to all those who have been associated
with the project studies either directly or indirectly.
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The pulp and paper industry is one of India's oldest and core industrial sector.
The socio-economic importance of paper has its own value to the country's
development as it is directly related to the industrial and economic growth of
the country. Although paper has many uses, its most important contribution to
modern civilization is its use as a medium to record knowledge.
Paper manufacturing is a highly capital, energy and water intensive industry. It
is also a highly polluting process and requires substantial investments in
pollution control equipment. In India, around 905.8 million m
3
of water is
consumed and around 695.7 million m
3
of wastewater is discharged annually
by this sector
1
.
India’s current average fresh specific water consumption of about 150
m
3
/tonne of product is far above the global best specific water consumption of
28.66 m
3
/tonne (for large scale wood based pulp and paper mill) and this
large gap is primarily attributed to the use of obsolete technology /
equipments and poor water management practices.
The large water requirements and consumption by the Indian pulp and paper
industries has led to, water fast becoming a scarce commodity and lowering
of the groundwater table and thus increased pumping costs and more
importantly water shortage in many regions. Realizing the importance of water
and excessive usages of water by pulp and paper sector, Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) has taken initiative to develop the water conservation
guidelines and water consumption standards and entrusted National
Productivity Council to undertake the study to address these issues.
India produces 5.96 million tones of paper per year (2003 – 2004) through
309 paper manufacturing mills at a capacity utilization of approximately 60
percent. The number of paper manufacturing mills has increased consistently
from just 17 in 1951 to around 600 in Year 2002 with an annual installed
capacity of 6.2 million to meet the increasing demand. However since 2001 –
02, the number of mills have fallen sharply to 309 in the year 2004 primarily
due to increased environmental regulatory pressure, water shortage etc.
The profile of Indian pulp and paper sector including the various aspects like
product consumption pattern, operational scale, state wise industry inventory,
production process used, raw material used is presented in the Figures E-1
to E-3 and tables E-1 to E-3.
Table E-1: Consumption pattern of paper and paper board products in
India
Type of paper Main varieties % of total
consumptions
Cultural paper cream woven, maplitho, bond paper,
Chromo paper
41%
Industrial paper
kraft paper, paper board – paper
board - single layer board, multilayer
board, duplex board,
43%
1
Source: Estimated by CSE based on the wastewater discharged data published by CPCB in "Water quality in India (Status and trends)
1990 - 2001".
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
Specialty paper
Security paper, grease proof paper,
electrical grades of paper
4%
Newsprint glazed, non-glazed 12%
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
66
227
20
57
187
174
21
62
3
22
12
12
0
50
100
150
200
250
Cultrual -
high grade
Cultural -
low grade
Industrial
Newsprint
Pulp
Specialty
Figure E-2: Distribution of Pulp and Paper Mills
Based on Products Manufactured
No of
Mills
Producti
on, 104
TPA
Table E-2: Distribution of Pulp and Paper Mills (Number of Mills) Based
on Pulping Processes and Operational Scale
No of Mills Installed Capacity,
million tonnes/yr
Sl.
No
Pulping Process
Large
Scale
Small
Scale
Grand
Total
Large
Scale
% Small
Scale
%
1 Chemical Soda
Process
29 26
54
0.666 4.26 0.106
18.2
8
2 Hydro Pulping
92 113
219 12.80
7
81.88 0.462
80.0
7
3 Kraft/Sulphite
process
34 2
36
2.169 13.87 0.010 1.65
Table E-3 : Summary of classification of pulp and paper sector in
different categories
Large/Medium scale Small Scale Sl.
No
Product
type
Agro
based
Integrated
2
Pape
r Mill
3
Wast
epap
er
Woo
d
base
d
Agr
o
Integrated Paper
Mill
Waste
paper
Total
1. Cultural -
high
15 1 15 14 7 1 12 65
2
Integrated refers to mill using wood, agro residue and waste paper as raw material
3
Paper Mill refers to mill using pulp produced from other mills to produce directly paper and
paper products
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
Large/Medium scale Small Scale Sl.
No
Product
type
Agro
based
Integrated
2
Pape
r Mill
3
Wast
epap
er
Woo
d
base
d
Agr
o
Integrated Paper
Mill
Waste
paper
Total
grade
2. Cultural -
low grade
2 1 8 1 1 7 20
3. Industrial 19 2 50 18 1 90 187
4. Newsprint 1 1 15 2 2 21
5. Pulp 4 4
6. Specialty 2 4 3 3 12
Total 39 3 2 92 21 26 1 4 114 309
In order to develop water conservation measures for different types of
industries in the pulp and paper sector and also the water consumption /
discharge standards, 10 mills were identified (in consultation with CPCB) in
accordance with the above referred distribution of pulp and paper mills based
on operational scale, raw material used, pulping process, end product etc.
