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ĐỀ CƯƠNG TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH 2 ENGLISH FOR FINANCE 2 PHẦN I TRẢ LỜI CÂU HỎI 1 CÂU HỎI UNIT 16 Corporate finance 1 What does “corporate finance” refer to? 2 What are main objectives of corporate fin.
ĐỀ CƯƠNG TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH ENGLISH FOR FINANCE PHẦN I TRẢ LỜI CÂU HỎI 1.CÂU HỎI UNIT 16: Corporate finance What does “corporate finance” refer to? What are main objectives of corporate finance? What are functions of corporate finance? What does corporate finance include? ( What are activities of corporate finance?) What are the tasks of the finance manager in monitoring the finance? UNIT 17: Funding the business What are four form of equity? What are advantages and disadvantages of owner’s capital? What are advantages and disadvantages of venture capital? What are advantages and disadvantages of the unlisted securities market? 10 What are advantages and disadvantages of the stock exchange? 11 What are advantages and disadvantages of thelong term loans ? UNIT 18: Working capital 12 What is one of the functions of financial management? 13 What are two types of working capital? 14 What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing inventories? 15 What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing debtors? 16 What are the tasks of finance manager in managing cash? UNIT 19: Marketing 17 What is the difference between the selling and marketing concepts? 18 How can explain 4Ps of the marketing mix? (what are elements of the marketing mix?) 19 Prove that price plays an important role in the economy? (what are the important roles of price?) 20 What are the most common mistakes in setting the price? 21 What should companies to handle pricing well? 22 What are the different ways of setting prices? 23 What is the difference between setting prices now and setting prices in the past? UNIT 21: What is accounting 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 What What What What What What What is accounting information and how is it necessary? is the accounting process? is financial accouting (information)? is management accounting (information)? is tax accounting (information)? are types of accounting information? are differences between financial accounting and management accounting UNIT 22: financial statement 31 What are financial statements used for? 32 What are common financial statements? UNIT 25: Fiancial analysis 33 What is financial analysis? How important is it? 34 What are different sources of data needed in financial analysis? 35 How are financial ratios classified? 36 For what purpose is financial analysis used internally? 37 For what purpose is financial analysis used externally 38 What three types of financial statements show / indicate? UNIT 26: Auditing 39 What internal auditors do? 40 What different emphases can be placed on an internal auditor’s report? 41 What are strengths (advantages) and weaknesses (disadvantages) of internal auditing? UNIT 27: International business 42 What advantages have most countries derived from world trade? 43 How can trading nations benefit from international business? 44 What are the reason why the government tries to control the imports and exports of a country? 45 How goverments encourage exports and restrict imports? 46 How Government encourage exports and restric imports UNIT 29: Trade barrier 47 48 What reasons nations commonly use trade barriers? What are the most common used trade barriers? UNIT 30: Trade surpluses and deficits 49 What are measure of a country’s trade? 50 How are trade deficits and surplus balanced? 2.ĐÁP ÁN UNIT 16 What does “corporate finance” refer to? Corporate finance refers to identify the various financial dealings undertaken by a corporation What are main objectives of corporate finance? -making wise use of the financial resources, developing an operating budget for all financial needs of the company, tracking income generated together with other departments of the company from available -achieving the maximum profits What are functions of corporate finance? Are to make wise use of the financial resources available to the company What does corporate finance include? ( What are activities of corporate finance?) Corporate finance includes planning, raising, investing and monitoring of finance in order to achieve the financial objectives of the company What are the tasks of the finance manager in monitoring the finance? The finance manager has to minimize the cost of finance, the wastage and misuse of finance, and the risk of investment of finance He also has to get maximum return on the finance UNIT 17 What are four form of equity? They are owner’s capital, venture capital, unlisted and listed Securities market, The Stock exchange