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TEST It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling Education knows no bounds It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions People are engaged in education from infancy on Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, homework, take exams, and so on The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling What is the main idea of the passage? A The best school teach a wide variety of subjects B Education and schooling are quite different experiences C Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework D The more years students go to school, the better their education is What does the author probably mean by using the expression children interrupt their education to go to school (line 3)? A Going to several different schools is educationally beneficial B School vacations interrupt the continuity of the school year C Summer school makes the school year too long D All of life is an education The word “bounds” in line is closest in meaning to —– A rules B experience C limits D exceptions The word “chance” in line 12 is closest in meaning to —– A unplanned B unusual C lengthy D lively The word “an integral” in line 16 is closest in meaning to —– A an equitable B a profitable C a pleasant D an essential The word “they” in line 21 refers to —– A slices of reality B similar textbooks C boundaries D seats The phrase “For example”, line 23 introduces a sentence that gives examples of —– A similar textbooks B the results of schooling C the workings of a government D the boundaries of classroom subjects The passage supports which of the following conclusions? A Without formal education, people would remain ignorant B Education systems need to be radically reformed C Going to school is only part of how people become educated D Education involves many years of professional training The passage is organized by —– A listing and discussing several educational problems B contrasting the meanings of two related words C narrating a story about excellent teacher D giving examples of different kinds of schools 10 The writer seems to agree that —– A schooling is more important than education B education is not as important as schooling C schooling is unlimited and more informal D education is more influential than schooling Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also revolutionizing medicine These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window into the living tissues of the body By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, heart, and other areas that were formerly inaccessible to them The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two bundles of fibers One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues It is coupled to a high-intensity light source Light enters the cores of the high- purity silicon glass and travels along the fibers A lens at the end of the bundle collects the light and focuses it into the other bundle, the imaging bundle Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total image The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on a television screen During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating optical fibers have led to a reduction in fiberscope diameter and an increase in the number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light By use of laser beams, physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must be cut through to reach the site of disease Many of these procedures not require anesthesia and can be performed in a physician’s office These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of medical care 11 What is the main subject of the passage? A The role of optical fibers in medicine B New surgical techniques C The invention of optical fibers D A revolution in communication 12 In line 2, the author uses the expression have opened a window to indicate that the use of optical fibers A has been unknown to the general public quite recently B sometimes requires a surgical incision C allows doctors to see inside the body without major surgery D has enabled scientists to make amazing discoveries 13 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word formerly in line 6? A previously B usually C theoretically D completely 14 The word “them” in line refers to _ A physicians B optical fibers C pathways D other areas of the body 15 According to the passage, what is the purpose of the illuminating bundle in the fiberscope? A To reconstruct images B To perform surgery inside the body C To carry light into the body D To collect and focus light 16 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word cores in line 9? A clusters B lines C tips D centers 17 According to the passage, how the fiberscopes used today differ from those used five years ago? A They are larger in diameter B They use brighter lights C They are longer D They contain more fibers 18 The word “resolution” in line 16 is closest in meaning to which of the following? A efficiency B sharpness C inconvenience D strength 19 Which of the following is “not” mentioned by the author as one of the advantages of laser surgery techniques? A They are safer than