m TMWAT jr ^^ ^ IMmmMiihMiii&iMlM. dM ((y hieu hoc van hoa va khai niem van han T.M.LOTMAN Co the nhan ra hai Ithuynh huiiing qua dgng thai phat trien cua l<y hieu hgc trong vong muoi lam nam trd lai day. Khuynh hudng thd nliat tap trung vao viec san djnh nhdng khai niem nen mdng va xac lap cac phuong thdc tao sinh. Tham vgng mo hinh hda mgt each cliinh xac din tdi viec sang lap bg mdn sieu l<y hieu hgc: ddi tugng nghien cdu cua idioa hgc nay i(hdng phai la cac van ban nhu nd vdn cd ma ia md hinh cac van ban, ia md hmh cua cac md hinh, Khuynh hudng thd hai iai ddn Sd quan tam vao boat dgng ky hieu boc cua van ban thuc te. V di khuynh hudng thii nhai, nlu sir mau thuin, thieu hgp ly vl phuang dien cau triic, sir pha trdn cac van ban cd kie'n tao khac nhau trong pham vi td chitc eiia mgt van ban duy nhat, tfnh khdng xle djnh ngu nghla ehi la nhiing da'u hieu ngiu nhien, khong hoat ddng, bj loai khdi sieu elp do md hinh hda van ban, thi vdi khuynh hudng thir hai, chiing lai la nhung ddi tugng dugc ehii y dac biet. Diln dat theo he thdng thuat ngir ciia Ferdinand de Saussure, ed thi ndi, di theo hudng thir nhat, nha nghien eiiu xem xet ldi ndi nhu II sir vat chat hda cac luat le ca'u triic ciia ngdn ngir; theo hudng thir hai, su ehii y CLia nha nghien ciiu lai nhim vao cac binh dien ky hieu ed su venh lech vdi eau true ngdn ngir. Ne'u hudng thii nhai dugc thuc thi trong sieu ky hieu hgc, thi hudng thir hai tat ye'u se din tdi su ra ddi ciia mdn ky hieu hge van hda. Sir ra ddi ciia ky hieu hgc van hda - mgt bg mon khoa hgc ed nhiem vu khao sat su tuong tac giifa cle he thdng ky hieu cd ca'u triic khac nhau, khim pha sir venh lech, khdng ddng bg tu ben trong eiia khdng gian ky hieu hgc, nghien cii'u sir ein thiet phai hilu biet nhieu ngdn ngit van hda va ky hieu hge - se gdp phin quan trgng lim thay ddi cae quan niem ky hieu hgc truyin thdng. Trudc hit, khai niem van ban se phai thay ddi ve CO ban. Nhtrng djnh nghia khdi thiiy vl van ban - loai djnh nghla thudng nhin manh ban chat thdng nhat eiia ky hieu, hoac su thdng nhat khdng thi chia tach ciia cac chire nang trong mdt ngir canh van hda nhai djnh, hay nhiing phlm chai khic nao day - diu ed y mud'n ndi mdt each kin dao hay cdng khai, ring van ban la m6t phat ngdn trong mgt ngdn ngu bat ky nao dd. Quan niem ay 16 ra ngay su khilm khuyei ciia nd khi phai xem xet khai niem van ban tren binh dien ky hieu hgc van hda. Ngudi ta da phat hien ra ring, mgt thdng bao nao dd de ed the dugc xem la mdt vdn bdn, ft nhai, nd phai cd hai lln dugc ma hda. Ching han, mgt thdng bio dugc xem la mdt dgo ludt khac vdi doan mieu ta trudng hgp pham tgi hinh su nao dd d chd th6ng bao ay vira thudc ngdn ngtf tu nhien, vtra thudc ngdn ngu phap luat, bdi Sd319 Thang 1-2011 ik THE GI6I VAN HOA le, trong trudng hgp thir nhai, th6ng bao ay se slp xep mgt chudi ky hieu cd nhirng y nghla khac nhau, cdn trong trudng hgp thu hai, doan mieu ta lai td ehiie ky hieu cd ddi chiit phirc tap vdi mdt y nghla duy nhai. Cung cd thi ndi nhu the vl cac van ban thugc loai kinh khdn nguyen. Trong trudng hgp nay, cung nhu nhilu trudng hgp khic, qua trinh phit trien eiia tu duy khoa hgc da lap lai I6gic phit trien ljch sir ciia ban than ddi tugng. Bdi vay, cd thi gii djnh: vl mat ljch sir, mgt phat ng6n trong ng6n ngit tu nhien liic diu la cii khdi nguyen, eai thii nhat, vl sau, nd chuyin vao mdt djnh thiie ed tfnh diln pham, dugc ma hda bang mdt ngdn ngti thir hai nao dd, tiie la bien thanh van ban. Su hgp nhat cle djnh thiic nao dd vao mgt van ban thugc trinh tu thii hai la giai doan diln ra sau. Khi cae van ban dugc lien kit lai vdi nhau trong nhiing ngdn ngir hoin toan khic nhau, vf nhu lien ket mgt djnh thu'c bang ldi vdi mdt ddng tic 11 nghi, nhung