DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS THE URBAN LEGACY OF THE 2010 FOOTBALL WORLD CUP Edited by Udesh Pillay, Richard Tomlinson and Orli Bass Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2009 © 2009 Human Sciences Research Council ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2250-2 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2286-1 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Chapter 5 in this volume by Udesh Pillay and Orli Bass was first published in 2008 in Urban Forum 19(3): 329–346 as ‘Mega-events as a response to poverty reduction: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and its urban development implications’ under Springer’s Open Choice licence. The version republished here has been updated. Copyedited by Lee Smith Typeset by Baseline Publishing Services Cover design by Jenny Young Cover photographs by Benny Gool, Oryx Media; Chris Kerchoff, MediaClubSouthAfrica.com; and GCIS Printed by XXX Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Contents Tables and figures vii Preface ix A note on names and locations x Map of 2010 World Cup host cities and stadiums xi Acronyms and abbreviations xii The build-up 1 Introduction 3 Richard Tomlinson, Orli Bass and Udesh Pillay 2 The road to Africa: South Africa’s hosting of the ‘African’ World Cup 18 Justin van der Merwe 3 Managing the alchemy of the 2010 Football World Cup 33 Glynn Davies Development 4 South Africa 2010: Initial dreams and sobering economic perspectives 55 Stan du Plessis and Wolfgang Maennig 5 Mega-events as a response to poverty reduction: The 2010 World Cup and urban development 76 Udesh Pillay and Orli Bass 6 Anticipating 2011 96 Richard Tomlinson 7 Venue selection and the 2010 World Cup: A case study of Cape Town 114 Kamilla Swart and Urmilla Bob 8 Sport, mega-events and urban tourism: Exploring the patterns, constraints and prospects of the 2010 World Cup 131 Scarlett Cornelissen 9 The 2010 World Cup and the rural hinterland: Maximising advantage from mega-events 153 Doreen Atkinson 10 Public viewing areas: Urban interventions in the context of mega-events 174 Christoph Haferburg, Theresa Golka and Marie Selter Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 11 In the shadow of 2010: Democracy and displacement in the Greater Ellis Park Development project 200 Claire Bénit-Gbaffou Dreams 12 Urban dreams: The 2010 Football World Cup and expectations of benefit in Johannesburg 225 André P Czeglédy 13 Aiming for Africa: Durban, 2010 and notions of African urban identity 246 Orli Bass 14 The offside rule: Women’s bodies in masculinised spaces 266 Margot Rubin 15 A World Cup and the construction of African reality 281 André P Czeglédy Afterword 296 Udesh Pillay Contributors 301 Index 305 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii Tables and figures Tables Table 1 South African city name changes x Table 2 Cities and the names of stadiums x Table 1.1 Hierarchy of mega-events 5 Table 2.1 World Cup host nations and participating teams 22 Table 3.1 FIFA revenue, 2003–2006 34 Table 3.2 Milestones to be met for the 2010 World Cup 36 Table 3.3 Cost escalation for the 2010 stadiums (amounts in rands) 47 Table 4.1 2006 World Cup organising committee, budget in million US$ 56 Table 4.2 Stadium investments for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa 57 Table 6.1 The sports–business–media alliance 99 Table 7.1 Level of agreement with key aspects of the 2010 World Cup, percentage 127 Table 8.1 Urban distribution of foreign tourism to South Africa, quarterly percentage, 2004 139 Table 8.2 Predicted visitor numbers for 2010 World Cup 140 Table 8.3 Major tourism development thrusts in South Africa’s 2010 host cities 144 Figures Figure 3.1 Project structure between the Western Cape province and the City of Cape Town 43 Figure 3.2 City of Cape Town 2010 Project Team 44 Figure 4.1 Percentage difference in hotel prices in Germany (incl. breakfast), 2000–2006 62 Figure 4.2 Merchant sales, Germany, 1997–2006 62 Figure 4.3 International perceptions of Germany 64 Figure 7.1 Map of Cape Town 115 Figure 9.1 The arid areas in southern and South Africa 160 Figure 10.1 Perceived strength of the sense of community in residents’ own neighbourhood 178 Figure 10.2 Spatial distribution of public viewing facilities in Berlin 183 Figure 10.3 2006 World Cup PVAs in Berlin 184 Figure 10.4 Spontaneous street parade in Berlin 186 Figure 10.5 Informal public viewing on the pavement during the 2006 World Cup 187 Figure 10.6 Spatial distribution of the proposed PVAs in Cape Town 191 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za viii Figure 10.7 PVAs creating a network of critical urban