KHO KHAN TAM LY CIJA HOC SINH DAU LOP 1 QUA THAI DO DOI VOI HOC TAP Vu Ngpc Ha Vien Tdm ly hoc. 1. Dat van de Nghien cuu khd khan tam ly (KKTL) ciia hgc sinh (HS) dau Idp 1 qua thai do ddi vdi hgc tap xuat phat tir mgt sd co sd sau day: Thu nhd't, xiid't phdt td viec chuyen hogt dgng chii dao d HS khi di hgc lap J: Giai doan Idp 1 la giai doan chdng gai va thir thach trong cugc ddi HS. Nha tam ly hgc Phap Maurice Debesce ggi Idp 1 la "trang sir mdi ciia cugc ddi dira tre", cd nha tam ly hgc khac ggi la "cira ai phan chia hai cugc sdng khac nhau", hoac "cira ai Idp 1". Diing trudc ngirdng cira nay, tre miu giao Idn khi budc vao hgc Idp 1 gap nhidu KKTL ma chinh nhirng khd khan nay can trd su thich ling vdi boat ddng hgc tap cua cac em, din ddn viec tre sg hgc va ket qua hgc tap khgng cao Viec hieu nhiing KKTL ciia tre khi di hgc se gdp phan thao go khd khan cho tre. [3, trang 261-262]. Thu hai, xiid't phdt td vai trd cua thdi do ddi vdi hogt ddng hgc tap: trong tam ly hgc, thai dg ddi vdi hgc tap dugc coi la mgt trong nhirng nhan td ddng vai trd ddng co thiic diy tinh tich cue cua HS ddi vdi hgc tap. Tu nhirng co sd tren chiing tdi cho ring nghien ciiu thai do cua HS diu Idp 1 ddi vdi hgc tap la cin thiei. Ddn thdi diem nay, cd rat nhidu quan niem khac nhau ve thai do, chiing tdi tha'y quan niem sau phii hgp vdi nghien ciiu cua minh: Thai do la trang thai sin sang vd mat tinh than va than kinh dugc td cbirc thdng qua kinh nghiem, cd tac dung dieu chinh hoac cd anh hirdng mgt each linh boat den phan irng ciia ca nhan vdi tai ca cac tinh hudng ma nd (phan ring) cd mdi lien he. [1, tr 790]. Thai do ddi vdi hgc tap dugc bidu la trang thai sin sang ve mat tinh thin va than kinh cd tac dung dinh hudng cam xiic (mang tinh tich cue hay tieu cue) cua HS lien quan tdi viec hgc tap va sinh boat d nha trudng va dugc bieu hien qua nhan thiic, xiic cam va hanh vi. O nghien cim nay, do nhan thiic ciia HS Idp 1 cdn chua rd net, nen chiing tdi tap trung tlm hieu sau hon thai do bidu hien d xiic cam va hanh vi cua HS khi di hgc d trudng cung nhu khi hgc bai d nha. 28 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC. So 2 (131). 2 - 2010 2. Phuang phap va khach the nghien ciru Chiing tdi sir dung ket hgp cac phuong phap nghien ciai nhu didu tra bing bang hdi, quan sat, phdng van sau va thd'ng ke toan hgc, trong dd phuong phap dieu tra bing bang hdi la phuong phip chii yeu. Cac phuong an tra Idi dugc cho diem theo mirc 3-2-1 tuong irng vdi miic do: tren 3 lan - 1 de'n 3 lin - khdng lin nao, hoac thudng xuyen - thinh thoang - khdng bao gid. Khach the nghien cihi la 547 HS Idp 1 d 4 tinh thanh Ha Ndi, Ha Tay, Ca Mau va Tra Vinh. Nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien trong nam hgc 2007-2008. 