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THE WORLD BANK
Edited by Paul Brenton and Gözde Isik
De-Fragmenting aFrica
Deepening Regional Trade Integration
in Goods and Services
DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA – Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services
DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA
Deepening Regional Trade Integration
in Goods and Services
© 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/International Development
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De-Fragmenting Africa ____________________________________i
List of Abbreviations _____________________________________ix
Preface _____________________________________________xiii
Foreword ___________________________________________ xv
1. Introduction ________________________________________ 1
Introduction ______________________________________________ 1
Regional Integration Can Play a Key Role in Export Diversification ____________ 3
There is Substantial Scope for Trade Across Borders in Africa _______________ 5
Cross-Border Trade in Africa is Limited by Thick Borders __________________ 7
Removing Non-Tariffs Barriers is Essential to Free-Up Regional
Trade in Goods _________________________________________ 12
Coordinated Regulatory and Trade Reforms are Needed to Integrate
Regional Markets in Services. ________________________________ 16
Conclusions _____________________________________________ 20
Part I. Facilitating Cross-border Trade in Goods and Services __________23
2. Risky Business ______________________________________25
Introduction _____________________________________________ 25
The Characteristics of Cross-border Traders in the Great Lakes Region ________ 26
Conditions at the Border _____________________________________ 28
Steps to Facilitate Cross-border Trade in the Great Lakes Region ____________ 29
3. Economic Integration in the Lower Congo Region ________________33
Introduction _____________________________________________ 33
Estimating the Effects of Removing the Bottleneck _____________________ 34
Barriers to Cross-border Integration ______________________________ 36
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________ 39
4. Enhancing the Recent Growth of Cross-border Trade
between South Sudan and Uganda _________________________43
Introduction _____________________________________________ 43
Costs and Constraints at the Border and Behind the Border ________________ 46
Table of Contents
iv De-Fragmenting Africa
Women’s Participation in Informal Border Trade ______________________ 51
Independent South Sudan and an Agenda for Regional Trade _______________ 52
5. Lowering the Cost of Payments and Money Transfers in UEMOA ______55
Introduction _____________________________________________ 55
The Current Payments Landscape _______________________________ 56
The Legal Framework Applicable to Payment Services ___________________ 59
What Factors are Limiting UEMOA Money Transfers? ___________________ 60
Policy Suggestions for the Way Forward ____________________________ 61
6. Facilitating Cross-border Mobile Banking in Southern Africa ________65
Introduction _____________________________________________ 65
Understanding the Demand for Mobile Banking in Southern Africa ___________ 65
Remittances _____________________________________________ 66
Trade Patterns in Southern Africa—Implications for Cross-border Payments _____ 68
The Financial and Telecommunications Landscape ____________________ 68
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________ 69
7. Why Trade Facilitation Is Important for Africa _________________73
Introduction _____________________________________________ 73
The New Approach to Trade Facilitation ___________________________ 74
Trade Facilitation Contributes to Africa’s Growth ______________________ 75
Setting Priorities for Trade Facilitation ____________________________ 79
Trade Facilitation is a Multi-sectoral Approach _______________________ 80
How to Integrate Trade Facilitation across Sectors _____________________ 81
Future Opportunities for Africa _________________________________ 83
Part II. Removing Non-tariff Barriers to Trade ____________________87
8. Deepening Regional Integration to Eliminate the Fragmented
Goods Market in Southern Africa __________________________89
Introduction _____________________________________________ 89
Despite Southern African Economies Often Growing Faster than
the World Average, Regional Trade Has Remained Relatively Constant _______ 90
While Efforts to Reduce Tariffs have Largely Been Met with Success,
other Barriers are Critically Hindering Regional Trade ________________ 91
What are the Main Types of Barrier That Remain and
How Much do They Cost? ___________________________________ 92
Priorities for Regional Merchandise Trade Reform and Implementing Them _____ 95
9. Addressing Trade Restrictive Non-tariff Measures on Goods
Trade in the East African Community _______________________99
Introduction _____________________________________________ 99
Non-tariff Barriers in the EAC __________________________________100
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________102
10. Non-tariff Barriers and Regional Standards in the EAC
Dairy Sector _______________________________________105
Introduction _____________________________________________105
The Dairy Industry in East Africa ________________________________106
Current Efforts to Harmonize Standards in East Africa __________________107
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________109
Table of Contents v
11. The Business Environment in Southern Africa: Issues in Trade
and Market Integration ________________________________113
Introduction _____________________________________________113
Trends in Trade Integration ___________________________________113
Business Environment Reforms and FDI ____________________________116
Issues in Financial Market Integration _____________________________117
