DONG CO HOC CHQ VIET CUA NGUOI HMONG TIN LANH Le Van Hao Vien Tdm ly hoc. I. Dat van de Truyen thuyet cho thay dudng nhu ngudi Hmdng da tirng cd chir viet, nhung sau bi mat va hg tin rang tir dd cugc sdng ciia hg trd nen co cue. Mat chii nen bi ngudi Han chiem dat, bdi vay ngudi Hmdng cd cau tho than rang: "Vi ngudi Meo ta khdng biet chu; Thua kien ngudi Han ta mdi di". Dd'i vdi nhieu ngudi Hmdng, mat chii la mat dat, mat ngudi lanh dao va cugc sdng'bat dau roi vao canh ngheo hen, tdi tam. Hg tin rang, mudn ddi ddi, mudn cd cugc sdng am no, hanh phiic, mudn dugc blnh dang vdi cac dan tgc khac thi phai cd chir viet. Cudi nhiing nam 50, dau nhiing nam 60 the ky trudc, ngudi Hmdng Viet Nam cd mgt by vgng vi cd "cKii Hmdng Bac Ho" "chir Hmdng Viet Nam" (Ld Giang Pao, 2004). Nhung cam giac by vgng "ngudi Meo ta cd chir rdi" dd nhanh chdng t£fn di. Theo Triin Hiiu Son (1996, tr. 196) thi toan tinh Lao Cai thdi diem 1996 sd ngudi biet va sir dung thanh thao chir Hmdng nay chi cdn vai tram ngudi tren tdng sd 110.000 ngudi Hmdng. Chii yeu sd ngudi dd la can bg tri thiic dugc dao tao trong phong trao hgc chii Hmgng ram rd dau thap ky 60 the ky trudc. Dau nam 1990, buyen Bao Yen cd tdi gan 5.000 ngudi Hmdng mdi tlm dugc 2 can bg biet chii' Hmgng. Chir Hmdng la mgt yeu to mdi tham nhap vao xa hdi Hmdng trong mgt thdi gian ngan va khdng dugc sir dung nen trd thanh "tir ngir" cdn rat it ngudi biet va sir dung. Thuc te khao sat ciia chting tdi d 2 tinh Lai Chau va Dien Bien cQng cho thay ket qua tuong tu. Trong khoang 40 can bg ca'p tinh. buyen va xa ma chiing toi da cd dip tiep xiic, cbi cd mot can bg dan van ngudi Hmdng d huyen Mudng Cha, Dien Bien la dgc va viet dugc chir Hmdng La tinh. Dao Tin Lanh tdn tai d nhieu dia phuong cd ngudi Hmdng sinh sdng trai dai tir mien niii phia Bac xudng tiln phia Tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe An va Tay Nguyen. Cau hdi dirt ra la tai sao "phong trao" hgc chir Hmdng "mdi" chi bieu hien rd d nhiing noi cd nhieu ba con chuyen dao? Dieu gi thiic daiy bg hgc chir viet "mdi" dd trong khi chuong tiinh giao due pho thdng lai khd tao dugc mgt "phong trao" nhu vay? 14 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (1 31), 2 - 2010 2. Mau nghien ciru va phuong phap Tdng quan cac tai lieu nghien ciiu trong nhirng nam qua cho thay 2 tinh Dien Bien (giap Lao) va Lai Chau (giap Trung Qud'c) cd sd lugng ngudi Hmdng theo Tin Lanh ddng hon ca'". Dien Bien cd 2 buyen dugc chgn la huyen bien gidi Mudng Cha (giap Lao) va buyen Dien Bien Ddng. Mdi huyen tuong irng lai chgn ra mgt xa la Mudng Muon va xa Pu Nhi. Tuong tu Lai Chau cd 2 huyen dugc chgn la buyen bien gidi Phong Tho (giap huyen Kim Blnh, Van Nam, Trung Qud'c) va huyen Sin Ho (cd sd lugng ngudi theo Tin Lanh ddng nha't tinh). Trong 2 huyen nay cd 2 xa dugc chgn la xa Tung Qua Lin va xa Hong Thu. Cac huyen xa tren dugc chgn theo phuong phap phan tang va theo mot sd tidu chi nha't dinh. Phuong phap nghien ciiu chii dao la phdng van sau va quan sat tren co sd "3 ciing" (an, d, tham gia cac budi sinh boat tdn giao vao budi tdi tai