conventional surgery B They are relatively easy to teach to physicians C They can be performed in a physician’s office D They can often be performed without anesthesia 20 Where in the passage does the author provide a basic description of a fiberscope? A Line 1-3 B Line 11-13 C Line 7-9 D Line 15 Ever wondered what it feels like to have a different job? Here, four people with very different careers reveal the trade secrets of their working day Luc: My day typically starts with a business person going to the airport, and nearly always ends with a drunk I don’t mind drunk people Sometimes I think they’re the better version of themselves: more relaxed, happier, honest Only once have I feared for my life A guy ran out at a traffic light and so I sped up before his brother could run, too He seemed embarrassed and made me drop him at a car park When we arrived, the first guy was waiting with a boulder, which went through the windscreen, narrowly missing my head But the worst people are the ones who call me “Driver!” Harry: I not only provide appearance for my client, I also damage control We’ve had clients involved in lawsuits, divorces or drugs One mistakenly took a gun to an airport On the red carpet – at the Academy Awards or the Golden Globes – I’m the person making my client look good The other day at an Oprah Winfrey event, the carpet wasn’t put down properly and my clients almost went flying – I had to catch them They can make some strange requests, too At a black-tie gala at the White House, two clients hated the dinner and insisted that we circle around Washington DC to find a KFC open at 1a.m I had to go in wearing a gown and order so they could eat it in the car Jennifer: I could teach you to a basic brain operation in two weeks But what takes time and experience is doing it without wrecking the brain of the patients – learning your limitations takes years I ended up working as a pediatric neurosurgeon because children make better recoveries from brain damage than adults So it’s more rewarding in terms of outcome and I find their resilience really inspiring It’s taken me a decade to become comfortable discussing an operation with children, but they have to be able to ask questions You have to show them respect Sometimes their perspective is funny; most teenage girls just want to know how much hair you’ll shave off I don’t get upset by my job These children are dying when they come in and I whatever I can to make them better Solange: When you become a judge after years of being a barrister and trying to make points that win cases, you have to remember that a huge part of what you is listening – to advocates, to witnesses, to defendants Behind closed doors most judges, even very experienced ones, are much more anxious about their work than most people might think We agonise over what we and the decisions we have to make It would be bizarre to say that as a judge, we learn to be less judgmental But as you see the complex and difficult lives of the people who end up in front of you, you realise that your job is not so much to judge them as to ensure that everyone receives justice 21 In the first paragraph, what best paraphrases the sentence “My day typically starts with a business person going to the airport, and nearly always ends with a drunk”? A Normally, I will take a business person and a drunk at the airport B Normally, I will go to the airport in the morning and come back with a drunk C Normally, my first passenger will be a businessman and my last one a drunk D Normally, I will drive a businessman to the airport and come back almost drunk 22 What does Harry probably for a living? A A tour guide B An agent C A lawyer D A driver 23 The word “circle” in line 20 could be best replaced by _ A look B drive C walk D ride 24 In line 26, what does Jennifer mean when she says, “Learning your limitations takes years”? It takes a person a long time to _ A perform even a basic operation B understand what he cannot help C control his weakness in operation D be able to perform a brain surgery 25 The word “their” in line 29 refers to _ A patients’ B neurosurgeons’ C children’s D adults’ 26 The word “perspective” in line 32 is closest in meaning to _ A prospective B worry C view D question 27 According to the passage, whose job involves in a large part listening to others? A Jennifer’s B Harry’s C Luc’s D Solange’s 28 According to the passage, who is likely to meet different types of people every day? A Solange B Harry C Jennifer D Luc 29 The word “ones” in line 40 refers to _ A barristers B judges C advocates D defendants 30 What is the purpose of this passage? A to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these jobs B to report what different people and think about their jobs C to raise awareness of the importance of different jobs D to inform people of what to expect in those jobs A Supermarket shopping with children, one mother says, is absolute murder: ‘They want everything they see If it’s not the latest sugar-coated breakfast cereal, it’s a Disney video or a comic Usually all three I can’t afford all this stuff and, anyway, if I agree to their demands I feel I’ve been persuaded against my better judgment and I feel guilty about buying and feeding them rubbish Yet I hate myself for saying no all the time, and I get cross and defensive in anticipation as we leave home I my best to avoid taking them shopping but then I worry that I’m not allowing them to have the experience they need in order to make their own choices I can’t win.’ B Research has found that children taken on a supermarket trip make a purchase request every two minutes More than $150 million a year is now spent on advertising directly to children, most of it on television That figure is likely to increase and it is in the supermarket aisles that the investment is most likely to be successful For children, the reasons behind their parents’ decisions about what they can and cannot afford are often unclear, and arguments about how bad sugar is for your teeth are unconvincing when compared with the attractive and emotionally persuasive advertising campaigns C According to Susan Dibb of the National Food Alliance, ‘Most parents are concerned about what they give their children to eat and have ideas about what food is healthy – although those ideas are not always accurate Obviously, such a dialogue between parents and children is a good thing, because if the only information children are getting about products is from TV advertising, they are getting a very one-sided view Parents resent the fact that they are competing with the advertising industry and are forced into the position of repeatedly disappointing their children.’ The Independent Television Commission, which regulates TV advertising, prohibits advertisers from telling children to ask their parents to buy products But, as Dibb points out, ‘The whole purpose of advertising is to persuade the viewer to buy something So even if they cannot say, ‘Tell your mum to buy this product,’ the intended effect is precisely that.’ D A major source of stress for some parents shopping with children is the mental energy required to decide which demands should be agreed to and which should be refused One mother says she has patience when it comes to discussing food with her children, but she still feels unhappy about the way she manages their shopping demands: ‘My son does pay attention to advertisements but he is critical of them We talk a lot about different products and spend time looking at labels I’ve talked about it so much that I’ve brainwashed him into thinking all adverts are rubbish We have very A they need to be transported B they are not efficient C their use is centralized D their supply is limited 20 It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 20th century, energy was obtained primarily from _ A fossil fuels B nuclear fission C hydraulic and solar sources D burning biomass The symptoms of hay fever include watery and itchy eyes and a runny, congested nose People suffering from hay fever may experience occasional wheezing and repeated bouts of sneezing and may even lose their sense of smell Some victims of hay fever may also have stopped-up ears About 30 percent of those who suffer from hay fever may develop the symptoms associated with periodic asthma or a sinus infection The allergen-antibody theory does not fully explain allergic reactions because the membranes and glands in eyes and ears are controlled by the independent nervous system, which keeps these organs in balance But the independent nervous system itself is pan of the emotional-response center and may cause the feelings of anger, fear, resentment, and lack of self-confidence in reaction to allergycausing substances The most common cause of hay fever is the pollen of ragweed, which blossoms during the summer and autumn When airborne pollen particles, as well as mold, come into contact with the victim’s membranes, they can cause allergic reactions that release histamine and result in a virtual blockage of air passages To prevent hay fever or to decrease the severity of its symptoms, contact with the ragweed pollen should be reduced Although some communities have attempted to eliminate the plants that cause the reactions, elimination programs have not been successful because airborne pollen can travel considerable distances Antihistamine can help with short but severe attacks Over extended periods of time, however, patients are prescribed a series of injection of the substance to which they are sensitive in order to increase immunity and thus be relieved of the seasonal allergy 21 It can be inferred from the passage that the phrase “hay fever” refers to _ A fodder for cattle B a seasonal discomfort C viral bacteria D a lung disease 22 According to the passage, the symptoms of the allergy are predominantly _ A abdominal B intestinal C respiratory D chronic 23 What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A Hay fever may cause severe allergic reactions and even death B The cause of allergic reactions has not been determined C The nervous system balances allergic reactions D People should not have an emotional response to allergic reactions 24 According to the passage, patients suffering from hay fever may also experience _ A hunger pains B mood swings C nervous blockages D sensory perceptions 25 In line 11, the word “resentment” is