interventions in Cape Town 193 Figure 10.8 Example of a PVA cum open-air theatre in Khayelitsha, Cape Town 194 Figure 11.1 Map of the Greater Ellis Park area, Johannesburg, 2008 201 Figure 11.2 Derelict housing and a vacant plot in Bertrams, Johannesburg, 2006 204 Figure 11.3 Cycle of evictions and homelessness 207 Figure 11.4 2006 local election results in and around the Greater Ellis Park area 214 Figure 11.5 The ‘17 houses’ in New Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2007 217 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za ix Preface The backdrop to this book is a Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) research project, initiated in 2005, to look into the urban development impacts of the 2010 World Cup. Alongside the research programme, the HSRC collaborated with the Centre for Built Environment Studies and the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of the Witwatersrand, the Development Bank of Southern Africa, and on occasion with the South African Cities Network and the Goethe-Institut in Johannesburg in the staging of colloquia and other events. This book was included as an intended output of the research programme and was initiated in late 2006. The book is intended for all readers – including the general public as well as policy-makers, 2010 stakeholders and academics – interested in more than the 2010 gloss portrayed in the media. The contributors include practitioners whose contributions are valued as highly as those of well-referenced academics. The process of preparing the book involved contacting obvious potential contributors and circulating a request among colleagues for suggestions regarding other potential contributors. The intention was to match persons to topics according to their expertise, while trying to ensure a representative mix of contributors. Topics were discussed with potential contributors and refined at two workshops, one hosted by the South African Cities Network and the other held at the HSRC. Thereafter, the contributors endured the feedback, questions and requests of the editors. We are most grateful for their forbearance. The book describes the build-up to the event, assesses the development impacts of the 2010 World Cup while focusing on urban impacts, and debates the probable African legacy. Three key themes emerged: development impacts, aspirations and dreams, and the focus on the legacy of the event. Hence the title, Development and Dreams: The Urban Legacy of the 2010 Football World Cup. The HSRC would like to thank and acknowledge the Development Bank of Southern Africa as a sponsor of this book. As was the case with an earlier book, Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa, the HSRC has benefited both materially and intellectually from its engagement with the Development Bank. Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za x A note on names and locations The names of a number of South African cities have changed since 1994 and the stadium names may still be changed by FIFA for the duration of the World Cup. These changes can cause confusion. Therefore, in Tables 1 and 2, the status of these names as at the time of writing (November 2008) has been set out. Note that some cities have become known by the name of the wider metropolitan area in which they are located, for example, Durban falls under the eThekwini Municipal Area and is often simply called eThekwini, while Port Elizabeth is located within the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, but refers to itself as Nelson Mandela Bay. For ease of communication, Table 1 provides the previous name and the name in common current usage, even though the latter may not be formally correct. Table 2 lists the cities in which the stadiums are located, the present stadium names and the names used by FIFA as at November 2008, while the map opposite shows where in South Africa the cities and stadiums are located. Table 1 South African city name changes Before 1994 2008 Bloemfontein Mangaung Durban Durban (or eThekwini) East London East London (or Buffalo City) Kimberley Kimberley (or Sol Plaatje) Nelspruit Mbombela Pietersburg Polokwane Port Elizabeth Nelson Mandela Bay (or Port Elizabeth) Pretoria Pretoria (or Tshwane) Table 2 Cities and the names of stadiums City Current stadium FIFA name for the stadium Cape Town Green Point Green Point Stadium Durban Moses Mabhida Durban Stadium Johannesburg FNB (First National Bank) Soccer City Ellis Park (Coca-Cola Park) Ellis Park Stadium Mangaung Vodacom Park Free State Stadium Mbombela Mbombela Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Port Elizabeth Stadium Polokwane Peter Mokaba Stadium Pretoria Loftus Versfeld Loftus Versfeld Rustenburg Royal Bafokeng Royal Bafokeng Stadium Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za [...]