dia phuong). Tdng cdng trong toan miu cd 71 ngudi bao gdm ca nhirng ngudi trudng nhdm. tich cue, da tirng la can bg dia phuong dang theo dao. 26 ngudi da tirng theo dao nhung nay bd sinh boat va 42 ngudi la can bg cac cap. Qua trinh thu thap dii lieu dugc tien hanh trong 3 dgt dien da trong khoang thdi gian khdng lien tuc tir thang 4/2005 den thang 7/2006. Trung blnh mdi cugc dien da keo dai khoang 2 tuan. 3. Mgt sd iiet qua ban dau 3.1. Hau nhit nhd nao cung co Kinh thanh vd nhieu ngudi biet doc Viec cau nguyen tai gia va dgc Kinh thanh cd lien quan tdi nhau. Thuc te hau nhu gia dinh nao khi dugc hdi ciing cho xem Kinh thanh chii yeu bang tieng Hmdng ggi la Vdng Lao Cu, mgt sd bd (thudng la trudng nhdm hoac nhirng ngudi tich cue) cd ca Kinh thanh bang tieng phd thdng do Nha xuat ban Tdn giao in tai Ha Ngi. Danh gia ciia mgt ngudi dan dug d Tung Qua Lin rang ''mdi ngudi mgt quyen thi chua dii nhung hdii nhu gia dinh ndo cung cd"" (nam. 36 tudi, Tung Qua Lin) hoac cd khi la may quyen (thudng gia dinh ngudi Hmdng ddng nhan khaiu) la diing vdi thuc te khao sat ciia toan mSu chgn. Trong qua trinh phdng van sau, sau khi biet gia dinh cd sach Kinh thanh, chiing tdi deu de nghi hg lay ra cho xem. Mgt vai gia dinh hoi bat ngd va ai ngai khi dugc de nghi nhu vay. Sau khi trao ddi bang tieng Hmdng vdi nhau va dugc giai thich la se khdng bi "lay mat", hau nhu tat ca nhirng gia dinh nao cd deu mang ra cho xem. Ngoai Kinh thanh cdn cd cac cudn sach giao ly can ban hay Chuang trinh thdphugng (danh cho phu nu' Tin Lanh, thanh men Tin Lanh ). Rat nhieu trudng hgp chiing toi de nghi ngudi dugc phdng van dgc thir mgt doan ma anh/chi ta thich nhat. Nhieu ngudi, phan Idn thudc nhdm tre tuoi ca nam lin nu, hao hiing, phan khdi doc cho nghe, sau dd mgt vai ngudi thao tieng phd thdng cdn dich lai cho nghe. Da sd ngudi gia deu khdng dgc duoc, nhung TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131). 2 - 2010 da sd thanh thieu men cd kha nang dgc, hieu. Trong sd nhiing ngudi da dugc phdng van, cd khoang 1/3 sd ngudi dgc kha thanh thao theo tidu chi (i) kha trgi chay va (li) khdng can chi tay. Khoang 1/3 dgc cham, phai chi tay tirng ddng hay chii. Sd cdn lai hoan toan khdng dgc dugc. Luu y rang Kinh thanh la mgt loai sach dich va rat khd dgc, khd hieu vdi ca ngudi cd hgc van cao. Ndi ve sach Kinh thanh va dgc sach Kinh thanh nhirng ngudi dugc phdng van bay td cam xiic bang cac tir nhu "thich nhieu lam", "dgc sach thich lam" hoac "minh dgc dugc va cung thich nhung vg nd cdn thich hon". Mgt vat phu nu thich dgc "Chuong trinh thd phugng" (danh cho phii nir Tin Lanh) nhu ngudi phu nir dudi day: / "Minh dgc quyen ''Chiumg trinh thd phuc/ng" (ddnh cho phu nu Tin Ldnh). Ngay ndo cung dgc, luc toi, hie nghi ngai, khi dn cam toi xong dgc mgt luc mdi ngil. Minh chi cd mgt quyen. Doan rido minh cung thich " (nii, 34 tuoi, Tung Qua Lin). 