[...]... Research Center, University of Toledo and Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A Ahamed Faizan Department of Bioengineering and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A Leonora Felon Department of Bioengineering and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A Mark R Foster Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh,... minimal movement of the retractor system (Figs 3 and 11) This system encompasses all these and has been shown to have reproducibility, and as a result offers distinct advantages over any of the current available systems FIGURE 8 Landmarks and placement of skin incision for minimal access and minimally invasive approach to the lumbar spine 6 Kucharzyk and Milroy FIGURE 9 Direct visualization of anatomic... Carlos J Ledezma Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski University of Arizona and Center for Advanced Spinal Surgery, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A Isador H Lieberman The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A xii Contributors Tae-Hong Lim Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,... improve strength and endurance, and return patients to functional activities and work at a sooner time frame than with the standard open fusion Interest in minimally invasive surgery and fusion continues to expand as it has a potential to deliver benefits to the patient, surgeon, and the hospital As the technology is enhanced, and our understanding of the indications continues to grow, and with proper... biochemical and biomechanical harassment of the spinal nerve root Over a period of time, both or either of the biomechanical and biochemical insults will abate allowing for resolution of signs and symptoms of nerve root injury In this sense, a component of the disc herniation pathophysiology will effectively reverse Whether or not the associated nerve root injury reverses depends on the level of nerve... School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan Guy G Vanderstraeten Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Carlos Villas Department of Orthopaedics, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Brian Walsh University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A Shih-Tien Wang Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei, Taiwan William C Welch Department of Neurological... Fuji Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Koseinenkin Hospital, Osaka, Japan Peter C Gerszten Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Health System, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A Vijay K Goel Department of Bioengineering and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A Jonathan N Grauer Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,... Gary W Procop Clinical Microbiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A E Raymond S Ross Hope Hospital, Eccles Old Salford, U.K Koichi Sairyo Department of Orthopedics, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Hiroshige Sakai Department of Anatomic Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A Toshinori Sakai Department of Orthopedics,... Department of Anatomic Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery and The Spine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A Masataka Tokuda Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan Jukka Tolonen Department of Internal Medicine, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Debra J Trantolo A.G.E., LLC, Princeton, Massachusetts, U.S.A Atsumasa Uchida Department of. .. placement of skin marking and guide pin insertion point Source: Courtesy of Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, Tennessee 4 Kucharzyk and Milroy FIGURE 5 Guide pin angle for insertion for a minimally invasive approach for performing a posterior lumbar interbody fusion Source: Courtesy of Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, Tennessee evolving technology, modification and refinement will occur and move to . readers of Spinal Reconstruction: Clinical Examples of Applied Basic Science, Biomechanics and Engineering will find it derived from a broad base of backgrounds. Reconstruction: Clinical Examples of Applied Basic Science, Biomechanics and Engineering. Improvement of these materials and devices is in a constant state of activity, with