What are advantages and disadvantages of owner’s capital? -Dis: the owner’s equity will be repaid only after everyone else including employees, creditors, banks…, has received what they are owed -Ad: in successful times, the owners have a claim on all the net profit of company What are advantages and disadvantages of venture capital? -The advantages of venture capital is that the venture capital company does not usually interfere in the running of the company - Disadvantages: the venture capital company usually demands a much faster and higher rate of return than an owner would expect from his/her own capital What are advantages and disadvantages of the unlisted securities market? The unlisted securities market has the advantages of allowing a company to raise money from outside investors without losing much control of the company -dis: only available to small or medium size companies 10 What are advantages and disadvantages of the stock exchange? The stock exchanges has the advantage of providing the long – term opportunity of raising capital by issuing fresh shares -dis: at least 25% of the equity must be in public hands – thereby reducing the control of the original owners 11 What are advantages and disadvantages of thelong term loans ? - advantages : can go to sources such as the clearing banks, merchant banks and even pensionmfunds - disadvantages : in all three cases they will usually secure their debt over the fixed assets of the business and interest must be paid, usually liked to bank base rate UNIT 18 12 What is one of the functions of financial management? One of the functions of financial management is to provide t he correct amount of working capital at the right time and in the right place to realize the greatest return on investment 13 What are two types of working capital? Two types of working capital are permanent working capital and temporary working capital Permanent working capital is tied up in keeping the business flowing throughout the year, while temporary working capital is needed from the time to take account of seasonal, cyclical or unexpected fluctuation in the business 14 What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing inventories? It’s the job of the finance mangager to minimize the stocks of raw materials, the level of the work in progress and the quantity of finished goods 15 What are the tasks of the finance manager in managing debtors? It’s the task of the finance manager to see thast generous credit terms are negotiated with suppliers, but minimal credit terms are offered to customers 16 What are the tasks of finance manager in managing cash? It’s the task of the finance manager to ensure that adequate cash is always available for meeting the company’s day-to-day debts and that there is also a small reserve on hand to meet contingencies UNIT 19 17 What is the difference between the selling and marketing concepts? The selling concept assumes that resisting consumers have to be purchased by vigorous hard-selling techniques to buy non-essntial goods and services Products are sold rather than bougr The marketing concept, on the contrary, assumes that the producer’s task is to find wants and fill them, producers maker products that will be bought 18 How can explain 4Ps of the marketing mix? (= what are elements of the marketing mix?) 4Ps of the marketing mix are product, place, pomotion and price Products include quality, featuresm style, brand name, size, packaging, services and guarantee Place includes distribution channels, location of points of sale, transport, inventory size Promotion groups together advertising, publicity, sales promotion and personal selling Price includes the basic list price, discounts, the length of the payment period, credit terms, UNIT 20 19 Prove that priice plays an important role in the economy (what are the important roles of price?) Price plays an important role in the economy It’s major determinant of buyer choice It’s one of the most important elements determining company market share and profitability It’s only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue 20 What are the most common mistakes in setting the price? The common mistakees companies usually make are that: - Pricing is too cost oriented - Price is not revised often enough to capitalize on market changes - Price is set independently of the rest of marketing mix rather than as an intrinsic element of marketing-positioning strategy - Price is not varied enough for different product items and market segments 21 What should companies to handle pricing well? Should consider prices in relation to order factors includuding other 3Ps of marketing mix: prices shouldn’t boe to cost oriented, sould be revised often enough to capitalize on market changes, should be mvaried enough for different product