WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Geneva WIPO PUBLICATION NO 489 (E) ISBN 92-805-1291-7 WIPO 2004 Second Edition Detailed Table of Contents Chapter Introduction The Concept of Intellectual Property The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) History Mission and Activities Structure Administration Membership Constitutional Reform Wider Consultation and Outreach 9 12 Chapter Fields of Intellectual Property Protection Patents 17 Introduction Conditions of Patentability Drafting and Filing a Patent Application Examination of a Patent Application Infringement Exploitation of the Patented Invention Compulsory Licenses Utility Models 17 17 22 24 27 33 34 40 ii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Copyright and Related Rights 40 Introduction Copyright Protection Subject Matter of Copyright Protection Rights Comprised in Copyright Related Rights Ownership of Copyright Limitations on Copyright Protection Piracy and Infringement Remedies Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions Trends and Experiences in the Protection of TCEs Conceptual and Policy Questions Recent and Possible Future Developments 40 41 42 43 46 49 50 51 52 56 64 66 67 Trademarks 67 Introduction Definitions Signs Which May Serve as Trademarks Criteria of Protectability Protection of Trademark Rights Use Requirements Trademark Registration Removal of the Trademark from the Register Trademark Piracy, Counterfeiting and Imitation of Labels and Packaging Change of Ownership Trademark Licensing Trade Names Franchising Character Merchandising 67 68 70 71 77 77 79 82 90 92 94 96 97 105 Industrial Designs and Integrated Circuits 112 Industrial Designs Integrated Circuits 112 118 Geographical Indications 120 Introduction Protection of Geographical Indications on the National Level Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through Multilateral Treaties Protection of Geographical Indications on the International Level through the Provisions of Bilateral Agreements 120 122 129 Protection Against Unfair Competition 130 Introduction The Need for Protection The Legal Basis for Protection The Acts of Unfair Competition 130 132 133 136 124 Table of contents iii Chapter The Role of Intellectual Property in Development and WIPO’s Development Cooperation Program Objectives of Developing Countries 163 Industrial Property and Development 164 Industrial Property Protection and Development Inventions, Technology and Development 164 166 The Promotion of Innovation 168 Introduction A Global Approach to Establishing Innovation and Invention Support Structures or Services Implementing and Managing Innovation and Invention Support Structures and Services Innovation Center or Innovation Support Network 168 Licensing and the Transfer of Technology 172 Introduction The Commercial Transfer and Acquisition of Technology Negotiation of Licensing Agreements Remuneration Types of Intellectual Property Licenses Government Control of Licensing Agreements 172 172 178 184 188 193 Copyright and Development 195 The Development Cooperation Program of WIPO 196 Introduction Objectives Development Cooperation in Relation to Intellectual Property The WIPO Worldwide Academy 196 196 197 202 169 170 170 Chapter Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights, Copyright and Related Rights 207 Introduction Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights in General Enforcement of Patent Rights Enforcement of Copyright and Related Rights Activities Within WIPO Concerning Enforcement Enforcement Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 207 208 211 213 219 220 iv WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Intellectual Property Litigation 220 Introduction Review of Industrial Property Office Decisions Infringement Actions Remedies 220 220 225 228 Arbitration and Mediation of Intellectual Property Disputes 230 Alternative Dispute Resolution Enforcement in the International Context WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center WIPO Internet Domain Name Dispute Resolution 230 231 232 234 Chapter International Treaties and Conventions on Intellectual Property The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 241 History Principal Provisions Administrative and Financial Provisions 241 242 259 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 262 History Principal Provisions The Latest (Paris) Act of the Convention Administration Developing Countries and the Berne Convention 262 262 265 266 267 The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 269 Introduction Legal Nature of the WCT and its Relationship with Other International Treaties Substantive Provisions of the WCT Administrative Provisions 269 269 270 276 The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 276 Introduction The Functioning of the PCT System Advantages of the PCT System 276 278 282 Table of contents v The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 285 Background to the Treaty Summary of the Treaty Main Advantages of the Treaty 285 285 286 The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement 287 Introduction The Functioning of the System of International Registration Becoming