3.2. Sach thanh ca dugc phu nu vd thanh nien yeu thich Ngoai sach Kinh thanh, hg cdn cd cac cudn sach mdng hon ghi nhiing bai thanh ca. Khi dugc dd nghi hat cho nghe mgt bai, mgt sd ngudi tre tuoi hoac phu nir trung tuoi khdng ngan ngai hat ngay, rat tu nhidn, tham chi cdn hat tdi 2, 3 bai. Cd mgt hai trudng hgp, phai de nghi hg mdi dirng lai. Bai "Chiia bay yeu thuong chiing con" la bai dugc nhieu ngudi biet den va hay hat. Quan sat, tlm hieu them thi thay, tuy chi cd mgt sd hg cd ti vi nhung rat nhieu hg lai cd dau DVD Trung Qud'c. Hg giai thich rang khgng du tidn mua ca hai nen chgn mua dau DVD de xem dugc ca bang ca nhac va phim bang tieng Hmdng. Ngudn bang dTa nay da sd deu cd ngudn gd'c nude ngoai, trudng hgp Pu Nhi thi da sd tir Minesota (My), noi cd ddng dao ngudi Hmdng ra di tir Lao de'n sinh sdng tir sau 1975. Tuy dung vao dip World Cup d Due (thang 6/2006) nhung d Tung Qua Lin khdng ai biet gi ve su kien dd ngoai mgt so anh em bd ddi d don bien phdng 281 ddng trdn dia ban xa. Buoi tdi d nha, trudng ban Hang Trg A va B, xa Pu Nhi ciing hay md phim hoac ca nhac cho tre con va ngudi Idn xem ra't ddng, rat cham chii, say me tudng chirng khdng gl cd the diit ra dugc. Chuong trinh VTVl va giai tri d VTV3 hiiu nhu khdng thu hiit dugc sir chii y ciia ngudi dan d day. Khi dugc hdi cd bao gid xem va cd thich cac chuong trinh giai tri ciia VTV3 khdng, mgt sd ndi rang "dd la chuong trinh danh cho ngudi thanh phd, mien xudi thdi". Ly do chii yeu la vi nhidu ngudi Hmdng, nha't la phir nir va ngudi gia khdng nghe va ndi dugc tieng pho thdng nen xem ti vi "chang khac gi xem dai nude ngoai, khdng bidu gi ca". "Ngudi Hmdng d day chi thich cac bang ca nhac, phim ciia ngudi Hmdng (hai ngoai) nay thdi". Nhu cau dac biet cua ngudi Hmdng ve chu viet la dieu cd the hieu dugc. Kinh thanh va thanh ca ciia dao Tin Lanh la ta't ca nhirng gi hg cd trong tay va 16 TAP CHITAM Ly HOC, Sd2 (131), 2 - 2010 cac an phaim nay deu in bang tieng Tlmdng La tinh. Vay, hg se dgc gi neu khgng phai la Kmh thanh? Cd the ndi rang ddi vdi nhieu ngudi Hmdng d 4 xa da nghien cuu, cuon sdch ddu tien trong ddi md hg dgc khi Idn dau tien biet chu Hmdng chinh Id Kinh thdnh. Mgt thuc tedang suy nghi cho nhieu ngudi. Su "hap dan" ciia Kinh thanh va thanh ca ciing vdi cac sinh boat cau nguyen cd ve nhu da tao ra mgt phong trao hgc chir Hmgng La tinh nhu mgt he qua ciia viec chuyen dao ma chiing toi se ban ky d phan sau. 3.3. Chuyen dao vd chii viet cua ngudi Hmdng ""Phong trdo"" hgc chu Hmdng La tinh Nhu da trinh bay, hau nhu cac gia dinh deu cd sach Kinh thanh va nhieu ngudi dgc dugc true tiep bang tieng Hmgng. Sach thanh ca cung ha'p dan phu nii va thanh nien. Cau hdi dat ra la ye'u td nao da din den hanh vi nay? Chung ta biet rang khac vdi Cdng giao. Tin Lanh de cao vi tri Kinh thanh, coi dd la chuain muc duy nha't ciia giao ly va diic tin. Dieu dac biet la Tin Lanh khdng coi Kinh thanh la quyen sach chi cd hang giao sT mdi cd quyen rao giang. Ngugc lai, la tin dd ai cQng cd quydn dgc true tiep, hieu theo each cua minh va thuc hanh theo Idi Chiia. Cach thuc hanh nay cang lam cho mdi quan he giira tin dd va Chiia cua hg trd ndn true tiep, don gian va gan gui hon. He qua la no khuyen khich nhung ngudi theo Tin Ldnh tu dgc Kinh thdnh. Den lugt minh, viec khuyen khich dgc Kinh