closest in meaning to _ A reprieve B reprisal C acrimony D grief 26 It can be inferred from the passage that a frequent source of allergycausing irritants can be _ A organic matter B larynx infections C human contact D ear membranes 27 According to the passage, the irritants are transported by _ A wind B food C travelers D air passages 28 In line 16, the word “blockage” is closet in meaning to _ A obstruction B bleeding C enlargement D dryness 29 According to the passage, to avoid incidents of hay fever, patients need to _ A avoid interactions with other patients B avoid exposure to pollen C increase their self-confidence D take doses of prescribed medicine 30 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a cause of allergies? A pollen B mold C flowers D injections The Beatles became the most popular group in rock music history This quartet of extraordinarily talented musicians generated a phenomenal number of pieces that won gold records They inspired a frenzy that transcended countries and economic strata While all of them sang John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the majority of their songs Originally, Lennon and five others formed a group called the Quarrymen in 1956, with McCartney joining them later that year George Harrison, John Lennon, and Paul McCartney, together with Stuart Sutcliffe, who played the bass guitar, and Pete Best on the drums, performed together in several bands for a few years, until they finally settled on the Silver Beatles in 1960 American rock musicians, such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley, influenced Lennon’s and McCartney’s music, whose first hits consisted of simple tunes and lyrics about young love, “Love Me Do” and “Please, Please Me.” The Beatles’ U.S tour propelled them to stardom and led to two movies A Hard Day’s Night and Help!, filmed in 1964 and 1965 The so-called British invasion of the United States was in full swing when they took the top five spots on the singles charts, followed by the release of their first film During the 1960s, their music matured and acquired a sense of melody The lyrics of their songs became deeper and gained in both imagination and meaning Their popularity continued to grow as the Beatles turned their attention to social problems and political issues in “Nowhere Man” and “Eleanor Rigby.” Loneliness and nostalgia come through in their ballads “Michelle” and “Yesterday,” which fully displayed the group’s professional development and sophistication Lennon’s sardonic music with lyrics written in the first person, and McCartney’s songs that created scenarios with offbeat individuals, contributed to the character of the music produced by the group In addition to their music, the Beatles set a social trend that popularized long hair, Indian music, and mod dress For a variety of reasons, the musicians began to drift apart, and their last concert took place in San Francisco in 1966 The newspapers and tabloids publicized their quarrels and lawsuits, and the much idolized group finally disbanded in 1970 However, their albums had outsold those of any other band in history Although all or the Beatles continued to perform solo or form new rock groups, alone, none could achieve the recognition and success that they had been able to win together 31 What does the passage mainly discuss? A The history and music of Beatles B The history and milestones of rock music C The fashion and music popular in the 1960s D The creation and history of a music group 32 According to the passage, how many members were in the band, formed in 1956? A Four B Five C Six D Seven 33 According to the passage, which of the Beatles had the greatest musical talent? A John Lennon and Paul McCartney B George Harrison and John Lennon C Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best D John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison 34 The author of the passage implies that the Beatles _ A competed with American musicians B wrote their music as a group C became popular relatively quickly D were active in social movement 35 According to the passage, the Beatles’ fame grew as a result of _ A Chuck Berry’s involvement B their American tour C two movies made in the U.S D their first two hits 36 The author of the passage implies that over time, the music and lyrics by the Beatles _ A became more complex than at the beginning of their career B declined in quality and political significance C were dedicated to women named Eleanor and Michelle D made them the richest musicians in the world 37 The word “acquired” in line 19 is closest in meaning to _ A imparted B attached C imprinted D attained 38 According to the passage, when did the Beatles experience their greatest success? A In the late 1950s B After their break-up in 1970 C During the early and mid-1960s D Throughout their lifetimes 39 The word “scenarios” in line 26 is closest in meaning to _ A sceneries B situations C life stories D love themes 40 According to the passage, how did Lennon and McCartney enhance the music of the group? A They struggled to reach stardom in the United States B They composed lyrics to scornful songs and ballads C Their music added distinctiveness to