Party to the Agreement or Protocol Advantages of the System 287 288 292 292 The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs 293 Introduction The Principle of International Deposit Main Provisions of the Hague Agreement Benefits of Accession to the Hague Agreement The Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement 293 293 293 295 296 The Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) 297 Introduction Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations 297 297 The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) 301 Introduction Provisions of the Treaty and the Regulations Advantages of the PLT 301 301 305 Treaties on Classification 305 Introduction The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification The Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks The Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs 305 305 308 311 313 Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights: The International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (the “Rome Convention”) 314 Introduction Relation Between the Protection of Related Rights and Copyright Principal Provisions 314 315 316 vi WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use The Implementation of the Rome Convention The Rome Convention and Developing Countries 319 319 Other Special Conventions in the Field of Related Rights 320 The Other Special Conventions Reasons for and Purposes of the Special Conventions Main Features of the Special Conventions Substantive Provisions of the Phonograms Convention Substantive Provisions of the Satellites Convention The Phonograms and Satellites Conventions and Developing Countries 320 321 322 323 323 324 The WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 325 Introduction Legal Nature of the WPPT and its Relationship with Other International Treaties Substantive Provisions of the WPPT Administrative Provisions Audiovisual Performances 325 325 326 331 331 The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 331 Introduction The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) The 1991 Act of the UPOV Convention Developments in Plant Variety Protection 331 332 335 345 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS”) and WIPO-WTO Cooperation 345 Introduction General Provisions, Basic Principles and Final Provisions (Parts I and VII) Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights (Part II) Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (Part III) Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Procedures (Part IV) Dispute Prevention and Settlement (Part V) Cooperation between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization 345 347 Progressive Development of International Intellectual Property Law 360 Introduction The Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions for the Protection of Well-Known Marks The Joint Recommendation Concerning Trademark Licenses The Joint Recommendation Concerning the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet 360 349 355 356 357 357 361 361 362 Table of contents vii Chapter Administration and Teaching of Intellectual Property Administration of Industrial Property 367 Introduction Administrative Structure in the Industrial Property Office The Patent Office The Trademark Office The Industrial Designs Office Intergovernmental Cooperation 367 368 369 372 375 376 Administration Of Copyright and Related Rights 386 The Role of Public Authorities in Copyright and Related Rights Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights 386 387 The Patent and Trademark Attorney 401 Introduction The Functions of a Patent Agent Corporate Patent Attorneys Associations of Patent Agents The Functions of a Trademark Agent Skills and Knowledge of a Patent Agent 401 401 411 413 415 420 The Teaching of Intellectual Property Law 421 Introduction Intellectual Property Teaching Programs Selecting Intellectual Property Courses Choosing Teaching Materials and Writing a Syllabus Teaching Methods and Educational Strategies The Role of Teachers in the Legislative Process Training and Research Institutes for Intellectual Property Conclusion 421 422 425 426 428 429 430 431 Chapter Technological and Legal Developments in Intellectual Property Computer Programs 435 Introduction Brief History of the Protection of Computer Programs Protection of Computer Programs under Patents Protection of Computer Programs under Copyright International Norms Concerning Copyright Protection of Computer Programs National Legislation on the Protection of Computer Programs Creation and Use of Works by Means of Computers Databases 435 436 436 436 437 437 439 441 viii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Biotechnology 442 Introduction Adoption and Dissemination Need for Protection Existing Protection Traditional Knowledge 442 443 444 445 446 Reprography 448 Reprography and Intellectual Property Audio and Video Recording 448 449 Communication Technologies 450 Introduction Satellites Cable Distribution Digital Distribution Systems The Internet Electronic Commerce 450 451 453 454 455 455 A Complementary Approach to the Development of Intellectual Property Norms 457 WIPO Internet Domain