trudng hgp nhu the se lam nay sinh mdt y nghla cau triie dac biet. van ban thude trinh tu thit hai cd dugc nhd kit qua ay se dung nap trong ban than nhilu van bin ngim dugc phan bd tren cting mdt ngudng ding cap bing nhtrng ngdn ngir khic nhau va khong lan ludt lln nhau. Su xuat hien eiia cac van ban thugc loai dien le, nghi thuc, trd diin se din tdi viec hgp nhlt cac dang ciia tie'n trinh ky hieu hda khac nhau vl nguyen tic va kit cue la din tdi sir xuai hien nhtrng van dl phire tap eiia sir chuyin ma, cLia tfnh tuang dugng, ciia nhtrng chuyin djch cic diem nhin, eiia sir hgp nhat cac gigng khic nhau trong mgt chinh thi van ban duy nhat. Vl mat sang tao, budc tie'p theo se la sir xuat hien cle van ban nghe thuat. Vat lieu da gigng dieu se tim dugc su thdng nhat bd trg bing each tu phdng thuat trong ngdn ngii ciia mgt nghe thuat cu the. Ching han, viee biln nghi ll thanh ballet bao gid cung keo theo viec chuyin djch toan bd van ban ngim vdi nhitng eau true khac nhau sang ngdn ngir vii dao. Ngdn ngii vu dao dugc truyin dat bing dieu bd, ddng tac, ldi ndi, tilng reo hd va ban than cae dieu mtia ma trong dd chiing dugc tang cudng vl mat ky hieu hgc. Tfnh da ca'u triic dugc gitr lai, nhung nd gin nhu bj gdi chat trong ldp vd bgc da cau triie eiia thdng tin trong ngdn ngtr eiia mgt nghe thuat cu thi. Cd the nhan ra dilu dd rat rd trong dac trung the loai ciia tilu thuyet, mdt thi loai ma vd bgc, thdng tin bing ngon ngir tu nhien, che da'u, gdi chat ben trong mdt cudc tranh luan ctrc ky phiic tap, dly mau thuin ciia nhitng thi gidi ky hieu hge hit siie khac nhau. Qui trinh phat triln tie'p theo ciia cle van ban nghe thuat mdt mat nhim tdi viec nang cao tfnh chinh the va sir khep kfn ngi tai, nhung mat khic, lai tang cudng tfnh da tap ky hieu hgc d ben trong, tfnh mau thuin eua tac phlm, phat trien trong dd nhiing van bin ngim tuong phin - cau triic cd xu hudng tu trj, tu tiie, tu man ngay cing ldn. Su dao ddng trong trudng thudn nhdi ky hieu hgc da tgp ky hieu hgc dang tao ra mdt trong so nhiing sinh dao ciia qui trinh tie'n hda ljch sir van hgc. Giifa nhiing binh dien quan trgng khac eua nd, cin nha'n manh sir cang thing giira xu hudng lien ket - biln ngtr canh thanh van ban va xu hudng phan ra - bie'n van ban thanh ngtr canh. Trong qua trinh ay, quan diem eiia ngudi dgc va ciia tac gia cd the khdng triing khdp: noi ma tie gii nhin thay mdt van ban toan ven duy nhat, thi ngudi dgc lai cd thi xem dd mgt tap hgp cac truyen vtra va tieu thuyei va ngugc lai. Ljch sit timg biei nhtmg trudng hgp vl su tie'p nhan mgt tac phlm nao dd ciia ngudi dgc chju su chi phdi bdi danh tieng eiia an phlm da edng bd nd, nhtmg ciing cd nhtrng trudng hgp, dieu dd ching cd chiit y nghla gi vdi doe gia. Nhtrng mau thuin van hda ljch sir phiic tap ed thi lam cho khuynh hudng nay hay khuynh hudng khac ndi len. Nhung ea hai khuynh hudng a'y vin hien hiru tilm tang trong timg van bin nghe thuat vdi sir canh tranh cang thing phiic tap ciia chiing. Sang tao ra tie phlm nghe thuat la danh dau mdt giai doan mdi vl chat trong viec phiic tap hda cau triie cita van Sd319 Thang 1-2011 VAN HOA NGHE THUAT MIWC MCpai ban. Mdt van ban da tang va tap chiing vl phuang dien ky hieu hgc se khdng cdn la mdt thdng tin so gian chuyin ttr ngudi phat tdi ngudi nhan, ma ed kha nang gia nhap vao cac quan he phii:c tap vdi ca ngir canh van hda bao bgc quanh nd, lln cdng chiing dgc gia. Tim dugc kha nang ket tu thdng tin, van ban chiem hifu, sd die ky lie. Ddng thdi, nd cd dugc phlm chat ma Heraclite ggi la ldi tu ldn len. O giai doan lam phirc tap hda cau triic a'y, van ban cd dugc nhiing phlm chat ciia mdt td chirc trf tue: nd khdng ehi chuyin tai mdt thdng tin dugc dua ttr ben ngoai vao dd, ma lam