HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY MID -TERM TEST ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 3) Subject Code: EN44 Full name: Nguyễn Ngọc Hinh Date of birth: 26/10/1983 Group: FXD215 I Prove that the following passage is a written text Company Innovation A In a scruffy office in midtown Manhattan, a team of 30 artificial-intelligence programmers is trying to simulate the brains of an eminent sexologist, a wellknown dietician, a celebrity fitness trainer and several other experts Umagic Systems is a young firm, setting up websites that will allow clients to consult the virtual versions of these personalities Subscribers will feed in details about themselves and their goals; Umagic’s software will come up with the advice that the star expert would give Although few people have lost money betting on the neuroses of the American consumer, Umagic’s prospects are hard to gauge (in ten years’ time, consulting a computer about your sex life might seem natural, or it might seem absurd) But the company and others like it are beginning to spook large American firms because they see such half-barmy “innovative” ideas as the key to their own future success B Innovation has become the buzz-word of American management Firms have found that most of the things that can be outsourced or re-engineered have been (worryingly, by their competitors as well) The stars of American business tend today to be innovators such as Dell, Amazon and Wal-Mart, which have produced ideas or products that have changed their industries C A new book by two consultants from Arthur D Little records that, over the past 15 years, the top 20% of firms in an annual innovation poll by Fortune magazine have achieved double the shareholder returns of their peers Much of today’s merger boom is driven by a desperate search for new ideas So is the fortune now spent on licensing and buying others’ intellectual property According to the Pasadena-based Patent & Licence Exchange, trading in intangible assets in the United States has risen from $15 billion in 1990 to $100 billion in 1998, with an increasing proportion of the rewards going to small firms and individuals D And therein lies the terror for big companies: that innovation seems to work best outside them Several bigs established “ideas factories”, including 3M, Procter & Gamble and Rubbermaid, have had dry spells recently Gillette spent ten years and $1 billion developing its new Mach razor; it took a British supermarket only a year or so to produce a reasonable imitation “In the management of creativity, size is your enemy,” argues Peter Chernin, who runs the Fox TV and film empire for News Corporation One person managing 20 movies is never going to be as involved as one doing five movies He has thus tried to break down the studio into smaller units – even at the risk of incurring higher costs The following passage is a written text because: This following passage seems to have more information packed into it - Extract 1: In American management, innovation is the new buzzword - Extract 2: A frenzied search for fresh concepts is at the heart of today's merger boom The money is currently being used to purchase and license intellectual property from others - Extract 3: The secret to success in the future is innovation - Extract 4: And big companies are afraid: innovation seems to work best outside of them Many adults start "idea factories" In the following text: mixed sentences in the verb In the most abstract sense, "complex" (whether a combination of sentences, a set of groups, or a compound word) and "simple" (a sentence, group, phrase, or word) not have different functional capacities elements , but functional elements of the same type Example: “In the management of creativity, size is your enemy,” argues Peter Chernin, who runs the Fox TV and film empire for News Corporation Although some US consumer neurons have lost monetary race, it is difficult to measure an omgical opportunity (after ten years may seem naturally consulting a computer about your sex life, or may seem ridiculous) The next paragraph is usually more structured than in the language of writing Resolutions on the passage are under full sentences Form: subject - predicate This next paragraph: Relatively Modified Noun Phrases: The stars of American business today are innovators like Dell, Amazon, and Wal-Mart, who developed ideas or products that revolutionized their industries Content word/notation: A word that refers to an object, quality, state, action or event An official