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In recent years, the Communist Party and Socialist Republic of Vietnam have always considered gender equality and womens advancement an important goal of national development. Vietnam is also recognized as one of the most successful Southeast Asian countries in closing the gender gap during the past 20 years. Vietnams gender equality is considered by the United Nations as a bright spot in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, and is one of the countries with high gender equality achievements. Nevertheless, in practice genderbased differences are still widespread across many sectors. Employment opportunities and income of women compared to men are limited, and women face many difficulties in finding work. Domestic violence, prostitution, and trafficking in women and girls still take place in many forms. The percentage of female cadres in state management, economic management, culture, science and technology is still too low. The current state of respect for men and disregard of women is most common in remote areas, people here lack social skills and knowledge. They still think that giving birth to the daughter is also someone elses daughter, while the son will live with his parents for the rest of his life. With those outdated notions, many women here have suffered a lot. According to Daddis, the UCMJ system discriminated against Vietnamese rights in favor of American rights. The court system did not protect local women or listen to their stories. For example, military officials detained a 20yearold Vietnamese woman, who later alleges that 10 American soldiers raped her while she was in prison. The woman was only able to identify her two rapists when questioned by investigators. She then said that she was not sure and the case was quickly dismissed due to the lack of sufficient evidence to support her claims. The truth is, we don’t even know the full story of that obscenity. This, too, has been sanitized and swapped out for tales of combat horror or “realistic” accounts of the war in the boonies that focus on repulsive realities.
I, INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Aims of the study II, DEVELOPMENT THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definitions of gender prejudice 1.2 Definitions of misogyny 1.3 Definitions of woman 1.4 Definitions of respect for men and disregard of women 2, DISCUSSION 2.1 Gender prejudice through the ages in Vietnam 2.1.1 Gender prejudice in the past 2.1.2 Gender prejudice in modern times 2.2 Women assert themselves in Vietnam 2.2.1 Women assert themselves in the past 2.2.2 Women assert themselves in modern times 11 2.3 Activities and proposals to regain equal laws for the woman 12 III CONCLUSION 13 REFERENCES 15 LIST ABBREVIATION Abbreviation Explanation UCMJ Uniform Code of Military Justice MI Military Intelligence I, INTRODUCTION 1, Rationale of the topic From time immemorial, the problem of gender prejudice always exists in life In the past, the respect for men and disregard of women was very serious, the women living in feudal society were the ones most affected, it created many tragedies for women's lives The ancients believed that femininity is the quality of being a female, which includes the behaviors and roles that are generally associated with women In the 1930s and earlier, mothers usually stayed home, did the household chores such as laundry, cooking, cleaning, as well as taking care of the children The men would go to work then return home after a long day and expect dinner ready, and then relax Within families, in many generations, women taught their daughters to the same to be the “good wife” society expects each woman to be.[1] Currently, the phenomenon of male disdain is not as serious as in the past, but somewhere this situation still continues The norms of both men and women have changed as far as it is now acceptable for women to work, in addition to all the family and household responsibilities she has, but also men helping more around the house and playing more of the role when caring for the children However, although women have come a long way from before, there still seems to be a lack of respect toward women The way artists refer to women in their songs or how company’s advertisements depict women as sex images, these are ways popular culture portrays women today Popular culture such as music, advertisements, and television, impact a person’s idea of a woman being negative, which is not how they should be viewed by others.[1] In recent years, the Communist Party and Socialist Republic of Vietnam have always considered gender equality and women's advancement an important goal of national development Vietnam is also recognized as one of the most successful Southeast Asian countries in closing the gender gap during the past 20 years Vietnam's gender equality is considered by the United Nations as a bright spot in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, and is one of the countries with high gender equality achievements Nevertheless, in practice gender-based differences are still widespread across many sectors Employment opportunities and income of women compared to men are limited, and women face many difficulties in finding work Domestic violence, prostitution, and trafficking in women and girls still take place in many forms The percentage of female cadres in state management, economic