Name Processes WIPO’s Global Network Standing Committees and Advisory Bodies Bibliography 457 459 459 x WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) n International Bureau of WIPO, Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization (1995); Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) (1994), WIPO Pub No 223, 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), WIPO/IPR/BZE/00/4, February 2000 n D Vaver, Dispute Settlement Procedures under the TRIPS Agreement, WIPO/IPR/MCT/00/6, September 2000 n H Olsson, International Conventions and Treaties on Copyright and Related Rights, Including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), WIPO/CR/THP/00/3, October 2000 n United Nations, Impact of new biotechnologies, with particular attention to sustainable development, including food security, health and economic productivity, Report of the Secretary General, A/58/76, May 2003 Treaties Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works n International Bureau of WIPO, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886, as amended up to September 1979, WIPO Pub No 287 n International Bureau of WIPO, International Protection of Copyright and Related Rights – the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, WIPO/CR/BEY/99/1, August 1999 n International Bureau of WIPO, Introduction to International Protection of Copyright and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, WIPO/CRR/S/99/3, August 1999 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) n International Bureau of WIPO, WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), WIPO Pub No 226, 1996 n International Bureau of WIPO, Introduction to the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), WIPO/CR/GE/00/3, October 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, The Impact of New Technologies on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), WIPO/ACAD/E/00/11(I), March 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, Records of the Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, WIPO Pub No 348, 1999 n H Olsson, The New WIPO Treaties WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) and their Impact on Copyright Protection, Enforcement and Fighting Piracy in the Digital Environment, WIPO/CR/BAK/00/1, May 2000 Bibliography xi n International Bureau of WIPO, Digital Technology, the Internet and the New Treaties (the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty), WIPO/CR/SOF/99/1, November 1999 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) International Bureau of WIPO, WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), WIPO n Pub No 227, 1996 n H Olsson, The New WIPO Treaties—WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)—and their Impact on Copyright Protection, Enforcement and Fighting Piracy in the Digital Environment, WIPO/CR/BAK/00/1, May 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, Introduction to the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), WIPO/CR/GE/00/3, October 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, The Impact of New Technologies on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), WIPO/ACAD/E/00/11(I), March 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, Records of the Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, WIPO Pub No 348, 1999 n International Bureau of WIPO, Digital Technology, the Internet and the New Treaties (the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty), WIPO/CR/SOF/99/1, November 1999 Rome Convention n International Bureau of WIPO, International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention), WIPO Pub No 328, 1961 n International Bureau of WIPO, Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the International Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention), WIPO Pub No 326, 1961 n International Bureau of WIPO, Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva Phonograms Convention), WIPO Pub No 288, 1971 Brussels Convention International Bureau of WIPO, Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying n Signals Transmitted by Satellite (Brussels Convention), WIPO Pub No 289, 1974 n International Bureau of WIPO, Records of the International Conference of States on the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (Brussels Convention), WIPO Pub No 331, 1974 xii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Reprography n International Bureau of WIPO, Reprographic Reproduction Rights in International Conventions and Treaties, WIPO/CR/ACC/00/1, March 2000 n M Seeber, Reprographic Reproduction Rights Administration as a Strategy and Tool for the Development of the National Publishing Industry, WIPO/CR/ACC/00/9, March 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, Reprography and Digital Technology in the Perspective of Reproduction Rights in International Conventions and National Laws, WIPO/CR/ABU/99/10, October 1999 n T Koakinen-Olsson, Reproduction Rights Organizations as a Response to the Problems Concerning the Protection and Collective Management of Rights Raised by Reprographic Reproduction and Electrocopying, WIPO/CR/RT/KUL/98/5, August 1998 Development