3. Ket qua nghien ciru Bdng 1: KKTL qua thdi do ddi vdi hgc tap ciia HS ddu Idp 1 Nhung bieu hien 1. Khong dm ma van nghi hoc 2. Buoi tdi vira hoc, vira choi 3. Budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc 4. Buoi tdi nhidu hdm chua hoc xong da di ngii 5. Chua hoc bai budi tdi lin nao 6. Khdng nin not moi khi tap viei* 7. Danh thdi gian cho mon hoc yeu thich* 8. Budi tdi hoc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii* 9. Y thiic tu giac trong viec hoc bai va lam bai tap* 10. Su tap trung trong qua trinh hoc bai va lam bai tap d nha* DTB nhdm DTE 1,11 1,25 1,56 1,23 1,06 1,51 1,39 1,21 1,47 1,33 1,31 DLC 0,34 0.52 0.81 0,48 0,26 0,64 0,57 0,51 0,63 0,56 0,27 Ghi chit: Diem thap nhat - I, diem cao nhd't = 3, DTB cdng cao the hien KKTL qua thai do ddi rdi hoc tap cdng nhieu. NhUng menh de cd ddu * dugc clio diem ngik/c lai vdi nlulng nienh de con Igi Tim bieu thai dg ciia HS dau Idp 1 ddi vdi hgc tap, chiing tdi cd ging xem xet tir nhirng bieu hien nhd nhai nhu viec cac em nin ndt mdi khi tap viei, den each thiic vi hanh ddng mdi khi cac em lim bai d nhi va thdi gian cic em dinh cho viec lam bai tap d nhi, cung nhu thdi gian dinh cho mdn hoc mi cac em yeu thich. Kei qua nghien ciiu cho thay. so vdi 5 bidu hien KKTL (KKTL trong hinh vi thuc hien ngi qui hgc tap; KKTL trong hinh vi thuc hien nen ndp hgc tap; KKTL trong hanh ddng dgc, viet. lam toan; KKTL trong su tu chii khi chuyen trang thai tir hgc sang choi va ngugc lai; KKTL trong sir thiet lip cic mdi quan he trong giao tiep vdi ban) chiing tdi da trinh bay tren Tap chi Tim ly hgc [2], thi bidu hien KKTL qua thai do ddi vdi hgc tap cua HS diu Idp 1 la thi'p nhai (DTB nhdm TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 29 = 1,31; DTB trung vi ciia toan thang do la 2.0). Dieu dd cho thay, da sd HS khi di hgc Idp 1 cd thai dg hgc tap tdt. Cd the tha'y ring, thai dg la mgt nhan td quan trgng de quyet dinh hanh vi ciia mdi ca nhin. Ndu ca nhin cd thai do dung din thi trong da sd cac trudng hgp ddu cd nhirng hinh vi khdng sai lech chuin muc do xa hgi cung nhu nha trudng dat ra. Viec HS mdi di hgc Idp 1 da cd thai dg hgc tap tdt la mgt didu rat dang khich le. Qua trao ddi vd thai do hgc tap ciia HS ddi vdi hgc tap, da sd giao vien (GV) tieu hgc cho ring, HS di hgc Idp 1 cd dugc thai do hgc tap tdt phan Idn la nhd vio vi tri ciia ngudi GV tieu hgc ddi vdi HS Idp 1. Vi tri ciia GV trong nha trudng tieu hgc khac vdi vi tri ciia GV trung hgc co sd va cac cap hgc khac. Ngudi GV tidu hgc cd vi tri sd 1 ca vd chd va vd ngudi (giao due tre). Cu the: Ve chil, nhin tdng thd tren toan qud'c thi ngudi GV tidu hgc day tii ca cac mon hgc (9 mdn), khdng nhu d cap trung hgc co sd trd len, HS phai hgc da mdn, da thdy co (mdi thiy cd chi phu trach dim nhan mgt mdn). Ve ngudi (giao due tre): Thay cd tieu hgc true dep giio due tie toan bg ca vd ngi dung vi thdi gian lam viec vdi tre trong ngiy, ben canh su hd trg ciia Ban Giam hieu, Hdi ddng su pham nha trudng Vdi vi tri sd 1 nhu vay, cho nen quan he giira GV tidu hgc vdi HS tidu hgc cd anh hudng rat