Thông tin tài liệu
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
For everyone who has died of HIV and AIDS.
For everyone who lives with HIV and AIDS.
For everyone who works to make a difference for those living with HIV and AIDS.
From Vasu,
for the late Ronald Louw, my mentor, my friend and my comrade
From Theo,
for all women and men who relentlessly put same-sex sexuality
on the African map of HIV/AIDS
From Laetitia,
for all the courageous researchers who dare to push the boundaries
of public health and social science research
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
First published 2009
ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2276-2
ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2277-9
ISBN (epub) 978-0-7969-2295-3
© 2009 Human Sciences Research Council
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors.
They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human
Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council
endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication,
readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the
individual author concerned and not to the Council.
Copyedited by Barbara Hutton
Typeset by Baseline Publishing Services
Cover design by Karin Miller and FUEL Design
Printed by Logo Print, Cape Town, South Africa
Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver
Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302
www.oneworldbooks.com
Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by
Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS)
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609
www.eurospanbookstore.com
Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG)
Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985
www.ipgbook.com
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Contents
Foreword vii
Messages of support viii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
Vasu Reddy, Theo Sandfort and Laetitia Rispel
Theory, methodology, context
1 Researching same-sex sexuality and HIV prevention 2
Peter Aggleton
2 Sexuality research in South Africa: The policy context 14
Robert Sember
3 Same-sex sexuality and health: Psychosocial scientific research
in South Africa 32
Juan Nel
4 Homosexual and bisexual labels: The need for clear conceptualisations,
operationalisations and appropriate methodological designs 51
Theo Sandfort and Brian Dodge
5 Gender, same-sex sexuality and HIV/AIDS in South Africa: Practical
research challenges and solutions 58
Pierre Brouard
6 From social silence to social science: HIV research among township
men who have sex with men in South Africa 66
Tim Lane
History, memory, archive
7 Gay AIDS activism in South Africa prior to 1994 80
Mandisa Mbali
8 Sexing women: Young black lesbians’ reflections on sex and responses
to safe(r) sex 100
Zethu Matebeni
9 Creating memory: Documenting and disseminating life stories of
LGBTI people living with HIV 117
Ruth Morgan, Busi Kheswa and John Meletse
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Perspectives from sub-Saharan and southern Africa
10 What we know about same-sex practising people and HIV in Africa 126
Cary Alan Johnson
11 Same-sex sexuality and HIV/AIDS: A perspective from Malawi 137
Daveson Nyadani
12 A bird’s-eye view of HIV and gay and lesbian issues in Zimbabwe 143
Samuel Matsikure
13 Epidemiological disjunctures: A review of same-sex sexuality and
HIV research in sub-Saharan Africa 147
Kirk Fiereck
Needs, programming, policy and direction for future research
14 Mobilising gay and lesbian organisations to respond to the political
challenges of the South African HIV epidemic 168
Nathan Geffen, Zethu Cakata, Renay Pillay and Paymon Ebrahimzadeh
15 Are South African HIV policies and programmes meeting the needs of
same-sex practising individuals? 176
Laetitia Rispel and Carol Metcalf
16 Lessons learned from current South African HIV/AIDS research among
lesbian, gay and bisexual populations 190
Dawie Nel
17 Observations on HIV and AIDS in Cape Town’s LGBT population 198
Glenn de Swardt
18 Some personal and political perspectives on HIV/AIDS in Ethekwini 207
Nonhlanhla ‘MC’ Mkhize
19 Health for all? Health needs and issues for women who have sex
with women 216
Vicci Tallis
Conclusions
20 Taking research and prevention forward 228
Theo Sandfort, Vasu Reddy and Laetitia Rispel
Contributors 242
Index 246
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vii
Foreword
To be same-sex oriented and South African, to live in the age of AIDS, and in a time
of struggle for democracy, freedom and social justice is exciting, challenging, painful
and often bewildering. These are some of the energies behind this book.
Our Constitution proudly safeguards gay and lesbian equality, and renounces
discrimination on the ground of disability. But its vaunting promises fall far short
of reality in too many lives in our country. Despite constitutional protection on the
ground of sexual orientation, hatred, phobia and discrimination are still rife.
From the mid-1980s, as the fearsome African demography of the disease became
apparent, AIDS was neither seen nor labelled as a ‘gay disease’. As a proudly and
openly gay man, one who not long after my sexual coming-out had to come to terms
with being infected myself, I felt some obscure relief to think that I was one in a mass
heterosexual epidemic. The ‘non-gay’ shape of the epidemic would protect me, and
other gay men, from the worst homophobic reactions to AIDS.
And in many ways it did. But too often heterosexual predominance meant that same-
sex sexuality and gender were eclipsed. In our national response, both governmental
and organisational, gay people have been under-served, under-informed, and
under-treated.
The harm-sowing myth that homosexuality is ‘unAfrican’ has played its part in
obscuring and stifling responses to the epidemic amongst gay people in Africa. The
result has been a partially ‘hidden epidemic’.
From Social Silence to Social Science offers important new thought and understanding.