the Beatles’ repertoire D Their loneliness and sadness made their music popular TEST 20 It takes a long time to raise a family of owlets, so the great homed owl begins early in the year In January and February, or as late as March in the North, the male calls to the female with a resonant hoot The female is larger than the male She sometimes reaches a body length of twenty-two to twenty-four inches, with a wingspread up to fifty inches To impress her, the male does a strange courtship dance He bobs He bows He ruffles his feathers and hops around with an important air He flutters from limb to limb and makes flying sorties into the air Sometimes he returns with an offering of food They share the repast, after which she joins the dance, hopping and bobbing about as though keeping time to the beat of an inner drum Owls are poor home builders They prefer to nest in a large hollow in a tree or even to occupy the deserted nest of a hawk or crow These structures are large and rough, built of sticks and bark and lined with leaves and feathers Sometimes owls nest on a rocky ledge, or even on the bare ground The mother lays two or three round, dull white eggs Then she stoically settles herself on the nest and spreads her feather skirts about her to protect her precious charges from snow and cold It is five weeks before the first downy white owlet pecks its way out of the shell As the young birds feather out, they look like wise old men with their wide eyes and quizzical expressions They clamor for food and keep the parents busy supplying mice, squirrels, rabbits, crayfish, and beetles Later in the season baby crows are taken Migrating songsters, waterfowl, and game birds all fall prey to the hungry family It is nearly ten weeks before fledglings leave the nest to search for their own food The parent birds weary of family life by November and drive the young owls away to establish hunting ranges of their own What is the topic of this passage? A Raising a family of great homed owls B Mating rituals of great homed owls C Nest building of great homed owls D Habits of young great homed owls In line 3, the phrase “a resonant hoot” is closest in meaning to _ A an instrument B a sound C a movement D an offering of food It can be inferred from the passage that the courtship of great homed owls _ A takes place on the ground B is an active process C happens in the fall D involves the male alone According to the passage, great homed owls _ A are discriminate nest builders B need big nests for their numerous eggs C may inhabit a previously used nest D build nests on tree limbs According to the passage, which of the following is the mother owl’s job? A To initiate the courtship ritual B To feed the young C To sit on the nest D To build the nest The phrase “precious charges” in lines 17 refers to _ A the eggs B the nest C the hawks and crows D other nesting owls According to the passage, young owlets eat everything EXCEPT _ A other small birds B insects C small mammals D nuts and seeds In line 19, the word “they” refers to _ A the wise old men B the adult birds C the young birds D the prey What can be inferred from the passage about the adult parents of the young great homed owls? A They are sorry to see their young leave home B They are lazy and careless about feeding the small owlets C They probably don’t see their young after November D They don’t eat while they are feeding their young 10 The phrase “weary of” in line 24 is closest in meaning to _ A tire of B become sad about C support D are attracted to Scientists not yet thoroughly understand just how the body of an individual becomes sensitive to a substance that is harmless or even wholesome for the average person Milk, wheat, and egg, for example, rank among the most healthful and widely used foods Yet these foods can cause persons sensitive to them to suffer greatly At first, the body of the individual is not harmed by coming into contact with the substance After a varying interval of time, usually longer than a few weeks, the body becomes sensitive to it, and an allergy has begun to develop Sometimes it’s hard to figure out if you have a food allergy, since it can show up so many different ways Your symptoms could be caused by many other problems You may have rashes, hives, joint pains mimicking arthritis, headaches, irritability, or depression The most common food allergies are to milk, eggs, seafood, wheat, nuts, seeds, chocolate, oranges, and tomatoes Many of these allergies will not develop if these foods are not fed to an infant until her or his intestines mature at around seven months Breast milk also tends to be protective Migraines can be set off by foods containing tyramine, phenathylamine, monosodium glutamate, or sodium nitrate Common foods which contain these are chocolate, aged cheeses, sour cream, red wine, pickled herring, chicken livers, avocados, ripe bananas, cured meats, many Oriental and prepared foods (read the labels!) Some people have been successful in treating their migraines with supplements of B-vitamins, particularly B6 and niacin Children who are hyperactive may benefit from eliminating food additives, especially colorings, and foods high in salicylates