nhieu tdi mgi mat cua tre, dac biet li trong viec thao go KKTL cho tre khi di hgc dau Idp 1 va giyp tre cd dugc thai dg hgc tap diing dan. Ben canh dd, su quan tam diing muc ciia gia dinh ddi vdi HS ciing giir vai trd quan trgng de giiip HS cd thai dg hgc tap tdt. Quan sat 1 gid tap viei tren Idp chiing tdi thay trudng hgp chau Tr d Idp lA trudng Tieu hgc DK Ha Ndi la mgt minh chiing rii rd cho thiy anh hudng ciia su quan tim khdng diing cich tdi thai dg hgc tap ciia con. Trong toin bg tiet hgc, chau hau nhu khgng dd y ddn viec hgc ciia ca Idp. Dudi ngan bin ciia chau chung tdi nhin thiy rai nhidu dd an va thiic ud'ng, chau vira hgc, vira an, vira ud'ng, cd luc chiu ngdi thing lung, cd liic chiu nira nim nira ngdi. Trong khi cac ban cham chii nghe cd giing bai va thuc hien yeu cau ciia cd thi chau bin nhu khdng tham gia vio tiei hgc. Cudi budi du gid chiing tdi da cd trao ddi vdi cd giao ve binh vi cua Tr thi cd giao cho biei: "do gia dinh nudng chidu qua nen biy gid GV rai vat vi de dua chiu vao ndn ndp hgc tap, GV da nhic nhd rat nhidu lin va cd ggi ca cha me de'n trao ddi nhung bd me cu sg con d trudng an khdng dii no nen phai chuin bi cho that nhieu thirc an, vi cd le bd me cung khdng cd bien phap ky luat thich hgp nen chua thi'y chau cd tidn bd gl ca. Cdn d Idp nay, ngoai Tr ra tdi cdn 39 HS khac nen khdng thd tip trung hdt su quan tim cho Tr mi inh hudng tdi cac chau khac". Nhu vay, anh hudng ciia cha me tdi thai dg hgc tap ciia con la mgt vi'n dd ciing rii dang dd quan tam khi ban tdi KKTL qua thai do ddi vdi hgc tap cua HS dau Idp 1. Bidu hien khd khin rd nbii ma HS dau Idp 1 giip phai la "budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc" (vdi DTB = 1,56). Theo quy dinh ciia mgt sd trudng tieu hgc trong miu nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi va quy dinh nay da dugc phd bien tdi phu buynh vio budi hgp dau nim la mdi tdi HS Idp 1 nen dinh ra 30 phiit de dn bai va chuan bi cho bai hgc ngay mai, nhirng qua 2 tuin di hgc, vin cd 4,8% HS trong 30 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC. Sd 2 (131). 2 - 2010 miu nghien cuu "chua hgc bii budi tdi lin nao". Tuy sd HS khdng hgc bii budi tdi d nha chiem ty le rat it, nhung didu dd ciing ndi len rang, nhirng HS niy chua thuc sir cd hirng thii ddi vdi viec hgc, hgc tip chua phii li mdi quan tim hang diu ciia cac em. Bdn canh dd, cha me ciia cic em niy cung thd o vdi vice hgc tip ciia con em minh mi khdng dgng vien, nhic nhd con hgc tip. Cung cd the cac bac cha me nay quan niem viec hgc tap d trudng da li dii ddi vdi con, hay quan niem chuong trinh hgc d Idp 1 qui de, nen phd thic viec day dd cho nha trudng. Nhung, ndu khdng nhic nhd con hgc tap d nhi thi viec ren luyen cho con cd ndn ndp hgc tip tdt se khdng cd dugc hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Trai ngugc vdi sd phu buynh thd o khdng quan tam tdi viec hgc ciia con thi cd mgt sd phu buynh