thanh mgt each true tiep lai dap ling nhu cau, khat vgng cd chir viet de dugc blnh dang vdi cac dan tdc khac, de "cd sir hieu biet nhu ngudi ta". Hgc chir Hmdng vi vay trd thanh mgt dgng co. Tuy rat than trgng, nhung khi dugc hdi ve van de nay, cac can bg dia phuong deu cho rang viec hgc chir Hmdng La tinh*"* dang Id mgt phong trdo d nhirng ngudi Hmdng theo Tin Lanh tai dia phuong ma hg cdng tac. Dieu nay dugc nhieu ngudi Hmdng theo Tin Lanh khing dinh. Vi du, mgt ngudi dan dug (da tirng tham gia khang chien chd'ng Phap), vg chet nen d vdi con trai. Ong ndi ve con trai minh: "Nd cd sdch Kinh thdnh bang tieng Hmdng, cd sdch thdnh ca. Nghe nd dgc, nd hdt. Tdi ve rid thap den, doc chu xemg nd cdn lidt nua, nd ndi cd sdch thi mdi hdt dugc the'dd'y " (nam, 62 tuoi, Mudng Muon). Tuy chua cd thd'ng ke chinh thirc va udc lugng ciia nhung ngudi trong cugc ve sd lugng ngudi theo Tin Lanh biet chir Hmdng La tinh d tirng xa cd khac nhau, nhung deu cd diem chung la nhieu ngudi, nhat la Idp tre biet dgc va viet chir Hmdng La tinh. '"Nhd ndo theo cung biet dgc hei, mdi nhd khoang vdi ngudi biei dgc"" (nam, 36 tuoi, Mudng Muon). TAPCHITAMLynOCSd 2 (131), 2-2010 17 "Bdn ndy 10 thi chi 1, 2 ngudi khdng dgc dugc chu TInumg. Phu nu thi JU ngifdi phdi 5 ngucfi dgc dugc. Chu Hmdng tidy di Idm, 5-6 thdng Id dgc thodi nidi. Em cdn viei thu thodi mdi tula. Ndm 93 - 94 theo Chiia, den ndm 1995 em dd doc thodi mdi rdi ma" (nam, 28 tuoi. Hong Thu). "Thanh nien 10 dua thi chi 1 dua khdng biet chuHmcmg then. Chiing nd viei thu cho nhau (con gdi con trai day) todn bang tieng Hmdng thdi. Nhung yeu nhau chi viei thu thdi klwng dugc ngii vdi nhau. Nhieu dua dgc. viet dugc chilHmdng Idm"" (nam, 54 tuoi. Hong Thu). Tuy nhien, se la thien lech khi ndi rang chi cd thanh nidn mdi tich cue tham gia "phong trao" hgc tieng Hmdng La tinh, bdi rat nhieu em gai, phu nir d cac liia tudi khac nhau tham gia. Trudng hgp dien hlnh la mot phu nir cd tudi d Tung Qua Lin. Ba nam nay 56 tudi, khdng dgc, viet, ndi, nghe dugc tieng pho thdng. Chua he di hgc d trudng bao gid. Sau khi theo Vang Trii' Tin Lanh 2 nam, ba dgc dugc sach Kinh thanh, tuy cdn phai chi tay nhung kha thanh thao. Khi dugc de nghi hat mgt bai Kinh thanh, ba hat lidn 3 bai, thugc Idng 2 bai, 1 bai phai nhln sach. Tat nhidn, ciing cd ngudi dgc, hieu va "giang dugc cho ba con nghe". nhung nhirng ngudi khac thi "dgc dugc nhung khdng hieu ma'y". Anh Thao A Ly, can bg dan van buyen Mudng Cha cho rang cd khoang 50 - 60% sd ngudi tir 14 - 15 tuoi trd Idn d nhirng ban theo dao biet chir Hmdng La tinh. Cd le con so nay cung gan vdi thuc te d cac xa khac ma chiing tdi da nghien ciiu. Anh cho biet them la hg thich viet thu cho nhau giira nhirng viing theo dao. Thu nay toan viet bang chii Hmdng. Khac vdi nhirng ban nay, nhirng ban khdng theo Vang Trii - Tin Lanh thi hau nhu rat it ngudi biet tieng Hmdng. Nhu ta thay, ddng co hgc chir Hmdng khdng chi de dgc Kinh thanh ma cdn de giao tiep thu tir vdi nhau (mgt nhu cau thudng gap d thanh nien) hoac de hgc hat cac bai thanh ca. Cd mot sd em thieu nien cdn ndi lam ca tho