from their diets A few of these are almonds, green peppers, peaches, tea, grapes This is the diet made popular by Benjamin Feingold, who has written the book Why A Child is Hyperactive Other researchers have had mixed results when testing whether the diet is effective 11 The topic of this passage is _ A reactions to foods B food and nutrition C infants and allergies D a good diet 12 According to the passage, the difficulty in diagnosing allergies to foods is due to _ A the vast number of different foods we eat B lack of a proper treatment plan C the similarity of symptoms of the allergy to other problems D the use of prepared formula to feed babies 13 The word “symptoms” in line is closest in meaning to _ A indications B diet C diagnosis D prescriptions 14 The phrase “set off” in lines 16 is closest in meaning to _ A relieved B identified C avoided D triggered 15 What can be inferred about babies from this passage? A They can eat almost anything B They should have a carefully restricted diet as infants C They gain little benefit from being breast fed D They may become hyperactive if fed solid food too early 16 The word “hyperactive” in line 22 is closest in meaning to _ A overly active B unusually low activity C excited D inquisitive 17 The author states that the reason that infants need to avoid certain foods related to allergies has to with the infant’s _ A lack of teeth B poor metabolism C underdeveloped intestinal tract D inability to swallow solid foods 18 The word “these” in line 24 refers to _ A food additives B food colorings C innutritious foods D foods high in salicylates 19 Which of the following was a suggested treatment for migraines in the passage? A Eating more ripe bananas B Avoiding all Oriental foods C Getting plenty of sodium nitrate D Using Vitamin B in addition to a good diet 20 According to the article the Feingold diet is NOT _ A verified by researchers as being consistently effective B available in book form C beneficial for hyperactive children D designed to eliminate foods containing certain food additives Until recently, most American entrepreneurs were men Discrimination against women in business, the demands of caring for families, and lack of business training had kept the number of women entrepreneurs small Now, however, businesses owned by women account for more than $40 billion in annual revenues, and this figure is likely to continue rising throughout the 1990s As Carolyn Doppelt Gray, an official of the Small Business Administration, has noted, “The 1970s was the decade of women entering management, and the 1980s turned out to be the decade of the woman entrepreneur.” What are some of the factors behind this trend? For one thing, as more women earn advanced degrees in business and enter the corporate world, they are finding obstacles Women are still excluded from most executive suites Charlotte Taylor, a management consultant, had noted, “In the 1970s women believed if they got an MBA and worked hard they could become chairman of the board Now they’ve found out that isn’t going to happen, so they go out on their own.” In the past, most women entrepreneurs worked in “women’s” fields— cosmetics and clothing, for example But this is changing Consider ASK Computer Systems, a $22-million-a-year computer software business It was founded in 1973 by Sandra Kurtzig, who was then a housewife with degrees in math and engineering When Kurtzig founded the business, her first product was software that let weekly newspapers keep tabs on their newspaper carriers — and her office was a bedroom at home, with a shoebox under the bed to hold the company’s cash After she succeeded with the newspaper software system, she hired several bright computer-science graduates to develop additional programs When these were marketed and sold, ASK began to grow It now has 200 employees, and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66.9 million of stock Of course, many women who start their own businesses fail, just as men often They still face hurdles in the business world, especially problems in raising money; the banking and finance world is still dominated by men, and old attitudes die hard Most businesses owned by women are still quite small But the situation is changing; there are likely to be many more Sandra Kurtzigs in the years ahead 21 What is the main idea of this passage? A women today are better educated than in the past, making them more attractive to the business world B The computer is especially lucrative for women today C Women are better at small businesses than men are D Women today are opening more businesses of their own 22 The word “excluded” in line 12 is closest in meaning to _ A not permitted in B often invited to C decorators of D charged admission to 23 All of the following were mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business world EXCEPT _ A women were required to stay at home with their families B women lacked ability to work in business C women faced discrimination in business D women were not trained in business 24 In line 15, “that” refers to _ A a woman becomes chairman of the board B women working hard C women achieving advanced degrees D women believing that