Cooperation General n Intellectual Property, A Power Tool for Economic Growth by Kamil Idris, WIPO Pub No 888, January 2003 n S Alikhan, The Role of Intellectual Property in Economic Development, WIPO/ACAD/A/97/1, November 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, The New Millennium, Intellectual Property and the Least Developed Countries, Pub No 766, 2001 n D Nayyar, Intellectual Property, the New Millennium and the Least Developed Countries Some Reflections in the Wider Context of Development, WIPO/RT/LDC/1/6, September 1999 n S Alikhan, Socio-Economic Benefits of Intellectual Property Protection in Developing Countries, WIPO Pub No 454, 2000 n Guide to International Licensing: http://www.ladas.com/GUIDES/LICENSING/InternationalIPLicensing/Index.html n Exclusive License Agreement (model contract): http://www.techtransfer.harvard.edu/ExclusiveLicense.html n The list of publications of the Licensing Executive Society International (LESI) is available at the website: http://www.lesi.org/level1/Level1-fr.htm n H Arai, Intellectual Property Policies for the Twenty-First Century: The Japanese Experience in Wealth Creation, WIPO Pub No 834, December 1999 n International Bureau of WIPO, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Innovation and Intellectual Property, WIPO/IFIA/BUE/00/6, September 2000 Bibliography xiii n C Correa, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Inventors and Intellectual Property: In the Global Marketplace, WIPO/IFIA/BUE/00/7, September 2000 n J Tenenbaum, The Need for Establishing Innovation and Invention Support Structures or Services in Developing Countries, WIPO/INN/BRI/99/4, November 1999 n United Nations, Impact of new biotechnologies, with particular attention to sustainable development, including food security, health and economic productivity, Report of the Secretary General, A/58/76, May 2003 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) n International Bureau of WIPO, Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization (1995) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), WIPO Pub No 223, 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), WIPO/IPR/BZE/00/4, February 2000 n International November 2000 Bureau of WIPO, TRIPS and Pharmaceuticals, WIPO/IPR/AMM/00/2.B, n United Nations, Impact of new biotechnologies, with particular attention to sustainable development, including food security, health and economic productivity, Report of the Secretary General, A/58/76, May 2003 Human Resources n The WIPO Worldwide Academy: Performances, Challenges and Opportunities, PCIPD/2/2, 2001 n Human Resources Development Strategies: August 1999 The WIPO Worldwide Academy, ISIP/99/2, n N Byrne, The Development of a Curriculum for Teaching Intellectual Property Law A) A Master’s Degree in the Management of Intellectual Property for Scientists and Engineers B) A Master of Laws Degree for Law Graduates C) A Diploma in Intellectual Property Law for Trainee Attorneys, WIPO/IP/CAR/BB/98/3, October 1998 n A Zariski, On-Line Resources, WIPO/IPLT/ABV/99/11, September 1999 n P Drahos, Research Supervision, WIPO/IPLT/ABV/99/12A, September 1999 n H Hansen, Research Supervision, WIPO/IPLT/ABV/99/12B, September 1999 Industrial Property R Gould, The Role of Industrial Property in Economic Development, WIPO/IP/ULN/97/3, n June 1997 n L J Udell, Evaluation Assessment of Inventions and Research for their Marketing and Commercialization, WIPO/INN/CAI/97/5, September 1997 xiv WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use n U Jansson, Patents as a Vehicle for the Transfer of Technology: Licensing Agreements, WIPO/IP/MBB/97/5, September 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, Licensing of Patents: Methods and Arrangements for the Commercial Transfer and Acquisition of Technology, WIPO/IP/WDH/93/6, June 1993 n International Bureau of WIPO/IPE/IR/93/9, June 1993 WIPO, Licensing of Industrial Property Rights—Patents, n International Bureau of WIPO, Acquisition of Technology through the Patent System: Locating New Technology, WIPO/R&D/SIN/97/4.1, October 1997 n E Fernández, Patenting Strategies—When, What and Why: How Should Inventors and SMEs Plan for Obtaining Protection for their Inventions—Use of Public or Private Services Intellectual Property Information (Including the Patent Cooperation Treaty, etc.), WIPO/IFIA/BUE/00/8, September 2000 n United Nations, Impact of new biotechnologies, with particular attention to sustainable development, including food security, health and economic productivity, Report of the Secretary General, A/58/76, May 2003 Copyright and Related Rights n International Bureau of WIPO, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: Basic Rules and Special Rules for Developing Countries, WIPO/GIC/CNR/GE/86/4, May 1986 n M Blakeney, Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge: Folklore; Protection of Folklore, WIPO/IPR/MRU/00/10, July 2000 Protection of Indigenous Intellectual Property Enforcement General n International Bureau of WIPO, Basic Notions of the Exercise, Administration and Enforcement of Rights, WIPO/CR/GE/94/8, November 1994 n M.S Johnston, Appeals, BLTC/28, August 1980 n M Parry, The