bang tieng Hmdng La tinh. Dieu thii hai la theo nhirng ngudi dugc phdng van, chir Hmdng nay rat de hgc, tham chi chi can "xem nhieu bang" (cd tua de hoac chay chir nhu hat Karaoke) la "ciing cd the biet dugc thdi ma". Chu Hmdng Viet Nam vd "chu Hmdng La tinh " Cd ve nhu khat vgng cd chir viet ciia mgt dan'tgc da tii'ng "bi mat" chir viet it nha't 2 lan (mgt lan theo truyen thuyet va mgt lan viio nhirng nam 60 ciia the ky trudc) lai dugc the hien mgt lan ntra, it nha't la trong mhx chgn ciia nghien ciiu nay. Theo cac thdng tin tdng hgp tren cac website lien quan den van hoa dan tdc Hmdng (http://www.cultui-aioricntation.net/Hmong/hlaos.html) thi hien cd 2 he thd'ng chu' viet chii yeu la Hmdng trang va Hmdng xanh (Hmong Daw va Hmong Njua) cd the hieu lln nhau. Sir khac biet nay Idn hon chiit it so vdi su khac biet giira tieng Anh diing d Anh va tieng Anh diing d My. Nhu the. ngudi TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131). 2 - 2010 Hmdng khdng cd mot phidn ban chii viet thd'ng nha't cho tat ca cac cdng ddng d cac qude gia khac nhau. Chir Hmdng La tinh (Romanized Popular'" Alphabet/RPA) dugc cac nha truyen giao tao ra vao 1952 vdi muc dich truyen giao. Nd ra ddi trudc chii Hmdng Viet Nam nhung ba con ggi "chir Hmong mdi" chac vi hg mdi biet den nd trong nhirng nam gan day. Phat am ciia chii Hmdng nay gan vdi phat am cua nhdm Hmdng trang. Phan Idn cac tir dien tieng Hmdng trdn the gidi the hien ngdn ngii ciia nhdm Hmdng trang. Cd the dat cau hdi: tai sao lai cd phong trao hgc chir Hmgng La tinh ma khdng phai la chu Hmdng Viet Nam? Mac dii mgt sd noi dang nd luc khdi phuc chu Hmdng Viet Nam, nhung thuc te d Pu Nhi, mgt trong 4 xa nghien ciru cho thay tinh hlnh khgng may lac quan. Chiing ta hay nghe cau chuyen cua mgt cd giao ban Hang Trg B xa Pu Nhi. Cd ndi qua Idi phidn dich ciia chdng: "Sdch ndy (chi cuon sdch dang cdm tren tay) do Sd Gido diic ddo tao Dien Bien sogn, cd 3 tap, em chi day tap 3, tap khd nhat con 2 tap kia do cdc cd gido ndi tieng Kinh day. Vi em phdt dm chuan hem nen nhd trudng hgp ddng em day. Lap em day ci't 10 em thi chi cd 3, 4 dua thich hgc chu Hmdng ndy thdi. Cluing nd bdo Id chd Hmdng Viet Nam khdng chuan may, hgc xong nd viet khdng chinh .xdc. Nhd truiyng chdng day gi nhung md da so' hgc sinh Idn deu biet chil Hmdng La tinh. 10 em thi cung 6, 7 em bie't (chu Hmdng La tinh). No xem qua bdng, dTa cung hgc dugc. Nd di theo dao nen chiu khd hgc chu Hmdng men lam, nd hgc rat chuan. Em day a lap chiing nd bdo sao cd khdng day chung em chil Hmdng mdi ay, chung em thich hem"" (Cd giao, 31 tudi, ngudi Hmdng trang, Pu Nhi). Tdm lai, d nhirng xa nghien cii-u dudng nhu cd mgt phong trao hgc chir Hmdng mdi, mgt phong trao kha sau, rgng va mang tinh tu nguyen nen cd hieu qua. Theo chiing tdi, cd it nhat 2 yeu td anh hudng den ddng lire hgc chir Hmdng La tinh d nhiing ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh. Nguyen nhan thii nhat nam trong chinh dac diem ciia dao Tin Lanh, mdt tdn giao khuyen khich tin dd true tiep dgc Kinh thanh va thuc hanh theo Idi Chiia ma khdng can phai chd dgi