ENERGY CONSERVATION Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed ENERGY CONSERVATION Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed Energy Conservation http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2788 Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed Contributors Mikhail Ja. Ivanov, Dujuan Kang, Vivien Mweene Chabalengula, Frackson Mumba, Mohammed Taih Gatte, Rasim Azeez Kadhim, Akubue Jideofor Anselm, Chong-Hu Wu, A.S. Abdulkareem, A. Jimoh, A.S. Afolabi, J.O. Odigure, D. Patience, U.C. Odili, Lin Rulong, Cai Wenxuan, Xing Bingpeng, Ke Xiurong Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Daria Nahtigal Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published October, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Energy Conservation, Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0829-0 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Understanding Energy Conservation 1 Chapter 1 Space Energy 3 Mikhail Ja. Ivanov Chapter 2 Barotropic and Baroclinic Tidal Energy 57 Dujuan Kang Chapter 3 Understanding Energy Conservation: Intersection Between Biological and Everyday Life Contexts 73 Vivien Mweene Chabalengula and Frackson Mumba Section 2 Applications of Energy Conservation 93 Chapter 4 Hydro Power 95 Mohammed Taih Gatte and Rasim Azeez Kadhim Chapter 5 Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing 125 Akubue Jideofor Anselm Chapter 6 Low Energy-Consumption Industrial Production of Ultra-Fine Spherical Cobalt Powders 149 Chong-Hu Wu Chapter 7 Production and Characterization of Biofuel from Non-Edible Oils: An Alternative Energy Sources to Petrol Diesel 171 A.S. Abdulkareem, A. Jimoh, A.S. Afolabi, J.O. Odigure and D. Patience VI Contents Chapter 8 Production and Characterization of Biofuel from Refined Groundnut Oil 197 A. Jimoh, A.S. Abdulkareem, A.S. Afolabi, J.O. Odigure and U.C. Odili Chapter 9 Optimalization of Extraction Conditions for Increasing Microalgal Lipid Yield by Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction Method (ASE) Based on the Orthogonal Array Design 221 Lin Rulong, Cai Wenxuan, Xing Bingpeng and Ke Xiurong Preface The issue of energy conservation has been with us since the seventies and there has not been a dearth of ideas and increase of knowledge arising from research from various disciplines ever since. The importance of energy conservation has been on the increase that has resulted in the need to produce books to introduce new and richer findings and applications in this field. This book comprises of nine chapters which cover several disciplines. Each chapter has been carefully written by leading teams of experts from various parts of the world. This publication of book has been intended to look deeply into the rudiments of sources of energy, how energy is transformed from one state into another, from space to ocean. One chapter describes in vivid detail about space energy, cosmic radiation and their relation to established thermodynamic laws. The next chapter describes how energy is collected, stored in the ocean and describes the mechanisms on the energy transformations and how energy can be used from tidal waves. Another chapter actually dwells on the importance of education and how the subject should be approached to make students understand energy and energy conservation better. The section on applications of energy conservation is very interesting as the contents are rarely published. A report on the investigations into traditional earth sheltered dwellings such as sunken earth houses suggests that there are potentials in passive building insulation which utilizes ground thermal inertia. The techniques of earth sheltering have not yet become common knowledge in building practice and architecture, and as such society is unaware of the process or benefits of this type of building construction. On the contrary, it is well-known that dams are sources of renewable energy but it is not commonly reported about energy losses that can occur in the process of transforming kinetic energy to electrical energy. A chapter on hydropower explains the fundamentals of energy production from dams and how energy can be conserved through the considerations and design of the turbines and pipelines where most of the energy is lost from friction. Although energy conservation plays a vital role in protecting the environment and optimising the use of energy from conventional fuels, there is of course the contribution from alternative energy resources. A chapter reports on the production biodiesel form groundnut oil as an alternative to petrol diesel. We also cannot deny X Preface that industrial processes consume the largest percentage of energy in the world. One chapter provides suggestions on how energy can be conserved in the production of ultra-fine spherical cobalt powders and another on the optimal extraction of microalgal lipid. These are certainly innovative ways to contribute towards energy conservation. This book does not necessarily cover all the disciplines or the processes that lead to the reduction of energy consumption in the world. However, the ideas and possibilities that they represent are just a minute effort to conserve the energy resources on this planet. As the Editor of this book, I have found it