Use of Modern Information Technologies for the Enhancement of Industrial Property Enforcement, WIPO/USPTO/IP/CEI/00/6(C), September 2000 n H Olsson, Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in a Digital Environment, WIPO/IP/JU/THR/00/7, August 2000 n E Müllner, The Role of the Judiciary in the Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights, WIPO/IP/RIG/97/3, November 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, Synthesis of Issues Pertaining to the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WIPO/ACE/1/3, April 2003 Bibliography xv n International Bureau of WIPO, Coordination, Training and Development of Enforcement Strategies, WIPO/ACE/1/4, April 2003 n International Bureau of WIPO, Conclusions by the Chair, WIPO/ACE/1/7, April 2003 Administration n A Hirst, The Role of the Government Authorities in the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WIPO/IPR/JU/BEY/99/5B, November 1999 n International Bureau of WIPO, Organizational Matters and Future Work to be Considered by the Advisory Committee on Enforcement of Industrial Property Rights, ACE/IP/1/2, August 2000 n P Smith, The Role of Intellectual Property Offices in Enforcement, WIPO/IP/JU/THR/00/6, August 2000 n G Dossmann, An Overview of the Actions and Remedies in Industrial Property Rights, WIPO/IP/RIG/97/4 Prov., November 1997 Case of Infringement of n M S Ahmad, Enhancing Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement: Role of Judiciary, Enforcement Agencies and Attorneys, WIPO/IP/CMB/98/3, November 1998 Industrial Property n S Ono, Modernization of the Administration of Intellectual Property: Vision of a Futuristic System, WIPO/IP/MOW/00/8, October 2000 Copyright and Related Rights n Various documents prepared by and for the Copyright Collective Management Division, WIPO, are available upon request n International Bureau of WIPO, Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Pub No L450CM, 2000 (leaflet) n M Ficsor, International Bureau of WIPO, Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Pub No 855, 2002 n WIPO International Forum on the Exercise and Management of Copyright and Neighboring Rights in the Face of the Challenges of Digital Technology (Seville, Spain), WIPO Pub No 756, May 14-16, 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, International Protection of Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO/IPR/MCT/00/INF.5, October 2000 n F Koroye-Crooks, Piracy of Audiovisual and Sound Recordings: Ways and Means to Fight it, WIPO/CR/LUS/00/5, November 2000 n S Asano, Enforcement of Copyright and Related Rights with Reference to the TRIPS Agreement: Border Measures, WIPO/CR/CAL/99/4(B), December 1999 xvi WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use n International Bureau of WIPO, The Exercise, Administration and Enforcement of Copyright and Neighboring Rights, WIPO/CNR/BWN/97/5, March 1997 Mediation and Arbitration n International Bureau of WIPO, Dispute Resolution for the 21st Century: The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, WIPO Pub No 759, 2003 n United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Course on Dispute Settlement, IV Settlement of International Intellectual Property Disputes and WIPO, David W Plant 4.1 The Role, Rules and Services of the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, 2003 n International Bureau of WIPO, Guide to WIPO Mediation, WIPO Pub No 449, 1996 (to be updated 2004) n International Bureau of WIPO, WIPO Conference on Mediation, WIPO Pub No 750, 1996 n Biennial Conference of the International Federation of Commercial Arbitration Institutions (IFCAI) on The Institutional Response to Changing Needs of Users, WIPO Pub No 759, 1997 n International Bureau of WIPO, WIPO Mediation Rules, Arbitration Rules, Expedited Arbitration Rules, Recommended Contract Clauses and Submission Agreements, WIPO Pub No 446, 1994 n International Bureau of WIPO, WIPO Worldwide Forum on the Arbitration of Intellectual Property Disputes, WIPO Pub No 728, 1994 n International Bureau of WIPO, Conference on Rules for Institutional Arbitration and Mediation, WIPO Pub No 741, 1995 n Each of the above publications is also available at the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center Home page: http://arbiter.wipo.int at the WIPO Center's home page also makes available a Bibliography on Intellectual Property Arbitration and Mediation Domain Names n Domain Name Dispute Resolution Service in 2001 (available at http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains) n International Bureau of WIPO, Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, WIPO Pub No 439, July 1999 n International Bureau of WIPO, Report of the Second WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, WIPO Pub No 843, September 2001 n ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy, ARB/ECOM/00/, November 2000 n ICANN Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy, ARB/ECOM/00/BIS, November 2000 n WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Policy, ARB/ECOM/00/BIS2, November 2000 n Domain Name Dispute Resolution: A Model for the Future? ARB/ECOM/99/22, October 2000 Bibliography xvii n