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________118
Part III. Integrating Services Markets ________________________121
12. Africa’s Trade in Services and the Opportunities and Risks of Economic
Partnership Agreements _______________________________123
Introduction _____________________________________________123
Trade Liberalization and Regulation of Services Sectors __________________124
The Role of International Trade Agreements in Services Reform ____________126
Reform of Services in Africa and Economic Partnership Agreements __________127
Recommendations _________________________________________128
13. Developing Professional Services in Africa ___________________131
Introduction _____________________________________________131
Striking Differences in the Level of Development of Professional Services in
Eastern and Southern Africa _________________________________132
A Middle-Level Skills Vacuum and Significant Skills Mismatches ____________133
Professional Services Remain Inaccessible for Many Small and
Micro Enterprises_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 133
Limited Trade in Professional Services ____________________________134
Explaining Skills Shortages and the Segmentation of Markets for Professional
Services in Eastern and Southern Africa – Weaknesses in Education ________134
Explaining the Segmentation of Markets for Professional
Services – Strict Domestic Regulation and Regulatory Heterogeneity ________135
Explaining the Segmentation of Markets for Professional Services – Trade
Barriers and Restrictive Immigration Policies ______________________136
Reforming Markets for Professional Services in Eastern and Southern Africa _____138
Policy Action is Called for in the Following Key Areas. ___________________140
14. Scaling up Regional Financial Integration in the EAC ____________145
Introduction _____________________________________________145
Cross-Border Financial Linkages in the EAC _________________________146
Path to Deeper Regional Financial Integration ________________________148
Integrating Burundi and Rwanda ________________________________149
Going Forward ___________________________________________150
The EAC Financial Sector Development and Regionalization Project __________151
15. Increasing Trade in Banking and Insurance Services in the
West Africa Monetary Zone _____________________________153
Introduction _____________________________________________153
Opportunities for Increasing Cross-Border Trade in the Banking Sector ________154
Opportunities for Increasing Trade in the Insurance Sector ________________156
Conclusions _____________________________________________158
16. Beyond the Nakumatt Generation _________________________161
Introduction _____________________________________________161
vi De-Fragmenting Africa
Developing the Distribution Services Sector in East Africa to Reach Poor Consumers 162
Price Comparison of Selected Products in Informal Settlements _____________167
Policy Recommendations _____________________________________168
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Formal and Informal Trade by Food Commodity in East Africa
January–June 2011 _________________________________ 6
Figure 1.2: Borders in Africa Remain Very Thick ______________________ 8
Figure 1.3: Logistics Performance Index 2010 – Regional Averages ___________ 9
Figure 2.1: Key Border Crossings in the Great Lakes Region ______________ 27
Figure 2.2: Reported frequency of risks by cross-border traders ____________ 28
Figure 3.1: Night Lights in Kinshasa-Brazzaville, 1992 and 2009 ___________ 34
Figure 4.1: Trade between Sudan and Uganda ($ Million) ________________ 44
Figure 4.2: Exports (Formal and Informal) from Uganda by Destination ______ 45
Figure 4.3: Prices of Agricultural Products in South Sudan and Uganda
(USh Per Kg) ____________________________________ 46
Figure 4.4: Costs of Trading from Kampala to Juba: Case of Beans __________ 47
Figure 4.5: Behind-the-Border Costs in South Sudan: Unit Cost
(cent/ Ton-Km-Ton) ________________________________ 47
Figure 4.6: Number of Vehicles Registered at Sudanese and Ugandan
Customs Per Day: November 2009 _______________________ 48
Figure 7.1: The Extended Spectrum of Trade Facilitation ________________ 75
Figure 7.2: How Trade Facilitation Can Contribute to Reaching
Development Goals ________________________________ 77
Figure 8.1: Regional Trade Has Lagged Behind SADC Income Growth
while Exports to the Rest of the World Have Boomed
(1998–2008, Annual Values) ___________________________ 90
Figure 11.1: Index of Technical Efficiency (Manufacturing and Services)
for Countries in Southern Africa ________________________115
Figure 11.2: Index of Allocative Efficiency (Manufacturing and Services)
for Countries in Southern Africa ________________________115
Figure 11.3: FDI Inflows and the Marginal Productivity of Capital ___________116
Figure 11.4: Cost of Exporting – Doing Business Standard Cargo in
the US, 2010 (USD) ________________________________119
Figure 12.1: Restrictiveness of Applied Services Trade Policies by Region _______125
Figure 13.1: Professional Density in Sub-Saharan Africa _________________132
Figure 13.2: Overall Restrictiveness Indices for Professional Services _________137
Figure 16.1: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of Retail Sales in
East Africa, 2006–2010 and Forecasted CAGR
of Retail Sales, 2010–2015 ____________________________163
Figure 16.2: Retail Sales in East Africa, Millions of USD _________________163
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Trading Across Borders in SSA is Costly and Time Consuming _______ 9
Table 3.1: Estimated Cost of Passenger Crossing between Kinshasa
and Brazzaville (in USD) ______________________________ 37
Table 4.1: Miscellaneous Formal and Informal Payments During Transit
between Border and Juba _____________________________ 50
Table 8.1: NTBs That have Been Notified to SADC Affect at Least
One-Fifth of Regional Trade_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92