thay ddi thdng tin va tao ra nhtrng thdng tin mdi. Trong nhtrng dilu kien ay, chirc nang giao tie'p xa hdi ciia van ban se trd nen dae biet phirc tap. Cd thi khai quit chiic nang ay vao nhtrng qua trinh nhu sau. Giao tie'p gitra ngudi phat va ngudi nhan. Van ban thue hien chtfc nang thdng bao, chuyen ttr ngudi dai dien thdng tin tdi cir tga. Giao tie'p giiia cir tga va truyin thd'ng van hda. Van ban thuc hien chire nang cua ky ire van hda tap thi. Vdi tu cich a'y, mdt mat nd cd dugc kha nang bd sung lien tuc, mat khac nd danh thiic mdt loat binh dien ciia thdng tin dugc dua vao dd va mdt loat binh dien khac tam thdi bj lang quen hay bj quen hoan toan. Giao tilp ciia ngudi dgc vdi chfnh ban than minh. Van ban - dieu nay dac biet quan trgng vdi cac van ban truyin thd'ng, cd xua, mang tfnh each luat cao do - khdi ddng nhirng binh dien nhan each eiia ca nhan ngudi tie'p nhan. Trong qua trinh giao tie'p nay eiia ngudi nhan thdng tin vdi ban than minh, van ban thuc hien vai trd eiia nhan td trung gian giiip tai tao nhan cich eiia ngudi dgc, lam thay ddi sir tu djnh hudng ca'u triic ciia ea nhan va trinh do ket ndi gitra nd vdi cac eau true sieu van hda. Giao tie'p giiia ngudi dgc vdi van ban. Bgc 16 nhiing thugc tfnh trf tue, van ban ed td chirc eao khdng cdn la nhan vat trung gian trong hanh vi giao tilp. Nd trd thinh ngudi ddi thoai binh ding cd trinh do dgc lap eao. Nd cd the hoat ddng nhu mgt td chitc trf tue ddc lap, gitr vai trd tfeh cue, khdng le thude trong ddi thoai, ca vdi tie gia (ngudi giri), lln ngudi dgc (ngudi tiep nhan). Vl mat nay. In du thdi xua ddm dgo vdi sdch hda ra cd y nghla sau sic. Giao tie'p giira van ban vdi ngtf canh van hda. d) trudng hgp nay, van ban hoat ddng trong hanh vi giao tiep khdng nhu mdt thdng tin, ma nhu mgt chii the, mdt ngudi tham gia cd dil quyin nang ciia ngudn coi hay la ngudi tiep nhan th6ng tin. Quan he gitra van bin vdi ngir canh van hoa ed thi cd tfnh each In du khi van ban dugc xem la vat thay the cho toan bd ngQ canh ml nd cd gia trj tuong duong trong mdt tuang quan cu thi, hoac ed tfnh hoan du khi van ban trinh bay ngtr canh nhu mdt phin nao dd - la eai ehinh thi. Han nira, vi ngtr canh van hda 11 hien tugng phire tap va khdng ddng chat, nen mdt van ban ed thi tham gia vao nhung quan he khac nhau vdi nhirng eau true ting bac khac nhau eua nd. Cudi cting, cac van bin, nhu nhimg td chitc ed djnh gidi va mang tfnh dn djnh eao, thudng ed xu hudng chuyin ttr ngQ canh nay sang ngQ canh khac, va dilu nay thudng xay ra vdi nhung tac pham nghe thuat cd tudi thg gin nhu trudng ciru: khi chuyen qua ngu canh van hda khic, chiing hanh xir nhu mgt ngudi cung cap thdng tin dugc chuyin sang mdt hoan canh giao tie'p mdi, chiing kfch hoat trudc tien nhQng binh dien tilm an trong he thd'ng ma khda ciia minh. Sir chuyen md cua chinh bdn thdn cho phu hgp vdi hoan canh nhu the lam Id ra su tuong ddng giQa hanh vi ky hieu eiia ca nhan va van ban. Bdi vay, mdt mat, vi gan gid'ng nhu mdt the' gidi van hda vl md, van ban trd thanh hien tugng cd y nghla quan trgng han chfnh ban than va sd die nhung dac dilm ciia mgt md hinh van hda, mat khac, nd cd khuynh hudng thuc hien mdt tu each ddc lap tuong tu nhu mdt ea nhan tu quye't. Van dl giao tiep giQa van ban vdi sieu van ban se la trudng hgp dac biet. Mdt mat, van bin cl biet nay ng trong quan he vdi ngQ canh van hda CO thi giu vai trd ciia mdt (Xem tiep trang 60) U, so'319 Thang 1-2011 . mdn ky hieu hge van hda. Sir ra ddi ciia ky hieu hgc van hda - mgt bg mon khoa hgc ed nhiem vu khao sat su tuong tac giifa cle he thdng ky hieu cd ca'u. hgp nay, cung nhu nhilu trudng hgp khic, qua trinh phit trien eiia tu duy khoa hgc da lap lai I6gic phit trien ljch sir ciia ban than ddi tugng. Bdi