items and marketing segment 22 What are the different ways of setting prices? Price are set in different ways in different types of companies In small companies, prices are often set by top management In large companies, prices are handled by divisional and product – line managers In industries, prices are determined by a pricing department 23 What is the difference between setting prices now and setting prices in the past? In the past, prices were set by buyers and sellers negotiating with each other Through bargaining, they would arrive at an acceptable price However, now prices are determined by the demand and supply and are set for all buyers UNIT 21 24 What is accounting information and how is it necessary? Accounting information is the means by which we measure and communicate economic events It is necessary because it provides decision makekrs with information useful in making economic decisions 25 What is the accounting process? The accounting process produces accounting information used by decision makers in making economic decisions and taking specific actions These decisions and actions result in economic activities that continue thehh cycle 26 What is financial accouting (information)? Financial accounting refers to information describing financial resources, obligations and activities of an economici entity Financial accounting information is designed primarily to assist investors and creditors in deceding where to place their scarce investment resourcves 27 What is management accounting (information)? Management accouting involves the development and interpretation of accounting information Management accouting information is designed to assist management in running the business, in setting the company’s overall goals, evaluating the performance of departments and individuals, deciding whether to introduce a new line of prducts, and in making virtually all types of managerial decisions 28 What is tax accounting (information)? Tax accounting feter to the preparation of income tax returns The tax accounting information is often adjusted or reorganized to conform with income tax reporting requirements 29 What are types of accounting information? They are financial accounting, management accouting and tax accounting 30 What are differences between financial accounting and management accounting -Financial accounting information is public information and management accounting information is confidential information.Financial accounting is used investors in deciding where to place their scarce investment resources - Management accounting is used to set the company’s overall goals, evaluate the performance of departments and individuals UNIT 22 31 What are financial statements used for? They are used as a basis for business decisions such as allocation of financial resources, development of new products, and expansion of operations They are also used for determining income taxes liabilities 32 What are common financial statements? They are the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow statement The balance sheet shows the company’s financial situation on a particular date The income statement shows earnings and expenditure The cash flow statement shows the flow of cash in and out of the business between balance sheet dates UNIT 25 33 What is financial analysis? How important is it? Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of financial data It is used internally to evaluate issues such as employee performance, efficiency of operations and credit policies, and externally to evaluate potential investments and the creditworthiness of borrowers, among other things Therefore it is very important because it assists many decision makers to make investment or financial decisions 34 What are different sources of data needed in financial analysis? They are financial statement data, market data, and economic data The financial statement data is the data provided by the company in its annual reports and required disclosures Market data such as the market prices of securities is found in the financial press and the electronic media daily Another source is economic data such as GDP or CPI that readily available from government and private sources 35 How are financial ratios classified? Ratios can be classified according to the way they are constructed and their general characteristics By construction, ratios can be classified as a coverage ratio, a return ratio, a turnover ratio and a component percentage According to their general characteristics, they can be classified into a liquidity ratio, a profitability ratio, an activity ratio, a financial levaerage ratiom a shareholder ratio and a return on investment ratio 36 For what purpose is financial analysis used internally? Financial analysis may be used internally to