International Bureau of WIPO, Guide to WIPO Domain Name Dispute Resolution, WIPO Pub No 892, 2003 n United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Course on Dispute Settlement, IV Settlement of International Intellectual Property Disputes and WIPO, Torsten Bettinger 4.2 WIPO Internet Domain Name Dispute Resolution Services, 2003 n Each of the above publications is also available at the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center Home page: http://arbiter.wipo.int The WIPO Center’s home page also makes available a Bibliography on Domain Name Dispute Resolution Electronic Commerce n International Bureau of WIPO, Intellectual Property on the Internet: A Survey of Issues (http://ecommerce.wipo.int/survey/index.html), December 2002 n The Management of Internet Names and Addresses: Intellectual Property Issues (Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process), WIPO Pub No 439, 1999 (also at http://wipo2.wipo.int/process1/report/index.html) n Report of the Second WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, WIPO Pub No 843, September 2001 n WIPO International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Intellectual Property, 1999, and Second WIPO International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Intellectual Property, 2001 (http://ecommerce.wipo.int/meetings/index.html) n WIPO Digital Agenda (http://ecommerce.wipo.int/agenda/index.html) n Silke von Lewinski and Jörg Rinbothe, WIPO Treaties, 1996, Butterworths, 2001 n International Bureau of WIPO, Industrial Property Protection of Computer Programs, WIPO/CNR/KYI/98/1, July 1998 n M Ficsor, Law of Copyright and the Internet, Oxford 2001 n K Koelman, B Hugenholtz, Online Service Provider Liability for Copyright Infringement, OSP/LIA/1/Rev.1, December 1999 n M Blakeney, Trademark Protection and the Internet, WIPO/IPR/MRU/00/6, July 2000 n United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), E-Commerce and Development Report, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2, 2002 n International Bureau of WIPO, Matters Concerning Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, WO/GA/26/6, August 2000 n International Bureau of WIPO, Matters Concerning Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore – An Overview, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1/3, March 2001 xviii WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) n International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, UPOV Pub No 295, 1978 Act n International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, UPOV Pub No 211, 1991 Act n UPOV, What it is, what it does, UPOV Pub No 437, August 2003 n Introduction to Plant Variety Protection under the UPOV Convention: Lecture prepared by Rolf Jördens, Vice Secretary-General of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), August 2003 n For further information on UPOV, please visit the website: http://upov.int Note: Except where titles are given in other languages, those listed are available in English Readers requiring publications in other languages should enquire about their availability The appropriate addresses are: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 34, chemin des Colombettes CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: Fax: E-mail: Internet: 41 22 338 91 11 41 22 733 54 28 wipo.mail@wipo.int http://www.wipo.int May 31, 2004 Information Referred to in the Text of the WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use List of member States of treaties administered by WIPO, in the order of their appearance in the text Chapter The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe (180) Chapter The Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks Albania, Algeria, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Dominica, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan (72) Information referred to in the text of WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia , Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe (168) The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods Algeria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom (34) The Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration Algeria, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, France, Gabon, Haiti, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Togo, Tunisia (20) Chapter The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (see under Chapter 2, Page 2) The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe (155) May 31, 2004 The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) Argentina, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States of America (47) The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Botswana, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Philippines , Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe (123) The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan (59) The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam (56) Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Zambia (65) The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bulgaria, , Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Egypt, Estonia, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Information