lai quan tim tdi viec hgc tap cua con mgt each thai qui. Mgt phu buynh cd con hgc trudng tidu hgc KD Hi Ndi cho biei: "Chi biei khdng, em bi stress nang lam rdi vi cai viec hgc ciia con be con nhi em. Hang ngiy ngoai 8 tieng d co quan ra cdn vd nhi mgi viec em phd thac cho dsin, em chi kem con em hgc. Em khdng cdn thdi gian lam bit cii viec gi ngoii ve sinh ci nhin va kem con hgc thdi. Cd em ben canh li nd hgc diu ra day, nhung khdng cd em la nd chenh ming ngay. Mdi tdi em bit tip viei 1 tieng, tap lam toan 1 tieng, ngoii ra li chuin bi sach vd cic mdn khac cho ngiy hdm sau. The mi khdng cd me ngdi ben canh la khdng chiu viei, khdng chiu lam toin, me khdng chuin bi sach vd cho li hdm sau di hgc thieu ngay. Em chei mii thdi chi a. Lai cdn cai benh dai dim nira chii. Gin 7 tudi den noi rdi ma hd bim ra li dai dam udt hdt ca dem v.v ". (N.T.H, nir, 32 tudi. Hi Ndi). "Em ching biet lam sao nira chi a. Em kem thing cu nha em rii ciiat, tdi nao in com xong cho nghi 30 pbiit rdi bit ngdi vao lim toan vi tip viei, tip dgc de'n tan lOg dem. The mi hgc hanh ching ra gi. Cd giio bao d Idp nd khdng tap trung, cac ban viet xong bet rdi nd vin cdn nira bii, lam toin thi nhanh nhung cd cd diing canh thi lam, cd khdng diing canh la nd ngdi choi ngim cac ban, nen tir hdm di hgc ddn gid ching dugc ndi didm 7, em budn niu hdt ca ngudi" (Tr.V.S, nam, 36 tudi. Ha Ngi). Qua tam sir ciia cac bac phu buynh cho thiy, viec cha me quan tam thai qua tdi viec hgc tap ciia con rd ring khdng mang lai hieu qui nhu mong mudn, nhieu khi cdn ngugc lai. Thuc td da chii:ng minh ring viec bit tre viei nhieu se lim cho tre de chin nin, mdi tay vi cing viet thi chir lai cing xiu. Lien quan ddn viec tip viei cua tre cho thiy hanh vi nin ndt mdi khi tap 'viet the hien su cin than ciia tirng em vi the hien thai dg yeu thich ciia cic em vdi mdn tip vidt. Cd 17,7% HS yeu thich nbii la mdn tap vidt (xdp thii tu trong sd nhirng mdn hgc dugc yeu thich nhai). Cd ddn 57,5% HS dugc hdi luc nio cung nan ndt khi vidt, 34,1% HS liic nin ndt, liic khdng vi chi cd 8,4% HS khdng bao gid nin ndt mdi khi vidt. Danh gia ciia HS ve viec tap viet cd su khac biet so vdi dinh gia cua cac GV chii nhiem ciia cac em. Theo GV, cd 40,4% HS liic nao cung nin ndt khi vidt, 53,1% liic nin ndt, luc khdng vi chi cd 6,9% ching liic nio nan ndt ca. Nhu vay, sd cac em tu nhan minh khdng bao gid nin ndt cao hon so vdi danh gia ciia cd giao (8,4% so vdi 6.9%), nhung sd HS liic nio ciing nin ndt khi viei to TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 theo danh gii ciia cd lai thip hon so vdi tu danh gia ciia HS (40,4%- so vdi 57,5%). Didu nay cho thi'y, chua ddn mgt nira sd HS trong miu nghien cim td ra can than trong khi vidt. Trong sd nhirng mdn hgc ma HS yeu thich thi mgn Toan xdp thii nhat vdi 44,9% HS lira chgn, xdp thir 2 la mgn tidng VietAFip dgc vdi 26,4%^ lira chgn, thii ba la mdn MT thuat vdi 21,6% va thii