management, culture, science and technology is still too low The current state of respect for men and disregard of women is most common in remote areas, people here lack social skills and knowledge They still think that giving birth to the daughter is also someone else's daughter, while the son will live with his parents for the rest of his life With those outdated notions, many women here have suffered a lot Studies have shown that there are no social differences between men and women, only biological differences However, in reality, up to now, gender stereotypes still exist and can be found in many social groups: both women and men, even among leaders who play a decisive role for policy making and implementation towards women and the people There are many reasons leading to gender inequality, but one pressing issue that is not easily changed every day is gender prejudice Aims of the study I have conducted a comparative study of gender prejudice in Vietnam in the past and present in order to see the change of stereotypes about women over time Since then, I also offer the most practical solutions to move towards a future where women can be themselves without having to endure stigma and discrimination from outdated prejudices This research will help people understand what women have done and will II DEVELOPMENT THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definitions of gender prejudice Prejudice are pre-existing thoughts that are hard to change To achieve the goal of gender equality, it is necessary to have a common understanding of the concept of gender stereotypes Currently, there are many conceptions of gender stereotypes There is a concept that: Gender prejudice is an absolutized generalization of the characteristics, properties and roles of women and men Another concept: Gender stereotype is a set of characteristics that a certain group of people, a particular community ascribes and evaluates as attributes of men or women Another view is that: Gender stereotypes are pre-existing, stereotyped, one-dimensional perceptions and concepts of society about the characteristics, positions and roles of men or women [6] Gender prejudice is a biased and negative perception, attitude, and assessment of the position, role and capacity of a man or a woman Although in the current era, gender stereotypes have been somewhat more advanced, however, they still have not escaped the trend that existed since feudal times, which is to bring privileges to men and make women feel better weakened This is the reason for the pressure on both sexes to fulfill their roles, responsibilities and rights in life, and is the root cause of gender inequality.[7] 1.2 Definitions of misogyny Misogyny or also known “woman hater” is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women It is a form of sexism that is used to keep women at a lower social status than men, thus maintaining the societal roles of patriarchy Misogyny has been widely practiced for thousands of years It is reflected in art, literature, human societal structure, historical events, mythology, philosophy, and religion worldwide An example of misogyny is violence against women, which includes domestic violence and, in its most extreme forms, misogynist terrorism and femicide Misogyny also often operates through sexual harassment, coercion, and psychological techniques aimed at controlling women, and by legally or socially excluding women from full citizenship In some cases, misogyny rewards women for accepting an inferior status Misogyny can be understood both as an attitude held by individuals, primarily by men, and as a widespread cultural custom or system In feminist thought, misogyny also includes the rejection of feminine qualities It holds in contempt institutions, work, hobbies, or habits associated with women It rejects any aspects of men that are seen as feminine or unmanly Misogyny may or may not include hate towards LGBT people, in the forms of homophobia and transmisogyny Racism and other prejudices may reinforce and overlap with misogyny According to the Oxford English Dictionary the English word "misogyny" was coined in the middle of the 17th century from the Greek misos ‘hatred’ + gunē ‘woman’ The word was rarely used until it was popularised by second-wave feminism in the 1970s 1.3 Definitions of woman A woman is an adult female human.[2][3] Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent).[4] Woman is a general concept that refers to a person in society who has the socially recognized sex characteristics of the ability to become pregnant and give birth when their body is mature and sexual function is functioning normally The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English [5]; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child [6] The term girl is sometimes used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman; however, during the early 1970s, feminists challenged such use because the use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman may cause offence In particular, previously common terms such as office girl are no longer widely used Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl (or its equivalent in other languages) is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the more-or-less obsolete English maid or maiden 1.4 Definitions of respect for men and disregard of women Male preference is a form of gender-based discrimination in which men are seen as having a more important role than women This has been and is a system of thought that exists in many parts of the world, especially in feudalism Although equality between women and men is now recognized by the United Nations, the legal system that favors men over women still exists in some countries, especially religious countries (such as Islam or Hinduism) In other countries, the legal system recognizes men and women as equal before the law, but many people still carry this idea to varying degrees, stemming from the fact that prominent individuals in society (Politicians, generals, famous scientists, billionaires ) are still mostly men because they have better physical capacity, psychological endurance and logical thinking ability than women.