Table 9.1: Examples of EAC Non-Tariff Barriers Identified for
Immediate Action __________________________________103
Table 14.1: Regionalized Banking Operations in the EAC _________________147
Table 15.1: Credit Information Sharing Activities in WAMZ States ___________156
Table 16.1: Kenyan Supermarkets with EAC Presence ___________________165
List of Boxes
Box 1.1: Risky Business: Poor Women Cross-border Traders in the
East of the DRC ______________________________________ 4
Box 1.2: Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers in Southern Africa and
their Costs. _______________________________________ 13
Box 1.3: Regional Integration and Services: The Example of
Professional Services in East Africa ________________________ 17
Box 3.1: ONATRA and CNTF __________________________________ 38
Box 3.2: Crossing the Congo at Kisangani __________________________ 39
Box 7.1: One Stop Border Post: Chirundu between Zambia and Zimbabwe ______ 78
Box 9.1: EAC Categories for Non-tariff Barriers ______________________101
Box 15.1: African Insurance Forums ______________________________157
Box 16.1: The Bottom of the Pyramid Penalty ________________________167
Box 16.2: Pharmacy Accreditation Programs for Informal Retail
Operators – Tanzania _________________________________169
Box 16.3: Reaching the Bottom of the Pyramid – Innovations in
Distribution in India _________________________________170
[...]... Growing and more youthful populations increase the need for more inclusive and employment intensive trade and growth and at the same time offer a real opportunity for Africa to harness an enormous potential advantage that can drive productivity and growth over a sustained period as happened in east Asia in the 1980s and 1990s and more recently in China Regional integration and the boosting of intra -regional. .. that looks at constraints to trade along the value chain of exports and imports Trade facilitation thus is more than “fixing borders” and requires a focus on reducing trade costs wherever they arise along the value chain of traded goods, including critical services inputs and behind the border barriers to trade Removing Non-tariffs Barriers is Essential to Free-up Regional Trade in Goods While there is... (Teravaninthorn and Raballand 2009) It is therefore important to invest in regulatory reform in the logistics services sector including trucking, warehousing, customs clearing, and freight forwarding that ensures competitive and efficiently provided services along trade networks and lower trade costs It is important, therefore, to address policy constraints as an integral part of programs for improving infrastructure... of intra -regional trade can play a critical role in achieving these objectives in Africa Deeper integration of regional markets can lower trade and operating costs and relax the constraints faced by many firms in accessing the essential services and skills that are needed to boost productivity and diversify into higher value-added production and trade Goods traded across borders in Africa will tend... specialists, and the relevant government ministries; extensive dissemination of information and analysis at the national and then regional levels for increased awareness and deeper understanding of the policy issues affecting each sector Regional integration in financial services in sub-Saharan Africa has taken two different, though not mutually exclusive, paths In West and Central Africa, institutional initiatives... border crossing, yet up to 17 agencies operate there, raising fees from traders and travelers without offering any corresponding services 10 De-Fragmenting Africa Yoshino et al in Chapter 4 also find high trading costs leading to large disparities in food prices between Juba in South Sudan and Ugandan cities Maize in Juba is about three times more expensive than in Ugandan cities, while beans in Juba... rules of origin, import and export bans, and onerous and costly import and export licensing procedures 3 Reforming regulations and immigration procedures that limit the substantial potential for cross-border trade and investment in services The main message of this work is that to deliver integrated regional markets that will attract investment in agro-processing, manufacturing and new services activities,... trade in Africa Integrating regional financial markets can be an important mechanism to allow greater scale in the provision of financial services (which is generally acknowledged as being important in promoting financial sector development), to lower the cost of financial services, increase competition and innovation, and increase access to finance In Chapter 5, Musuku et al describe the current landscape... granting of trade preferences to that of COMESA), the membership in multiple agreements often entails applying differing trade rules to different regional partners This hampers trade flows by raising the costs involved for traders in meeting multiple sets of trade rules and gives rise to inconsistencies in the rules and procedures applied by the different trade agreements, distorting regional markets and. .. professional services in East Africa reveal that restrictions on multidisciplinary activities are an important constraint in the accounting sector, while regulations on fees and prices are the major constraints in the engineering and legal sectors Non-transparent procurement procedures also hurt accounting and engineering services providers while inappropriate standards hurt accounting services providers Trade . Brenton and Gözde Isik
De-Fragmenting aFrica
Deepening Regional Trade Integration
in Goods and Services
DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA – Deepening Regional Trade Integration. in Goods and Services
DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA
Deepening Regional Trade Integration
in Goods and Services
© 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and
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