The volume raises visibility about vulnerable and marginal groups. Its varied
chapters – by scholars, programme workers and activists – light the obscure corners
of the epidemic, and suggest practical action.
A striking feature of the volume is that its contributions address both local and
continental research and programming.
It is my hope that the authors’ expertise and insights, and their collation in this
volume, will foster real thought and real action. The diversity of contributions is
impressive, and many authors proffer important ideas. So the text is timely.
We have yet a long journey ahead with same-sex equality in Africa, and perhaps an even
longer journey with AIDS. This volume will, I hope, help light our way with both.
Edwin Cameron
Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
viii
Messages of support
In May 2007, a varied group of sociologists, epidemiologists, social workers and
HIV/AIDS activists gathered in Pretoria for a ground-breaking conference entitled
Gender, Same-sex Sexuality and HIV/AIDS. The conference was jointly convened
and funded by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) and the HIV Center
for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and
Columbia University.
In an address to conference delegates, Dr Olive Shisana, president and CEO of the
HSRC, emphasised that, ‘while we know the epidemic is pronounced among our
heterosexual population, we also know that our lesbian and gay communities are
not immune to HIV/AIDS. Over and above people who self-identify as lesbian, gay
or bisexual, HIV and AIDS also impacts on men who have sex with men [MSM]
and women [WSW] who have sex with women – categories of sexual practice that
are often erased from studies and interventions.
‘We also know that we live in a society where prejudice runs deep about
homosexuality, fuelled in part by perceived ideas about gender, belief systems,
stigmatisation and socialisation. Despite the commendable Constitution of South
Africa, sadly attitudes and stereotypes prevail about homosexuality and same-sex
sexuality’. She concluded that ‘work on MSM and WSW in relation to HIV/AIDS
is long overdue in South Africa…This conference will stimulate all of us to explore
challenges and find potential solutions for research on same-sex sexual practices
and HIV/AIDS’.
Dr Anke Erhardt, director of the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies
at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University also addressed
delegates, noting that ‘while the AIDS epidemic started in South Africa as a gay
epidemic, gay men disappeared from view as soon as it became clear how devastating
the epidemic was going to be in the heterosexual population. These developments
are understandable, but not acceptable. This event will help to increase the political
attention for same-sex sexuality and HIV/AIDS’.
Dr Erhardt went on to note: ‘I am pleased that the conference does not only deal
with men. It is my understanding that, contrary to what usually is thought, HIV/
AIDS is a major concern for lesbian women as well. It deserves balanced attention…
[This event will form] the basis for future collaborative projects, in the field of
research, prevention, advocacy and policy, and ultimately contribute to the end
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the stigma and injustice that is furthered by this
gruesome epidemic…I am pleased that, with the Center’s expertise in these areas,
we were able to contribute to the organisation of this conference. I would like to
congratulate the organisers on the stimulating programme they were able to put
together…I want you to know that the HIV Center is committed to working with
you after the conference is over.’
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
ix
Acknowledgements
Expressing thanks and appreciation should not be just an empty ritual, and because
we feel it sincerely, it is not possible to make too much of it.
First, we acknowledge the individual contributions of our authors who helped
move From Social Silence to Social Science from the spoken text at a conference
to the published version now before us. Many of the authors originally presented
their papers at the conference – Gender, Same-sex Sexuality and HIV/AIDS in
South Africa: An International Conference of Researchers, Community Leaders
and Activists – which was held in Pretoria from 9 to 11 May 2007. As co-editors,
we relied heavily on each other to carefully peer-review each contribution. We
very much appreciate the patience and willingness of our contributors to revise
and sometimes rewrite sections. Tim Lane in particular must be thanked for his
wonderful collegiality in agreeing to us appropriating his invention as the title of this
volume. We are confident that what we have assembled here is highly relevant and
contributes to improving our understanding of HIV/AIDS in South and southern
Africa in its complex relationship to gender and same-sex sexuality.
Second, our funders were crucial to our thinking about, and implementation of,
the project. In no particular order, our special thanks to Aids Fonds Netherlands,
HIVOS (Humanistisch Instituut voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking) and the Royal
Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria for resources that principally funded the conference.
More directly, without the generous financial support of Atlantic Philanthropies,
this book would not have been published.
Third, we acknowledge and appreciate the partnerships we as editors have collectively
developed and strengthened, which emerged first with the conference, then with
this book and subsequently with other local and internationally-driven research
projects. The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) of South Africa, together
with the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University, have
firmly consolidated partnerships in research. Within the HSRC we thank Dr Olive
Shisana (president and CEO) for her support for the work we have embarked on
through this conference, and at the HIV Center we express to the director, Dr Anke
Erhardt, our appreciation for her ongoing wisdom and collegiality in strengthening
our work in the field. These partnerships are also significantly consolidated through
our collaboration with community partners, including OUT LGBT Well-being
(Pretoria) and the Durban Lesbian and Gay Community and Health Centre. And
here we thank Dawie Nel (OUT) and Nonhlanhla Mkhize for their continued
support, enthusiasm and willingness to collaborate with us.