tu la tap vidt vdi 17,7% sd HS lua chgn. Trong sd nhung mdn hgc ma HS lira chgn la minh yeu thich nbii cd 65,3% HS danh nhidu thdi gian cho mdn hgc minh thich nbii. Cd 30,1% danh it thdi gian va cd 4,6% HS tuy yeu thich mdn hgc nhung khdng danh thdi gian cho mdn hgc dd nhieu hon so vdi mdn khac. Thai dg ddi vdi hgc tip ciia HS cdn dugc the hien qua each thiic hgc bai ciia cac em. Cd 83,9% HS tra Idi thudng xuyen hgc bii xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii, 11,3% ddi khi chua hgc bai xong da choi hoac ngii va chi cd 4,8% la cd the choi hoac ngil bit ki liic nao cic em mudn. Danh gia ciia cha me HS, nhu'ng ngudi true tidp theo ddi viec hgc tip ciia con hg chua tuong ddng vdi tu danh gia ciia con. Theo cha me, cd 78,1% sd HS thudng xuyen hgc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii, 15,7% ddi khi chua hgc bii xong da choi hoac ngii va cd tdi 10,9% khdng can hgc bai xong da choi hoac ngii. Nhu vay, sd HS ma cha me nhln nhan li hgc xong mdi choi hoac ngii thap hon so vdi tu danh gia ciia HS va do vay con sd khdng can hgc xong bii da choi hoac ngii lai ting len so vdi nhin nhan ciia cac em. Thii do ddi vdi hgc tap ciia HS cdn the hien qua y thiic tu giac hgc bai vi lam bai tip d nhi. Cd 61,1% HS ddn gid hgc tu ngdi vao ban, cd 31,1% cd ngay phai nhic nhd va 7,9% ludn ludn phai nhic nhd mdi chiu hgc. Danh gia cua phu buynh (PH) HS vd van de nay khac xa tu danh gia ciia con hg. Ndu nhu sd HS tu nhan den gid hgc tu ngdi vao ban khdng cin phai nhac nhd la 61,1% thi theo cha me cac em chi cd 35,3% la khdng cin nhic nhd, vi cd tdi 15,2% ludn ludn phii nhic mdi chiu ngdi vio ban hgc. Nhu vay, y thirc tu giac hgc bai va lam bai tip d nha ciia HS Idp 1 chua cao. Da sd cic em chua cd thdi quen ddn gid hgc la phii ngdi vao ban. Nguyen nhin nay cung the hien khd khan dac trung cua HS dau Idp 1 khi cac em mdi di hgc d trudng phd thdng vi dang trong qua trinh binh thanh thdi quen hgc bai vi lam bii d nha. Tir diy cdn cho thi'y, ndu cha me khdng ddn ddc, nhic nhd con trong viec hgc tip d nha thi thdi quen hgc tap se rii khd hinh thanh va neu cd hinh thanh cung khd dugc duy tri. Va do dd se inh hudng tdi ket qua hgc tap ciia HS khi khdng chuin bi bai d nha, ciing nhu anh hudng tdi qua trinh thuc hien ndn ndp, ndi qui hgc tip cua cac em d trudng. Qua y kidn ciia cac bac PH, cd 43,5% HS khi lam bai thudng lam xong bet mdi dii'ng len, 46,4% trong qui trinh lam bai thinh thoang dirng len ngdi xudng hoac lam nhirng viec linh tinh va 10,1% HS lien tuc d trong trang thai vira hgc vira choi. Nhu vay, chua den mgt nira sd HS trong miu khao sat da tap trung khi hgc bai d nha. Da sd y kidn tren diy ciia cac bac PH khi dugc phdng vi'n sau ddu cho ring, khdng nen bat HS Idp 1 hgc bai d nha vdi thdi gian dai va nhieu bai tap, cd vi PH mdi tdi chi bat con ngdi hgc 30 phiit. trong khi dd cd cha me yeu cau con hgc 1 hoac 2 tidng ddng hd. 32 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC. Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 "Mdi tdi vd nha em phai dinh vat vdi con vl bai cd giao giao vd nha tap viei nhieu qui. Em thi chi mudn chau hgc khoang 30 phiit mdi tdi li vira, nhung me chau bit nd phai vidt hdt bii cd giao, rdi cdn lam them bii me giao nii'a. Nhin con cdng lung ra vidt mdi ca tay, rdi ngip ngin ngap dai lim toin mi bd sdt hdt ca rudt. Chi vi viec hgc ciia con d nha mi nhidu hdm vo chdng em gian nhau" (PVS Tr.M.S, phu buynh I IS Idp 1, Hi Ngi). Rd ring, ngay trong chinh cic bac cha me HS cung khdng hidm cic cap khdng thd'ng nhat dugc thdi gian cho con hgc d nhi. Qua trao ddi vdi GV dang true tiep day Idp 1, cac cd giao cho ring, thdi gian hgc d nhi ciia tre Idp 1 khoing tir 30 den 40 phut li phii hgp. Giira khoang thdi gian nay cd the cho con nghi giii lao 5 phiit. Ndu bit con tap vidt hoac lam toin trong thdi gian ca tieng ddng hd hoac hon the nira, se khidn tre met mdi, keo theo li sir chin nan hgc tip d tre. Do vay, cic bac cha me ciing cin luu y khi bd tri gid hgc cho con. Cha me phii can cu vao do thich irng ciia mdi tre de xip xep gid hgc ciia con cho hgp ly. Bdng 2: Nlulng khdc biet trong ddnh gid ve KKTL trong thdi do ddi vdi hgc tap xet theo mgt sd tieu chi ——^-______^ Do chenh lech ve DTB (d) gida —— ___Jiainh6m khdch the Nhiing KKTL — ^_ 1. Khong dm ma vin nghi hgc 2. Budi tdi vira hgc, vira choi 3. Budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hoc 4. Budi tdi nhieu bom chua hgc xong da di ngii Nam vd nd (dl) 0,18*** 5. Chua hoc bai budi tdi lin nao i 0,02* 6. Khdng nin ndt mdi khi tap viei 7. Danh thdi gian cho mdn hoc yeu thich -0,03* Thdnh phd vd nong thdn (d2) -0,08*** -0,15*** 0,45*** -0,08*** -0,06*** -0,02* 0,11* 8. Budi tdi hoc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngil i -0,09*** 9. Y thiic tu giac trong viec hoc bai va lam bii tap i 0,13** 10. Su tap trung trong qua trinh hoc bai va lim bai tap d nha DTB nhdm 0,01* i Ghi chit: Tren bdng chi hien thi nhiing gid tri cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke vdi d* khi P<0,05, d** khi PKO.OI vd d*** khi P<0,OOL d Id do chenh lech giila 2 nhdm khdch the ihi'f nlidt vd thd hai. Xem xet sir khic biet d mgt sd tieu chi vd thai do ddi vdi hgc tap ciia MS dau Idp 1, chiing tgi thi'y, vd tdng the, khdng cd sir khac biet cd y nghia ve KKTL trong thai do ddi vdi hgc tip giira HS nam vi HS nir. Nhu vay, HS nam vi HS nu deu gap khd khin d cic miic dg nhidu, it nhu nhau va mu'c do khd khan la tuong ddi thi'p d ca nam va nu. Nhung. xet rieng tirng bieu hien KKTL qua thai do ddi vdi hgc tip thi HS nam gap khd khan hon HS nir, the hien trong 4 bidu hien cd TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 33 khac biet (cd y nghia) thi HS nam gap khd khan nhieu hon HS nir 3 bidu hien (cac bidu bien 3, 5, 9). Khac biet Idn nhat giiia HS nam va HS nu: la bieu hien "budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc" (d = 0,18 va P<0,001). Didu niy mgt lin nira cho thi'y, HS nam thudng mii choi hon HS nir va cha me cung nuong nhe con trai hon con gai khi nhic nhd con hgc bai d nha. It khac biet hon ca la bidu hien "chua hgc bai budi tdi lin nao" (d=0,02 va P<0,05). Ket qua nay cbi ra ring, mac du vin cdn mii choi nhung HS dau Idp 1 budc diu da cd y tbiire hgc tap, tuy nbidn y thiic tu giac d cac em chua cao, cac em vin cin cd sir nhic nhd ciia cha me mdi ngdi vao ban hgc. So sanh danh gii ciia cac nhdm HS sdng d cac khu vuc khac nhau ve thai do dd'i vdi hgc tip cho thi'y, vd tdng the, HS ndng thdn cd it khd khin dugc the hien qua thai dg ddi vdi hgc tap hon HS thanh phd (d = 0,01 va P<0,05). Tuy nhien, ndu xet tirng bidu hien cu the thi lai cd bidu hien nay HS ndng thdn khd khan hon, nhung d bidu hien khac khd khan cua HS thanh phd lai cao hon. Ching han, HS ndng thdn thudng "Khdng dm vin nghi hgc"; "Budi tdi vira hgc, vira choi"; "Budi tdi nhidu hdm chua hgc xong da di ngii"; "Chua hgc bai budi tdi lan nao" hon HS thinh phd (vdi dg chenh lech vd DTB giira hai nhdm khach the lin lugt la 0,08; 0,15; 0,08; 0,06 va P<0,001). Nhung cd the tha'y ring, su khac biet Idn nbii li d bieu hien "budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc" ciia nhdm HS thinh phd cao hon nhdm HS ndng thdn (d = 0,45, P<0,001). Ket qua nay mgt lin niia lai cho tha'y, 0 thanh phd dieu kien sinh boat vui choi tdt hon d ndng thdn, cho nen HS thanh phd khd tap trung vao viec hgc bai d nha hon HS ndng thdn. Chii thich 1. Vu Diing (chu bien) (2008), Tddien Tdm ly hoc, Nxb Tir dien bach khoa. Ha Ndi. 2. Cac bai viei dugc dang tren Tap chi Tam ly hoc sd 5,6,9.10 Tap chi Tam ly hoc 2008 visd 12 nam 2009. 3. Bill Van Hue, Phan Thi Hanh Mai, Nguydn Xuan Thiic (2008), Gido trinh Tdm li hoc tieu hoc, Nxb Dai hgc Su pham. Tai lieu tham khao 1./ImiwJe - Penguin Books Inc. trang 276. 2. Lomov B.Ph (2000), Nlulng van de ly ludn vd phuang phdp ludn tdm ly hgc, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi (Nguyen Due Hudng, Duong Dieu Hoa. Phan Trgng Ngo dich). 3. Schwarzer, R (1981), "Su cdng thdng, lo sg vd hdt life", Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Dan theo Sif phdi trieii nhdn tlu'fc hgc tap vd gidng day do Franz Emanuel Weinert (chil bien), Nxb Giio due, 1998, tr 153. 4. Vien Khoa hgc giao due - Trung tim Tam li hoc - Sinh li hgc liia tudi (2001), Mat sd ddc diem sinh li vd tdm li cua HS tieu hgc ngdy na\, NXB DllQG Ha Ndi. 34 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC. So 2 (131). 2 - 2010 . tap* 10 . Su tap trung trong qua trinh hoc bai va lam bai tap d nha* DTB nhdm DTE 1, 11 1, 25 1, 56 1, 23 1, 06 1, 51 1, 39 1, 21 1, 47 1, 33 1, 31 DLC. ddi vdi hgc tap cua HS diu Idp 1 la thi'p nhai (DTB nhdm TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (13 1), 2 - 2 010 29 = 1, 31; DTB trung vi ciia toan thang