[1] 2, DISCUSSION 2.1 Gender prejudice through the ages in Vietnam 2.1.1 Gender prejudice in the past In Vietnam, violence against women remains a widespread problem, fueled, especially in the past, by patriarchal social values, lack of adequate laws, and lack of enforcement of existing laws During the feudal era, the practice of respect for men and disregard of women has been clearly expressed in many aspects and fields of social life • In feudal dynasties, the throne was only passed to sons, who held great powers and high positions in the court were also men Meanwhile, women are considered as concubines, with almost no voice and decision-making power in the family • Families prefer to have boys over girls Women who give birth to boys are therefore also respected and loved more • The inheritance of property in the family is also mainly left to the son Daughters often have no inheritance rights or only small assets This partly also stems from the notion that a daughter is "married to become a man", when she gets married, she follows her husband's family • In the family, men often have more say, have the right to decide on important issues, even all issues • In the feudal society, even only boys could study, take exams, and pass as mandarins Women are associated with the family, housework, cooking and serving the husband's family Sexual violence against women greatly increases during times of war and armed conflict, during military occupation, or ethnic conflicts; most often in the form of war rape and sexual slavery During the Vietnam War included sexual violence and rapes directed against Vietnamese civilians by United States and South Korean troops [8] In August 1967, a 13-year-old Vietnamese girl was raped by an American MI interrogator of the 196th Infantry Brigade while interrogating her as a suspected Viet Cong member A joint military court tried the soldier, and he was humiliatingly discharged and 20 years in prison However, his sentence was reduced to a year after an appeal In total, he was detained for only seven months and 16 days According to Daddis, the UCMJ system discriminated against Vietnamese rights in favor of American rights The court system did not protect local women or listen to their stories For example, military officials detained a 20-year-old Vietnamese woman, who later alleges that 10 American soldiers raped her while she was in prison The woman was only able to identify her two rapists when questioned by investigators She then said that "she was not sure" and the case was quickly dismissed due to the lack of sufficient evidence to support her claims The truth is, we don’t even know the full story of that obscenity This, too, has been sanitized and swapped out for tales of combat horror or “realistic” accounts of the war in the boonies that focus on repulsive realities A woman's body in the My Lai massacre 2.1.2 Gender prejudice in modern times Gender prejudice leads to denial and discrimination of women in almost all fields of human activity Social equality and social justice are one of the most prized ideals of contemporary society but social inequality and injustice has been a feature of every known society- past and present Nowadays, the role and position of women in society in general and the family in particular have been greatly enhanced compared to before However, considering the current situation of gender issues in our country, there are still pressing problems in the family such as: Some women still have to housework mainly; there are still ideas that respect men and despise women in the process of taking care of children; domestic violence still exists and occurs in some places Vietnam is a country strongly influenced by feudalism and Confucianism It is deeply rooted in the lives of many generations There is a saying that "a family with one son means having children, and with ten daughters, there are no children", reflecting the Confucian way of evaluating children as male or female In the past (and even today) there is still a mindset that attaches great importance to the birth of a son If there is no son, the heir is still considered dead and when a parent or grandparent dies, there will be no person or place of worship Therefore, most families today are still trying to have a son Besides, the positive aspects of moral education, the idea of respecting men and disrespecting women is no longer appropriate Beside that majority, there are families with very innovative ideas: all children are the same, are loved and cared for the same, and show fairness Daughters marrying poor people are willing to live with their husbands or buy apartments for their own living, as long as their daughters