word is a word that only indicates grammatical relations This column below shows a high ratio of content words to total current words II Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in this text The repetition of the same lexical item is referred to as repetition The following examples demonstrate this “Umagic Systems is a young firm, setting up websites that will allow clients to consult the virtual versions of these personalities Subscribers will feed in details about themselves and their goals; Umagic’s software will come up with the advice that the star expert would give Although few people have lost money betting on the neuroses of the American consumer, Umagic’s prospects are hard … The circumstance is known as a reference when one element in the text cannot be semantically interpreted without making a reference to another element in the text In linguistic or situational literature, referring terms are employed to refer to things using pronouns, articles, demonstratives, and comparatives “Several bigs established “ideas factories”, including 3M, Procter & Gamble and Rubbermaid, have had dry spells recently Gillette spent ten years and $1 billion developing its new Mach razor; it took a British supermarket only a year or so to produce a reasonable imitation ” In this case, Gillette, a British superstore, is mentioned Substitution occurs when one item in the text is replaced by another in order to avoid repetition The distinction between substitution and reference is that substitution involves the relationship between words, whereas reference involves the relationship between meanings In the passage “Umagic Systems is a young firm, setting up websites that will allow clients to consult the virtual versions of these personalities Subscribers will feed in details about themselves and their goals;….” Subscribers replaces clients in this case In a text, conjunction words serve as connecting elements between phrases or clauses Conjunctions indicate the 'logical-semantic' relationship between sentences as opposed to the relationship between words and structures, unlike the other grammatical constructions To put it another way, they arrange the content in a way that makes sense to the reader or listener:Although, but, and… III Translate the text into Vietnamese A Trong văn phòng luộm thuộm trung tâm thành phố Manhattan, nhóm gồm 30 lập trình viên trí tuệ nhân tạo cố gắng mô não chuyên gia tình dục tiếng , chuyên gia dinh dưỡng nhiều người biết tới, huấn luyện viên thể thao số chuyên gia khác Umagic Systems công ty thành lập, thiết lập trang web cho phép khách hàng tư vấn với phiên ảo có tính riêng họ Những người đăng ký cung cấp thông tin chi tiết than họ mục tiêu họ việc này; Phần mềm Umagic đưa lời khuyên mà dựa theo chun gia ,ngơi đưa Mặc dù có số người người thua đánh cược vào chứng rối loạn tâm thần người tiêu dùng Mỹ, triển vọng Umagic khó để đánh giá (trong thời gian mười năm nữa, việc tham khảo ý kiến máy tính đời sống tình dục bạn bình thường vơ lý) Nhưng công ty số khác bắt đầu khiến công ty lớn Mỹ kinh ngạc họ coi ý tưởng “đổi mới” nửa vời chìa khóa cho thành cơng tương lai họ B Đổi trở thành từ thông dụng giới quản lý Mỹ Các công ty nhận thấy hầu hết công việc th ngồi làm lại tạo lo ngại (đối thủ cạnh tranh họ lo sợ điều tương tự) Các doanh nghiệp hàng đầu Mỹ ngày có xu hướng trở thành nhà đổi Dell, Amazon Wal-Mart, công ty tạo ý tưởng sản phẩm làm thay đổi ngành công nghiệp họ C Một sách hai nhà tư vấn quản trị Arthur D Little ghi nhận rằng, 15 năm qua, 20% công ty hàng đầu thăm dò ý kiến đổi hàng năm tạp chí Fortune đạt lợi nhuận gấp đôi so với công ty ngành Phần lớn bùng nổ lớn ngày tạo tìm kiếm tuyệt vọng cho ý tưởng Tài sản sử dụng cho việc cấp phép mua tài sản trí tuệ người khác Theo Sàn giao dịch Bằng sáng chế & Giấy phép có trụ sở Pasadena, giao dịch tài sản vơ hình Hoa Kỳ tăng từ 15 tỷ USD năm 1990 lên 100 tỷ USD năm 1998, với tỷ lệ lợi nhuận ngày tăng thuộc công ty nhỏ cá nhân D Và vấn đề chỗ, điều nỗi kinh hoàng công ty lớn: đổi dường hoạt động hiệu bên họ Một số công ty lớn thành lập “nhà máy ý tưởng”, bao gồm 3M, Procter & Gamble Rubbermaid, gần gặp nhiều khó khăn Gillette dành mười năm tỷ đô la để phát triển dao cạo Mach mình;trong siêu thị Anh năm lâu để sản xuất sản phẩm nhái Peter Chernin, người điều hành đế chế phim truyền hình Fox cho News Corporation “Trong quản lý sáng tạo, quy mô kẻ thù bạn Một người quản lý 20 phim không tham gia nhiều người làm năm phim Do đó, ơng cố gắng chia nhỏ xưởng phim thành đơn vị nhỏ - chí có nguy phải chịu chi phí cao