referred to in the text of WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tunisia, Ukraine (38) The Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) Australia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan (31) The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan (54) The Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks (see under Chapter 2, Page 1) The Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks Austria, Bulgaria, Cuba, France, Guinea, Kyrgyzstan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Saint Lucia, Slovenia, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay (19) The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uruguay (44) The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Belarus, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela (77) The Geneva Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kenya, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States of America, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela (73) May 31, 2004 The Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America (24) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Togo, Ukraine, United States of America (43) The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay (54) Chapter African States members of the Patent Cooperation Treaty Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (39) Chapter (Member States of treaties not administered by WIPO) African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ARIPO) Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (16) The Harare Protocol on Patents and Industrial Designs within the Framework of ARIPO Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (15) The African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI in French) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo (16) The Eurasian Patent Organization Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (9) Information referred to in the text of WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use The European Patent Organisation (EPO) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom (28) OTHER INFORMATION IN THE ORDER OF APPEARANCE IN THE TEXT Chapter Patent Cooperation Treaty From June 1, 1978 (when the filing of international applications under the PCT commenced) until November 30, 2003, a total of 899,723 international applications had been received by the International Bureau of WIPO The 101,415 international applications received in 2003 had the effect of 7,624,323 national applications, and of 346,675 regional applications, which would be equivalent to 5,632,232 applications for patent protection in the member States of the regional patent systems, that is, a national equivalent effect, in total, of 13,254,555 national applications The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement At the end of 2001, 381,684 international registrations were in force During that year 23,985 new international registrations were effected, containing 290,633 designations, an average of 12.1 designations per registration In addition, 27,282 designations were effected in 2001 in respect of existing international registrations In other words, the designations effected in 2001 were equivalent to nearly 318,000 national applications Conventions on Classification The IPC by the end of 2000 was applied by 94 States and five international organizations, which taken together issue about 95% of the patent documents of the world The appropriate IPC symbols are indicated on patent documents, of which about 1,000,000 were issued each year in the last 10 years It is estimated that, by the end of 2000, the total number of patent documents provided with the classification symbols of the IPC amounted to over 28 million Chapter The European Patent Organisation In 2002, some 47,384 European patents were granted In the same year, 165,066 applications for European patents were filed In 2002, of the 114,048 international (PCT) applications, 111,315 of them contained a designation for a European patent: this corresponds to 97.6% of the total number of international applications filed in 2002 In 2002, of the 106,243 applications actually processed by the European Patent Office, 52,493 came via the PCT route Note: Updated information can be obtained on request from WIPO at: 34 chemin des Colombettes, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland; Tel: (41-22) 338 91 11; Fax (41-22) 733 54 28; e-mail: wipo.mail@wipo.int; Internet:http//www.wipo.int ... public awareness and understanding of intellectual property and its contribution to economic and social development 14 WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use The Ad Hoc Advisory... Wider Consultation and Outreach WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Chapter - Introduction The Concept of Intellectual Property 1.1 Intellectual property, very broadly, means... Agreement 207 208 211 213 219 220 iv WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use Intellectual Property Litigation 220 Introduction Review of Industrial Property Office Decisions Infringement