live happily The same is true for a son to get married, and the inheritance of both is equal These are people who can see far and wide and understand the truth of life Many grandparents force their daughters to give birth to a grandson, otherwise they will be considered unfilial, this is not a rare case The old feudal ideas, if they don't free themselves from it, live very limited lives, always afraid of being judged and derided, which is also the cause of the breakup of happiness in so many families just because of their pride As for those who are confident, they live very comfortably, all just aiming for a good life for themselves and their children, boys or girls are their children and not necessarily born boy The backward ideology that favors men and despises women needs to be changed, so that men and women can be equal in today's society In Vietnam, in the H'Mong ethnic minority people, there is a custom of pulling the bride When the daughter is older, the son goes to the girl's house and steals it to be his wife It is a good and humane custom of the H'Mong people for a long time with two conditions: First, both must truly love each other, the marriage is on a voluntary basis Finally, and most importantly, both are required to be of legal age to get married However, nowadays, good customs are becoming more and more distorted The custom is deeply rooted to this day, when women get back, they will often become the main labor This custom often arises about child marriage, couples get married but still have not really matured They get married early to have more people to work, soon give birth to children, have more workers Respecting men and disrespecting women is also very clear, getting married to serve In Ha Giang province, there was an incident in Meo Vac: a girl named V.T.S (14 years old) was arrested by Giang Mi Cho (16 years old) to be his wife Fortunately, the police arrived just in time The police officer successfully prevented the child marriage case 2.2 Women assert themselves in Vietnam 2.2.1 Women assert themselves in the past Vietnamese women are an important source of factors for the comprehensive development of Vietnamese society History has and always proves the presence of women in important roles in society The process of construction, production labor, fighting against natural disasters, etc Confirmed through capacity and virtue in social activities, including in the most non-traditional fields Women have contributed a great deal of effort and wisdom to peace and human civilization In Vietnamese history, women have always been recognized as the source of happiness, taking care of husband and children, supporting elderly and weak parents, and supporting in all aspects of family life Women have the roles of lovers, wives, mothers, bringers of family happiness, and persistent contributors to the cause of the Nation There is an ancient legend of the Vietnamese people, nearly 5000 years ago, Au Co married Lac Long King and gave birth to 50 sons and 50 daughters In the popular legends in modern Vietnamese culture, Au Co is a beautiful fairy living in the high mountains And the fact that she married Lac Long Quan was like a dragon, giving birth to 100 children, turning the Vietnamese people into descendants of the Dragon and the Fairy Au Co and Lac Long Quan From 40 to 43, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi emerged together and brought their troops to fight To Dinh The two women defeated 65 strongholds Although the Trung dynasty reigned for years, they proved the indomitable spirit of women in the early period of defending the country, as well as making the Han Dynasty afraid That is what has created a huge splash in Vietnam.[9] Hai Ba Trung( Dong Ho painting) 2.2.2 Women assert themselves in modern times In peacetime, women use their intelligence and ingenuity to demonstrate their bravery in the marketplace, in economics or in politics Many Vietnamese women have been praised by the press and honored by magazines as among the most powerful women One of the most powerful women in Vietnam, Ms Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan is the President of the National Assembly of Vietnam She is one of the politically powerful women The President of the National Assembly – Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan Ms Ngan was born in 1954 in Ben Tre province, she holds a master's degree in economics, majoring in finance and credit, and a bachelor's degree in politics Before becoming the Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam, she held many important positions in the Vietnamese state apparatus such as: Deputy Director of Ben Tre Department of Finance, Director of Department of Finance; Deputy Minister of Finance, Secretary of Hai Duong Provincial Party Committee; Congress vice president; member of the Politburo… She is now retired The last person I would like to introduce is Ms Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao who is the second billionaire in Vietnam after Mr Pham Nhat Vuong – The president of Vingroup Ms Phuong Thao is currently the President of Sovico Holdings, the General Director of Vietjet Air Ms Thao studied economics and finance in Russia, then started a commodity business in Eastern Europe and Asia Returning to the south, she invested in banking, real estate, and resorts Then she opened a low-cost airline called Vietjet Vietjet's success has helped Ms Thao become