business is a place for them 25 According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believes that women in the 1970s _ A were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management B were still more interested in education than business opportunities C had fewer obstacles in business than they today D were unable to work hard enough to succeed in business 26 The author mentions the “shoebox under the bed” in the third paragraph in order to _ A show the frugality of women in business B show the resourcefulness of Sandra Kurtzig C point out that initially the financial resources of Sandra Kurtzig’s business were limited D suggest that the company needed to expand 27 In line 18, the word “this” refers to _ A women becoming entrepreneurs B women buying cosmetics and clothing C women working in “women’s fields” D women staying at home 28 The expression “keep tabs on” in line 22 is closest in meaning to _ A recognize the appearance of B keep records of C provide transportation for D pay the salaries of 29 The word “hurdles” in line 30 can be best replaced by _ A fences B obstacles C questions D small groups 30 It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that businesses operated by women are small because _ A women prefer a small intimate setting B women can’t deal with money C women are not able to borrow money easily D many women fail at large businesses Since water is the basis of life, composing the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the crucial problem of desert animals is to survive in a world where sources of flowing water are rare And since man’s inexorable necessity is to absorb large quantities of water at frequent intervals, he can scarcely comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their entire lives without a single drop Uncompromising as it is, the desert has not eliminated life but only those forms unable to withstand its desiccating effects No moistskinned, water-loving animals can exist there Few large animals are found: the giants of the North American desert are the deer, the coyote, and the bobcat Since desert country is open, it holds more swift-footed, running, and leaping creatures than the tangled forest Its population are largely nocturnal, silent, idled with reticence, and ruled by stealth Yet they are not emaciated Having adapted to their austere environment, they are as healthy as animals anywhere in the world The secret of their adjustment lies in a combination of behavior and physiology None could survive if, like mad dogs and Englishmen, they went out in the midday sun; many would die in a matter of minutes So most of them pass the burning hours asleep in cool, humid burrows underneath the ground, emerging to hunt only by night The surface of the sun-baked desert averages around 150 degrees, but 18 inches down the temperature is only 60 degrees An example of a desert animal that has adapted to subterranean living and lack of water is the kangaroo rat Like many desert animals, kangaroo rats Stay underground during the day At night, they go outside to look for food As evening temperatures drop, moisture from the air forms on plants and seeds They absorb some of this moisture and kangaroo rats take in the lifegiving water as they eat 31 What is the topic of this passage 7? A Desert plants B Life underground C Animal life in a desert environment D Man’s life in the desert 32 The word “greater” in line is closest in meaning to _ A stronger B larger C more noticeable D heavier 33 The phrase “those forms” in line refers to all of the following except _ A water-loving animals B the bobcat C moist-skinned animals D many large animals 34 “Desiccating” in line means _ A drying B humidifying C killing D life threatening 35 The author mentions all of the following as examples of the behavior of desert animals EXCEPT _ A animals sleep during the day B animals dig homes underground C animals are noisy and aggressive D animals are watchful and quiet 36 The word “emaciated” in line 12 is closest in meaning to _ A wild B cunning C unmanageable D unhealthy 37 The author States that one characteristic of animals who live in the desert is that they _ A are smaller and fleeter than forest animals B are less healthy than animals who live in different places C can hunt in temperatures of 150 degrees D live in an accommodating environment 38 The word “subterranean” in line 22 is closest in meaning to _ A underground B safe C precarious D harsh 39 The word “they” in line 27 refers to _ A kangaroo rats B the desert population C plants and seeds D the burrows of desert animals 40 Which of the following generalizations are supported by the passage? A Water is the basis of life B All living things adjust to their environments C Desert life is colorful D Healthy animals live longer lives ... tissues of the body By inserting optical fibers through natural openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines,... 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the... EXCEPT _: A The language has been created since 1979 B The language is based on speech and lip reading C The language incorporates signs which children used at home D The language was perfected