evaluate issues such as employee performance, the efficiency of operations, and credit policies 37 For what purpose is financial analysis used externally Financial analysis may be used externally to evaluate potential investments and the credit-worthiness of borrowers, among other things 38 What three types of financial statements show / indicate? the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow statement UNIT 26 39 What internal auditors do? Internal auditor continuously review operating procedures and financial records and report to management on the current state of the company’s fiscal affairs They also make suggestions to management for improvements in the standard operating procedures They check the accounting records in regard to completeness and accuracy, making sure that all irregularities are corrected 40 What different emphases can be placed on an internal auditor’s report? The emphasis placed on different parts of the internal auditor’s report varies from company to company In some organizations, the auditor’s major or even sole function is to report on the completeness an accuracy of the books of account, as the financial records are known collectively In more progressive companies, greater attention may be paid to the auditor’s suggestions 41 What are strengths (advantages) and weaknesses (disadvantages) of internal auditing? Thanks to internal audit, management knows the current state of the company’s fiscal affairs and any deviations from the standard operating procedures, as well as receives suggestions for improvements in the standard operating procedures However, a weakness exists in internal auditing If a report is unfavorable, it may not be shown to the person in management who can correct the problem As a result, managgement receives the false impression on the company’s business UNIT 27 42 What advantages have most countries derived from world trade? Countries have developed their economies, increased production of goods, and met demands through increased world trade 43 How can trading nations benefit from international business? International business brings benefits to both exporting and importing nations Exporting countries receive money, increase production, expand their market and develop their economy from exporting goods and services Whereas, consumers of importing countries can have wider choice of goods or services at lower prices 44 What are the reason why the government tries to control the imports and exports of a country? The government tries to control the imports to protec the domestic industries and provide employment for the population By contrast, the government tries to control the exports because a country enjoy an advantage if it exports more than it imports and wealth accrues to the exporting country 45 How goverments encourage exports and restrict imports? They have special programs to encourage exports such as providing marketing information, establishing trade missions, subsidizing exports and providing tax benefits or incentives On the other hand, governments impose taxes and quotas to restrict imports of certain products 46 How Government encourage exports and restric imports? -They have special programs to encourage exports such as: poviding marketing information , establishing trade missions, -impose taxes and quotas to restrict imports of certain product Dumping is the seliing on a foreign market at a price below the cost of production UNIT 29 47 What reasons nations commonly use trade barriers? Nations commonly use trade barriers to protect domestic employment, to protect re;atove;y young domestic industries, to prevent unfair trade practices of foreign firms, to prevent dumping, and to protect firms and industries that procduce output vital to the security and defense of the nation 48 What are the most common used trade barriers? They are tariffs on imports, quotas on imports, subsidies and embargoes Tariffs are simply taxes placed on imports, Quotas are simply a quantity restriction placed on a good, service or activity Subsidies are often placed to protect domestic industries Embargoes basically prohibit the import or export of anything with another country UNIT 30 49 What are measure of a country’s trade? They are the merchandise trade balance, the current account, the capital account, and the balance of payments The merchandise trade balance looks only at visible goods The current account includes a country’s exports and imports of services, in addition to its visible trade The capital account includes all the payments and transfer of funds The balance of payments includes not onley payments abroad, but the goods, services, and all transfer of funds that cross international borders 50 How are trade deficits and surplus balanced? They are balanced by payments that make up the