Detailed studies were conducted in these 10 mills to identify the water
conservation measures and also to generate the water consumption profile.
The detailed studies in conjunction with the data from questionnaire survey,
literature search and international water consumption norms have been used
to develop water consumption standards in the country.
Existing Water Consumption Norms / Standards: India
In India so far, no standards have been set for water consumption by any
agency. However CPCB has prescribed standards in terms of wastewater
discharge for different categories of pulp and paper industry. The wastewater
discharge quantum with additional 21 % (towards evaporation losses) is
generally used to give a fair picture of water consumption. The wastewater
discharge standard of 150 and 50 m
3
/tonne of product for small agro and
wastepaper based mills respectively and 200 m
3
/tonne for large scale mills
prescribed by CPCB do not appear appropriate as it does not cater to different
categories of pulp and paper manufacturing mills prevailing in India presently.
Further, this standard in the current scenario seems to have outdated as the
current average water consumption is itself 150 m
3
/tone of product.
As per
Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP)-
2002
, following water discharge standards have been agreed upon by
different pulp and paper manufacturing associations:
A. Large scale pulp and paper mills:
¾ Less than 140 cum/tonne of paper within 2 years
¾ Less than 120 cum/tonne of paper in 4 years for mills installed before
1992
¾ Less than 100 cum/tonne of paper in 4 years for mills installed after
1992
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
B. Small scale pulp and paper mills:
¾ Less than 150 cum/tonne of paper within 3 years
This standard is also discharge specific but takes into consideration the
operational scale and the age of the mill. This standard also does not
differentiate on the basis of pulping process, raw material used, end product
etc.
Centre for Science & Environment through their Green Rating Project has
reported significant reduction in water consumption in large-scale Indian
paper mills and average figure has been reduced to 135 m
3
per tonne paper
in the year 2002 due to increasing awareness regarding water conservation,
ever increasing pressure from government regulatory agencies and also due
to increasing water scarcity in many regions. The CSE finding gives an
indication that most of the industries are already achieving the water
consumption norms as agreed upon by them under CREP programme –
2002.
Existing Water Consumption Norms / Standards: World
In developed countries, most of the pulp and paper manufacturing mills are
wood based, however, due to environmental implications, trend is changing
towards use of recycled fibre as is the case with India.
The average water consumption for wood based large pulp and paper
industries primarily producing paper & paper board products from 6 regions /
countries namely United States, Australia, Europe, Canada Finland & Spain
have been compiled from various documents available on the web and the
same is presented in the Table E-4 below :
Table E-4: Region / Country Specific Average Water Consumption in
Large Scale Wood Based Pulp and Paper Mills
Sl.
N
o.
Region /
Country
Average Specific
water
consumption
(m3/T of product)
Source
1 U.S.
64
(Average value in
the year 2000)
Appendix “W” of Report on Status of Pulp
& Paper in US by Michiel P. H. Brongers
and Aaron J. Mierzwa
2
.
Australia
28.66
( Average value
for the year 2003)
APIC Public Eco-efficiency Report 2003
3
.
Europe
40
APIC Public Eco-efficiency Report 2003
4
.
Canada
67
APIC Public Eco-efficiency Report 2003
5Finland
40
Pulp Fact - Environmental Implications of
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
Sl.
N
o.
Region /
Country
Average Specific
water
consumption
(m3/T of product)
Source
. the Paper Cycle” by Nigel Dudley, Sue
Stolton and Jean-Paul Jeanrenaud WWF
International 1996
6
.
Spain
30
Pup Fact – Environmental Implications of
the paper Cylcle by Nigel Dudley, Sue
Stolton and Jean Paul, Jean Renaud –
WWF International 1996
The average water consumption for wood based large pulp and paper
industries primarily producing paper & paper board products in
developed countries varies from 30 – 70 m3/tonne of Product. Whereas
average water consumption in waste paper based pulp and paper mills
in developed countries varies from 8 – 10 m3/Tonne of product.