a billionaire in Vietnam and one of the most powerful women Chief Executive Officer of VietJet Aviation- Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao 2.3 Activities and proposals to regain equal laws for the woman Stemming from the negative effects of gender stereotypes, the elimination of gender stereotypes is a must with a number of solutions as follows: First, raising awareness of gender equality for people, communities and communities through gender propaganda, contributing to changing gender awareness The images of women associated with social roles and men doing housework are gradually changing the public perception that men or women can any job that suits their ability to meet the needs of society without any clear division of any other gender From changing gender awareness through gender image, gender behavior will gradually change in the direction of progress towards equality between men and women On the one hand, we affirm the intellectual ability of the two sexes to be the same, but on the other hand, we also acknowledge the difference in gender to put women in the right position and perform their functions well Women today in the development trend will reveal new qualities day by day All of these qualities need to be promoted, if they are not forced by prejudice, they will become progress and development and they will contribute a lot to the development of the country Second, in order to be able to promote women's roles and abilities, social services for the family need to be developed widely and in line with incomes so that women can easily access them Create conditions for women to invest in production and business, improve their income, have a voice in the family and thus be less dependent on their husbands Basically, overcome inequality in a number of areas such as: land use rights, house ownership, social benefits, insurance regime… Third, women need to be relieved of the family burden Men need to participate in housework together with women It is the husband's sharing and sympathy that has made many women successful in their careers Fourth, leaders in agencies with many women need to raise gender awareness so that there can be gender equity in recruitment and training As Uncle Ho once said: gender prejudice is a habit left behind for thousands of years, it is deeply rooted in people's thinking about work , liberating women is a big and difficult revolution III CONCLUSION The thoughts and actions of each of us in life are always influenced by old ways of thinking, old habits, especially prejudices of a community, a locality, a group on a certain issue Gender prejudice is expressed in many forms in life, it is an incorrect recognition of the capabilities of men and women, of the personality qualities that men or women should have, of the type of activities and professions jobs that men or women can or cannot Gender stereotypes often not reflect true abilities of each gender and are often limited to what society allows or expects individuals to Gender stereotypes are a common psychosocial phenomenon, it is worth mentioning that these gender stereotypes are present in all segments of society, including intellectuals, they cause negative consequences for both men and women Therefore, eliminating gender stereotypes is a very necessary and urgent job, to achieve the goal of gender equality - an important goal in international documents on human rights, especially the Convention United Nations on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the International Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Millennium Development Goals Vietnam has signed, joined the public international conventions above Vietnam's promulgation of the Law on Gender Equality shows its determination to eliminate discrimination against men and women, which is the most complete answer to Vietnam's problem in implementing the Convention REFERENCES [1] Works Cited Devor H Aaron “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender.” [2]Mosby (2009) Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions E-Book Elsevier Health Sciences p 1453 ISBN 978-0323066044 [3] Venes D (2017) Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary F.A Davis p 2539 ISBN 9780803659407 [4] "Definition of girl noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary" Oxford University Press 13 September 2013 [5] September 2013 Oxford University Press 13 September 2013 [6] According to the Vietnamese Dictionary (Institute of Linguistics - Da Nang Publishing House - 2003), [7] According to Clause 4, Article of the 2006 Law on Gender Equality [8] "Murder in the name of war – My Lai" BBC 20 July 1998 Retrieved June 2013 [9] History of Vietnam (2019), Trung dynasty, Chapter II, pp 53-54 Link [10] https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_nam_khinh_n%E1%BB%AF ... and logical thinking ability than women.[1] 2, DISCUSSION 2.1 Gender prejudice through the ages in Vietnam 2.1.1 Gender prejudice in the past In Vietnam, violence against women remains a widespread... always influenced by old ways of thinking, old habits, especially prejudices of a community, a locality, a group on a certain issue Gender prejudice is expressed in many forms in life, it is an incorrect... war in the boonies that focus on repulsive realities A woman''s body in the My Lai massacre 2.1.2 Gender prejudice in modern times Gender prejudice leads to denial and discrimination of women in