... the light of there being 32 teams and it being the 7 DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS prerogative of the team manager to select a base camp, southern Africa is providing, at some cost, a generous number of options In this context, it is apposite to delve into the development prospects, expectations and legacies associated with the FIFA Football World Cup Building development and dreams The first section of this... ‘charity big walk’ Local 5 DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS local markets Together with the official broadcasters who deliver worldwide TV and radio coverage of the events, the sponsors and licensees are the pillars that support the staging and promotion of a FIFA event (FIFA n.d.) To this one has to add the intense competition between countries and cities to host FIFA World Cups and the Olympics In the case... differences between Germany and South Africa The 2010 World Cup is to be played in the middle of the South African winter and temperatures, while balmy in Durban, can fall below freezing in Johannesburg and Mangaung Winter in Cape Town is the rainy season The prospects for attendance at fan parks and the sale of beer…one wonders 9 DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS Davies describes the organisational and funding arrangements... out that these ‘lie between the sleepy realm of dreams and waking hopes’ and thus introduces the themes of the latter part of the book Intangible legacies and their importance are acknowledged by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee, and the Dreams section of this book foregrounds the nature of such legacies, pointing to expectations, identity and gender Czeglédy, for his part, examines the... culture, gender and identity are experienced and represented For Africa, the measure of success will lie not only in being seen to manage the 2010 World Cup to world-class standards, but also in the ability to assert and embrace a contemporary African culture and identity both at home and on a global stage Notes 1 We would like to acknowledge and thank Fazeela Hoosen for the research assistance and support... professional rugby and cricket in Cape Town suggests that the only means through which the stadium can become viable is if the Western Province and Stormers rugby teams relocate to Green Point 11 DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS Swart and Bob present complications, like a change from an African National Congress government to a Democratic Alliance government, all of which played up the location debates and slowed the... circumspect in one’s expectations While FIFA and South Africa present the 2010 World Cup as an ‘African’ World Cup, it is South Africa and its host cities – rather than the continent of Africa – that will be on the global stage This is an 3 DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS important point to bear in mind as the reputations of the country and its cities can be considerably enhanced and considerably damaged This book explores... INTRODUCTION economic development and exacerbate inequality between and within cities and regions This is worrisome for the additional reason that so many people expect personally to benefit from the 2010 World Cup The second is that – taking into account the distinction between capital investment in the stadiums and associated infrastructure, and capital investment that was already planned for and was expedited... Ignoring Newlands Stadium, which it had considered suitable, FIFA strongarmed Cape Town and central government to construct a stadium for which there is no demonstrable need other than that its location shows the city to its best advantage, situated as it is between the sea and the mountains and alongside the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront development Durban had different motives With an economic development. .. membership expanded rapidly, reaching 30 nations in 1921 and 85 nations in 1955 The tournament steadily gathered in momentum and became a regular fixture on the international football calendar From 1966 to 2006 the World Cups expanded further and more rapidly as more and more teams were brought into the fray of international football, with significant penetration in terms of new host nations and regions . DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za DEVELOPMENT AND DREAMS THE URBAN. on urban impacts, and debates the probable African legacy. Three key themes emerged: development impacts, aspirations and dreams, and the focus on the