a pleasure to read each and every chapter and needless to say it was not easy either. With the enormous responsibilities as a one of the top academic administrators of a university, it was an uphill task all the time to complete my duties. I am most honoured and grateful to InTech for appointing me as the editor of this book. In the process, I too, had learned a lot as through the responsibilities as editor my knowledge understanding in energy conservation was enhanced. I would especially like to thank Ms Daria Nahtigal, the Publishing Process Manager for pushing me all along to meet the deadlines. Finally, I hope that all the readers would find this book refreshing, motivating and, most of all, that the book would be of benefit to students, researchers, professional and practitioners who wish to make this world a better place. Azni Zain Ahmed Head Centre for Research and Innovation in Sustainable Energy Universiti Tecknologi MARA Malaysia [...]... term energy We give also Carnot’s formulation of the energy conservation law: “Thus one can say a common expression: the propulsive force exists in the nature in constant quantity; generally speaking, it is never produced, is never destroyed; actually it can change its shape, i.e it generates either one movement type or another, but never disappears” We find further development of the energy conservation. .. and B are perpendicular There is energy that flows to the inside of the conductor from all sides and which accompanies an energy lost by the conductor as heat The classic theory shows that electrons take their energy from outside, which means from the energy flux of the outside field to the inside of the conductor Existed HMBs in electric dipole form are created by the energy flux going to the conductor,... entirely based on the traditional classic physics We show the Cosmic Space contains gaseous medium of HMBs with temperature T=2.725 K and study in detail this medium The Space Energy presents in our case the kinetic 6 Energy Conservation energy of HMB particles We demonstrate the Grand Unified Theory of electromagnetics, week and strong interactions, electrovalence linkages and antimatter As additional experimental...Section 1 Understanding Energy Conservation Chapter 1 Space Energy Mikhail Ja Ivanov Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52493 1 Introduction 1.1 Foreword “Our knowledge of the world is guesses and delirium” Omar Khayyam Vacuum energy The present chapter considers a possible application of classical... cosmological distances, which could explain absence of apparently essential energy losses of the propagating bursts Cosmic rays Origin of the cosmic rays of ultra–high energy (more than 10 20 eV ) is a difficult to explain problem of astrophysics [63-65] The registered energy level greatly exceeds the permissible by theory limit of the energy spectrum of particles of the primary cosmic rays (because of the... interpretation of this current Figure 2 The Maxwell displacement current and the Umov-Poynting vector Space Energy 17 The Umov-Poynting vector Now we examine the Umov-Poyting vector of the electromagnetic energy flux With changing of electric field E within capacitor, its internal volume acquires energy The energy flux is described by the Umov-Poynting vector E  B and has direction from the edges of the plates... by only gravitationally The word "energy" opposes the given media to the structured one consisting of substance particles DE density, unlike usual and dark, substance is similar in any space point and its pressure has negative value The negative pressure value is the result of the thermodynamic correlation 4 Energy Conservation ∆E=-p∆V, which shows the increasing of energy ∆E accompanies by the increasing... medium, adequate to the nature, especially at rather high temperature and pressure Dynamics of ordinary baryonic gaseous medium is described by three conservation laws – mass, momentum and energy Boundary conditions and the state equation of the gaseous 22 Energy Conservation medium close the task As an example, we shall put here elementary equation of state for the perfect gas p   RT , where p is the pressure,... pressure etc 24 Energy Conservation Further when building the theoretical models of a nonlinear medium dynamics we shall always satisfy the listed requirements, which follow from the fundamental properties of space-time and the Galilean principle of relativity 4 Space energy & hidden mass boson Give me matter, and I will construct a world out of it! Immanuel Kant (1755) The Space Energy presents in... short—between 35 and a few hundred picoseconds long—with peak intensities of the order of 1–10 mW The bubbles are very small when they emit the light Transfer of shock wave kinetic energy to light burst energy may be simulated with help of the conservation law system from the section 4.4 of the chapter Figure 1 Sonoluminescence main stages Displacement current The proposed in this chapter physical model of vacuum . ENERGY CONSERVATION Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed ENERGY CONSERVATION Edited by Azni Zain Ahmed Energy Conservation. approached to make students understand energy and energy conservation better. The section on applications of energy conservation is very interesting as the