difference A country with a current account surplus can use the extra money to invest abroad or it can put it in its reserves A country running a current account deficit has to look abroad for loans and investments, or be forced to dip into its own reserves to pay for its excessive imports PHẦN II TỪ VỰNG Vocab Meanings A Aspect Attempt Attain = achieve = gain Acquisition = purchase Access Adequate Aerospace Account receivable Affairs Arise Abundance Ad valorem Assortment Aggregate Accessing to sth Khía cạnh cố gắng, nỗ lực đạt đc Mua hàng Truy cập Đầy đủ Vũ trụ hang không khoản phải thu vấn đề, công việc xảy ra, phát sinh dồi thuế theo giá trị Rào cản kết hợp lại/ tồn tiếp cận B Base rate Bankruptcy Be broken down into = divide into = insolate by Basic offer Bargaining Balance sheet Lãi suất Phá sản Chia thành Chào hàng Thương lượng, trả giá, mặc bảng cân đối kế toán C Configuration Creditor Tobe Charged with Clearing bank Claim Collateral Corresponding Cyclical Conflicting interest Contingency Component Come into existence = to be bond To be cost oriented Capitalized on Capitalize part of the profit Current balance Cost accounting Consolidated Credit-worthiness Chain of retail outlets Sự hình thành Chủ nợ Đc giao nhiệm vụ Thanh toán bù trừ Quyền lợi Tài sản đảm bảo tương ứng Chu kì Xung đột lợi ích Dự phịng Thành phần, phụ kiện đưa Hướng đến chi phí bắt kịp tận dụng phần lợi nhuận số dư hạch toán chi phí củng cố, hợp Tín dụng đáng tin cậy chuỗi cửa hang bán lẻ Charge higher prices Contend Curtail = limit Current account Cookie jar = foreign currency reserve Capital account Áp giá cao Cho Hạn chế/rút ngắn Tài khoản vãng lai Tài khoản dự trữ ngoại tệ Tài khoản vốn D Dealing= transaction Debenture = bond Division = department Debt financing Disruption Day-to-day debt Distinguish Distribution Channel Determinant Dubious Double-entry Depreciation provision Deceptive Disclose Deviation Dumping Duty / duties Defense Dominant Demographic Deficit Declaration Giao dịch Trái phiếu Bộ phận Việc huy động vốn vay Phá vỡ Nợ nóng Phân biệt Kênh phân phối Yếu tố định Khơng rõ ràng sổ kép dự phịng khấu hao lừa đảo Công khai Sai lệch Bán phá giá thuế / trách nhiệm Quân vượt trội Nhân học Thâm hụt tuyên chiến E Equity capital Exposed Extreme case Enormous Entity Evaluation = judge Embargo Embrace Engage vốn cổ phần/ vốn chủ mạo hiểm Trường hợp xấu To lớn tổ chức Đánh giá Cấm vận Tuân theo Cam kết F Fresh share Financial position Finished good Failure Fust in time philosophy Fluctuation Figure Financial press Cổ phiếu Tình hình tài Thành phẩm Thiếu Ngun tắc kịp thời biến động số liệu ấn tài Financial leverage Địn bẩy tài G Generally Globalization Gearing Goodwill Guarantee Genetic engineering Governing GDP= Gross domestic Product Nhìn chung Tồn cầu hóa Địn bẩy Uy tín bảo hành Công nghệ gen Chi phối Tổng sản phẩm quóc nội I In term of Intrinsic Identify Instance = situation Incurring Interfere Initially Inventory Intuition Interpretation = disclosures Income tax return Intangible > < tangible Internally >< Externally Impose Incentive Imposition Về khía cạnh Cơ Nhận định, xác định Tình Phát sinh Can thiệp Ban đầu Hàng tồn kho Trực giác Giải trình tờ khai thuế thu nhập Vơ hình >< hữu hình nội Áp dụng động viên ảnh hưởng tốt J Jeopardize Journal Justification gây nguy hiểm sổ nhật ký biện minh K Keep track of nắm giữ thông tin về… L Ledger Liquidity ratio Labor intensive sổ số toán Chi phí nhân cơng M Merger Market positioning Merchant bank Make wise use of Monitoring Misuse = abuse Margin Maintain Modify Management consulting Sáp nhập định vị thj trường Ngân hàng thương mại Tận dụng cách thông minh Giám sát Lạm dụng Dự trữ Duy trì Thay đổi Tư vấn quản lý Market segmentation Manipulate Misleading Misappropriation Mutually beneficial trade Mission Mature >< infant Measure Merchandise trade balance Address = meet Phân khúc thị trường lợi dụng Gây hiểu nhầm Tham nhũng lợi ích song phương Phái đồn trưởng thành >< trẻ, biện pháp Cán cân thương mại hàng hóa Đáp ứng N Negotiate Non-price factor Thương lương yếu tố phi giá O Ownership Overdraft Overstrain Overdraft facility Obligations Outright aggression Quyền sở hữu Sự hạn số dư tk Sự thái Phương tiện thấu chi rõ ràng Tuyên chiến trực tiếp Overhead Objectively Chi phí Khách quan P Procedure Pricing department Prosperity Pension fund Principal = main Pipeline Permanent working capital Particular Profitability Point of sale Potential Periodically Posting Pertinent Performance = efficiency Prospect Profitability ratio Publicly-traded Particular Protectionist Proponent Trình tự Bộ phận định giá Sự phồn thịnh quỹ lương hưu Chính Dây chuyền sản xuất Vốn lưu động thường xuyên Cụ thể Khả sinh lời Điểm bán hàng Tiềm định kỳ việc chuyển sổ Thích hợp hiệu Tồn cảnh số khả sinh lời Giao dịch mua bán cụ thể biện pháp bảo hộ Người