Current Water Consumption: A Revisit - Questionnaire Response
In order to review present water consumption levels in pulp and paper sector
in India, questionnaires were circulated to all the pulp and paper
manufacturing mills. Based on the questionnaire responses by industries (44
mills responded out of total of 309), specific fresh water consumption range
(excluding domestic) has been compiled and is as given below:
S.No. Raw Material End Product
Specific Water Consumption
(M
3
/T of product)
Min Max Remark
Large Scale category
1 Integrated
Cultural high grade
including newsprint 105 202
2. Wood Based
Cultural grade
including newsprint 68 168
3. Wood Based Newsprint only 74 There is only one mill
4. Wood Based Rayon pulp 130
Only one mill in this
category responded
5 Agro Based Cultural - high grade 73 -do-
6 Agro Based
Cultural - low grade
including newsprint 46 -do-
3 Waste paper Newsprint 29 -do-
Medium Scale category
1 Agro Residue Cultural – high grade 102 219
2 Agro Residue Industrial grade 28
Only one mill in this
category responded
3
Waste Paper
Based Cultural – high grade 40 -do-
4 Waste Paper Newsprint 16 -do-
[...]... general guidelines for water conservation for each type of pulp and paper industry were evolved National Productivity Council, New Delhi Final report on water conservation in Pulp and Paper Sector Page No.5 CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE : PULP AND PAPER 2.1 STATUS OF PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING MILL IN INDIA Growth Pattern The pulp and paper mill sector in India is one of the oldest industries The first paper. .. water consumption level for each type of industry (vii) Formulation of guidelines for water conservation for each type of pulp and paper industry National Productivity Council, New Delhi Final report on water conservation in Pulp and Paper Sector 1.4 Page No.3 METHODOLOGY The following methodology is being adopted to accomplish the above said scope of work: Phase I (i) Questionnaire for seeking information... report on water conservation in Pulp and Paper Sector Figure 2: A typical process for Paper manufacture Raw material Water Raw material Preparation section Chemicals Water Pulping Section Water Pulp Washing & Bleaching Section Alum, Rosin Water Stock Preparation system Additives Paper Machine Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Finished Paper 3.2 Different industrial processes in pulp and paper sector Based... Portfolio Indian industries produces different types / grades of paper for variety of uses The paper and paperboard product segment constitutes of cultural paper, industrial paper and specialty paper Cultural paper comprises of writing and printing paper, Art/Media paper, Bond paper, Copier paper, Cream wove, Maplitho, Ledger paper, etc Industrial paper comprises of Duplex Board /Paper, Kraft Paper, Other... No.7 Final report on water conservation in Pulp and Paper Sector Type of paper Industrial paper Specialty paper Newsprint Main varieties Chromo paper kraft paper, paper board – paper board - single layer board, multilayer board, duplex board, Security paper, grease proof paper, electrical grades of paper glazed, non-glazed % of total consumptions 43% 4% 12% In India, the cultural varieties (writing and. .. pulping process lines: chemical pulping (e.g., kraft chemical pulping), mechanical pulping, and semichemical pulping The pulping process affects the strength, appearance, and intended use characteristics of the resultant paper product Pulping processes are the major source of environmental impacts in the pulp and paper industry; each pulping process has its own set of process inputs, outputs, and resultant... proposed for formulation of standards: A Large scale Wood based and integrated pulp and paper mills manufacturing cultural grade paper & paper board and / or Newsprint B Small/Medium Scale Agro based pulp and paper mills manufacturing high grade cultural paper C Small/Medium Scale Agro based pulp and paper mills manufacturing industrial grade paper D All wastepaper based pulp and paper mills manufacturing... and printing paper) account for about 41% of the production, specialty papers including coated papers for about 4% and newsprint for about 12 % This leaves about 43% for kraft and boards The world consumption of paper and paperboard at present has been estimated to be over 300 million tonnes a year which includes 30% of cultural papers, 14% of newsprint, and the balance of kraft / packaging paper and. .. Looking into the serious nature of pollution, the pulp and paper industry in India has been brought under the 17 categories of highly polluting industries In global comparison on specific water consumption (the global best specific water consumption is 28.66 m3/tonne for large scale wood based pulp and paper mill), India is still far behind ( India’s average fresh water consumption in pulp and paper sector. .. printing, uncoated free sheet, cotton fiber writing, and lightweight electrical papers The distribution of pulp and paper mills in the country based on pulping processes is given in Table 12 and Table 13 based on number of mills and installed capacity Table 12: Distribution of pulp and paper mills based on pulping processes ( number of mills) Sl No 1 2 3 Pulping Process Chemical Soda Process Hydro Pulping .
Chapter 2: Industry Profil;e: Pulp and Paper
2.1 Status of Pulp and Paper Mills in India 5
2.2 Classification of Pulp and Paper Mills in the country. less water quantity for bleaching
and washing
• Dry de-dusting of straw for removal of fines and dust / Dry depithing of
Bagasse / Dry debarking of Wood
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