Vasu would like to acknowledge the work and example of his co-editors for their
personal support, friendship, patience and intellectual advice. He maintains that
while the theoretical perspectives and disciplinary backgrounds of his co-editors
(and the many authors in the book) may be diverse and multifaceted, the final
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE
x
manuscript demonstrates how difference can strengthen the cohesiveness of
the final product. He also thanks colleagues within the HSRC (particularly staff
within the Gender & Development Unit, Annette Gerber and Ella Mathobela for
administrative support in the lead-up to the conference) and especially our editor at
the HSRC Press for her patience and perspicacity in the editing process.
Without loved ones, writing would certainly be lonely.
Vasu would like to thank Sudeshan who, as always, continues to nourish with
companionship, affection and support, and to inspire by example. Through all
stages of this project, my father especially, and my mum, sisters and niece, and a
small circle of friends provided comfort, love and advice.
Theo would like to express his thanks to all people who made the conference and
this book a success. It is amazing what people are able to accomplish together, when
they decide that change is needed. While same-sex sexuality was virtually off the
map, the conference seemed to have induced an enthusiasm about much-needed
research activities. In the meantime, new contacts are made and friendship circles
are built. He thanks his colleague Vasu for the deep friendship which has developed
through the process. Special thanks also go to Laetitia, as co-editor, and to his
colleague Robert Sember, with whom he started this journey and whose valuable
insights and critical skills have helped sharpen his focus. Finally, Theo especially
thanks his sometimes worrying but always supportive and proud partner Jeff.
Laetitia would like to acknowledge Vasu and Theo for their comradeship, and
for giving her an opportunity to climb an exciting and steep learning curve and
to explore largely unchartered terrain. Thanks to Nico Jacobs for administrative
support. Edward Hank is thanked for his support, wisdom and encouragement, and
her children Andrew and Nadine are thanked for their understanding and the many
cups of tea.
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
[...]... homosexual transmission to the South African epidemic? The answers to these questions lie beyond the scope of this book However, they are developed from the conference consensus that to administer any meaningful HIV intervention for same- xix FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE sex practising populations, it is crucial to determine HIV prevalence, behavioural correlates, psychosocial contexts, sexual... we want to stress that the focus should be on vulnerable populations and the themes they represent in relation to HIV/AIDS, in order to address the absence in the South African literature and to encourage broader critical analysis of same-sex sexual practices in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa This brings us to the organisation of the book An overview of From Social Silence to Social Science. .. expertise of research psychologists, historians, epidemiologists, sociologists, literary scholars and so forth Our vision was to xxi FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE reflect the perspectives of a broad range of stakeholders and to provide authors (irrespective of their background and location) a space in which to think critically about key issues pertinent to developing our understanding of the... ‘voice’ xxv FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE Chapter 7 by Mandisa Mbali provides a detailed and cogent socio-historical analysis of how HIV/AIDS entered into a complex same-sex social and organisational world in the early 1980s in South Africa She outlines how the freer political climate in South Africa’s transition era provided spaces for advocating for non-discriminatory approaches to sexual orientation... represents an exploratory effort to examine what we know about homosexual transmission in the context of HIV/AIDS, the chapters do not provide a detailed account of everything relevant to gender, same-sex sexuality and HIV/AIDS (understandably a rather tenuous and broad relationship exists in xxiii FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE same-sex sexuality) Rather, chapters are meant to offer both descriptive... collective history, demonstrating a process in which researchers, subjects, their histories, identities, contexts and experiences impact on the ‘new knowledge’ that emerges out of gaps identified when questions are posed This volume has such a history From Social Silence to Social xx INTRODUCTION Science: Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality, HIV/AIDS and Gender in South Africa is a project with its history in... rights to life, liberty and security, to health, education and work, to freedom of opinion and expression, and to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.1 Subsequent instruments, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, expanded the field to include reference to a wide range of economic and social rights.2 More recently, there have been growing struggles to delineate... Well-being (Pretoria) Overall, the conference had a threefold purpose: 1) to review the history of research strategies on homosexuality in South Africa and to evaluate available research pertaining to same-sex sexual practices in South Africa, in general and as it relates to HIV/AIDS; 2) to identify research needs and priorities related to same-sex sexual practices and HIV/AIDS; and 3) to explore challenges... there is a common denominator At face value, if social silence implies that homosexual transmission is absent from epidemiological studies, then the social science envisaged in this book offers a corrective to that erasure The title therefore signifies the recognition that there are shifts, movements and developments to the way knowledge is made and remade Many of our contributors persistently ask,... South xv FROM SOCIAL SILENCE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE Africa, it may be the case that there are more white men and women who have the luxury of access to private space in comparison to black men and women This does not rule out the reality that a slowly emerging black middle class has also facilitated privileged access for upwardly mobile black lesbians and gays Over and above these differences, access to resources . possible to make too much of it.
First, we acknowledge the individual contributions of our authors who helped
move From Social Silence to Social Science from. Pierre Brouard
6 From social silence to social science: HIV research among township
men who have sex with men in South Africa 66
Tim Lane
History, memory,
Ngày đăng: 23/03/2014, 09:22
Xem thêm: From Social Silence to Social Science pptx, From Social Silence to Social Science pptx