khởi xướng Q Quotas hạn ngạch R Return Rely on Reconciling Resisting Revised Result of operation Ratio Report to sbd on sth Refined Reliance Radical Restrict Reserve Lợi nhuận để lại Dựa vào Cân đối Khó tính chỉnh sửa kết hoạt động kinh doanh số Báo cáo vs điều phủ nhận tin cậy Nghiêm trọng giới hạn dự trữ S Survival Sophisticated = complex Secure Soak up Representative Scale Strategy Share premium Statement of income Shareholder Seek to Smoothly Specific tariff Subsidiary Subsidy Surplus Sự tồn tai phức tạp Thế chấp, đảm bảo Tiêu tốn Đại điẹn Quy mô chiến lược Thặng dư cổ phần kết hoạt động kinh doanh cổ đơng Tìm kiếm Trôi chảy thuế quan theo đơn vị sản phẩm Công ty trợ cấp thặng dư T Take on Track Tied up = used for Temporary working capital Take account of Target Tax planning Turnover Đảm nhận Tìm kiếm Đc dùng để Vốn lưu động k thường xuyên Tính đến/ xem xét đến Mục tiêu tối ưu hóa thuế Doanh thu U Undertake Unlisted >< Listed Underlying Unfavorable Unfettered Utilize Thực Chưa niêm yết >< Niêm yết Tiềm ẩn K có lợi tự tận dụng V Ventures Ventures capital Volume Vigorous hard-selling Mạo hiểm Vốn mạo hiểm Thể tích, dung tích Bán hang cao siêu W Wastage Working capital Working in progress World trade routes War tactic Widest Lãng phí Vốn lưu dộng Sản phẩm dở dang tuyến đường thương mại quốc tế động thái cạnh tranh Bao trùm PHẦN V HOÀN THIỆN CÂU Lưu ý: Đây đáp án phần hoàn thiện câu, bạn cần tìm từ khóa bắt đầu tra đáp án Thuận tiện cho bạn muốn học ngắn gọn làm tài liệu Corporate finance is a broad term that is used to collectively identifying the various financial dealing undertaken by a corporation One of the core function of responsible corporate finance is to make wise use of the financial resources available to the company Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that the corporation is achieving the maximum benefit from available financial resources finance can be collected from many sources such as shares, debentures, banks, financial institution, creditors, etc there are types of corporate finance: fixed capital and working capital fixed capital is used to purchase fixed assets like land, buildings, machines,… while working capital is used to purchase raw material and to pay the day-to-day expense gearing is the relationship between equity capital and invested in the business and long term debts in the successful time, owners have a claim on all the net profit of the company 10 venture capital is usually provided by venture firms interested in financing highgrowth company 11 venture capital company doesn’t usually interfere in the running of the company 12 at least 25% of equity must be in public hands there by reducing the control of the original owners 13 they will usually secure their debt over the fixed assets of the business and of course Interest must be paid, usually linked to bank base rate 14 profitability is determined in part by the way in which a company manages its working capital 15 one of the principal functions of the financial management is to provide the correct amount of working capital at the right time and in the right place to realize the greatest return on investment 16 working capital can initially be broken down in types: permanent and temporary 17 the job of the finance manager is to minimize the stocks of raw materials, the level of the work-in-progress and the quantity of finished goods 18 as well as satisfying existing needs, marketers can also anticipate and create new ones 19 once a target market has been identified, a company has to decide what goods and services to offer 20 the marketing concept has to understood throughout the company, in the production department as much in the marketing department itself 21 rather than risk launching a product or service on the basic or guess work, most companies undertake marketing research 22 companies collect and analyze information about the size of a potential market or about the customer’s reactions to particular product features 23 it’s the job of product manager or a brand manager to look for ways to increase sales by changing the market mix 24 through most of history, prices were set by buyers and sellers negotiating with each other 25 through most of history, price has operated as a determinant of buyer choice 26 non-price factors have become relatively more important in buyer choice behavior in recent decades 27 Price still remain one of the most important elements determining company market share and profitability 28 in small company, prices often set by top management rather than by marketing sales department 29 top management set general pricing objectives and policies and often approves the prices proposed by lower levels of management 30 financial accounting information is designed primarily to assist investors and creditors deciding where to place their scare investment resources 31 manager use the information in setting the company’s overall goals and evaluating the performance of departments and individuals 32 tax information often adjusted and reorganized to conform with income tax reporting requirement 33 All business need to maintain financial records in order to find out if they are making a profit 34 In daily business operations, recording of business transactions are first made in a journal 35 Periodically, bookkeepers transfer figures from the journals to ledgers 36 Ledgers is a book containing all the account of a company 37 An account is a financial record containing information about a group of similar transactions 38 The design, maintenance and interpretation of the information recorded in the accounts are referred to as accounting 39 Accountants use information in the account to construct financial statements 40 The balance sheet shows a company’s s financial situation on a particular date, general the last day of the financial year 41 the balance sheet lists the company “assets, its liabilities and shareholder’s fund 42 Application of funds include purchases of fixed assets or financial assets, payment of dividends, repayment of loans and in a bad year-trading losses 43 The analyst draws the financial data needed in financial analysis from many sources 44 A financial ratio is a comparison between one bit of financial information and another 45 Ratios can be classifieds according to the way they are constructed and their general characteristics 46 A coverage ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to satisfy particular obligations 47 A return ratio is a measure of the net benefit, relative to the resources expended 48 A component percentage is the ratio of a component of an item to the item 49 A liquidity ratio provides information on a company’s ability to meet its short-term, immediate obligations 50 A profitability ratio provides information on the amount of income from each dollar of sales 51 A activity ratio relates information on a company’s ability to manage its resources efficiently 52 A shareholder ratio describes the company’s financial condition in terms of amounts per share of stock 53 A return on investment ratio provides information on the amount of profit, relative to the assets employed to produce that profit 54 Auditing is an accounting function that involves the review and evaluation of financial records 55 Even these companies that not conduct an internal audit need to maintain system of internal control 56 Many companies employ their own accountants to maintain an internal audit 57 The most common sort of trade barriers are things like: tariffs, quotas, subsidies, embargoes 58 One of the most common justification for trade barriers is to protect domestic employment 59 This practice ‘dumping’ might under taken to drive domestic producer out of business , lessen competition 60 All last noted argument is that trade barriers are needed to protect firms and industries that produce output vital to security defense nation 61 Trade barrier are any of a number of government placed restrictions on trade between nations 62 Domestic firms benefit with higher sales, greater profits and more income to resource owners 63 One of the most common justification for trade barriers is to protect domestic employment 64 Trade barriers prevent the country from depending on these imports and allow greater reliance on domestic production 65 The first of four most common trade barriers designed to restrict imports is tariffs on imports 66 A tariff is added to price of the imported goods 67 A quota is simply a quantity restriction placed on a good, service, or activity 68 An embargo can be seen as the most extreme of the trade barriers 69 The current account is a better measure of trade because it includes a country ‘s exports and imports or services 70 Trade deficits and surpluses are balanced by payments that make up the difference 71 All of these payments and transfers of funds are added up in a country’s capital account 72 The balance of payments adds up everything in a country’s current account and capital account ... the difference between setting prices now and setting prices in the past? UNIT 21 : What is accounting 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 What What What What What What What is accounting information and how is... roles of price?) 20 What are the most common mistakes in setting the price? 21 What should companies to handle pricing well? 22 What are the different ways of setting prices? 23 What is the difference... accounting and management accounting UNIT 22 : financial statement 31 What are financial statements used for? 32 What are common financial statements? UNIT 25 : Fiancial analysis 33 What is financial