muc su, nhung ngudi cdn vang bdng d 4 xa chiing tdi da nghien ciiu. Mudn lam dugc dieu dd thi phai biet chir. Khi tu dgc dugc rdi, mgt sd ngudi (thudng la nhirng ngudi tich cue. nhdm trudng hay thanh nien cd hgc van tdt ho'n) cd xu hudng thudng xuyen tham chieu, dan giai nhung dieu cu the tir sach Kinh thanh. Dieu nay phan anh mgt miic do nhau thuc mdi, khdng chi cdn Id nghe ngUdi khdc ndi, nghe ddi ndi, md mgt sd ngudi dd cd khd nang tit tim hieu gido ly, tham chieii nd khi cdn thiei. Nguyen nhan thii hai la khdng the phii nhan mdi lien he va vai trd anh hudng ciia cong ddng 1 Imdng d My (phiin Idn ra di tir Bac Lao, viing gan bien gidi tinh Son La va Dien Bien) thdng qua cac san pham van hoa ciia hg. Lam TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC. Sd 2 (131). 2 ^ 2010 chil dugc chii Hmdng La tinh cho phep nhung ngudi Hmdng Viet Nam tiep can dugc vdi cac san phaim van boa ciia cdng ddng Hmdng d nhidu nude khac. Khi khai thac thdng tin tren Internet, chiing tdi thay rang hien dang cd rat nhieu website bang tieng Hmdng vdi nhirng thdng tin, hlnh anh ly thu ve cugc sdng kinh te, xa hdi van boa ciia ngudi Hmdng khap noi tren the gidi, dac biet la Bac My va Australia. Ban cd the cd dugc tir dien Hmdng-Anh, Anh-Hmdng, b^n cd the vao chuong trinh hgc tieng Hmdng trdn mang nhirng dieu chk chan se thu hiit nhdm thanh nien Hmdng neu hg cd cO hgi tiep can. Ngoai ra, biet chu Tlmdng La tinh cung tao cam giac dugc giao tiep, gin ket vdi mgt cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng ddng dao, rgng Idn trdn the gidi, chu khdng phai chi cdn bd hep, biet lap d cac viing niii Tay Bac Viet Nam. Chi cd thdi gian mdi khang dinh dugc rang "phong trao" nay se tdn tai hay mang tinh nha't thdi. Nhung dii the nao thi viec hgc chir viet nhu vay se cd nhieu tac ddng ve mat van hoa, xa hgi va tam ly cua ngudi Hmdng. Phong each hgc tap, tu duy, giao tiep cua nen van hoa cd chu viet va khdng cd chir viet (truyen mieng) rat khac nhau. Vi the cua phu nir Hmdng cung cd the bi anh hudng. Chac chan cac van de nay can phai cd nhirng ngbidn ciiu tiep theo mdi cd the tra Idi mgt each tha'u dao. Chu thich 1. Dien Bien co 20.257 nguai; Lai Chau co 14.924 nguoi; Cao Bang co 9.721 nguoi: Lao Cai: 7.193; Bac Kan: 6.895; Ha Giang: 5.605; Thanh Hoa: 4.479 nguoi (Nguyen Thanh Xuan, 2005). 2. Nhieu nguai tham gia phong van gpi voi cai ten khac nhau theo each hieu khac nhau la "tieng Hmong La tinh", "tieng Hmong moi" (de: phan biet voi tieng Hmong Viet Nam ra doi cuoi nhung nam 1960) "tieng Hmong Vang Trii" (vi la chir duoc diing trong cac tai lieu Kinh thanh, thanh ca Vang Trii - Tin Lanh). Tai nhien cac thong tin nay dtu thieu chinh xac nhung do la nhan thiic cua ba con. 3. Co website chii giai P la practical. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Nguyin Thanh Xuan (2005). Mot so dgc diem tinh hinh ton gido dViet Nam. Tap chi Cong tac xa hoi. so 1/2005. 2. Lo Giang Pao (2004), Mot ngifdi Bd Y tham gia sdng lao chu I Imdng dViet Nam, Tap chi Van hoa Cac dan toe. Hoi VHNT cac dan toe thieu so Viet Nam, So 8 (128),, tr. 11-12 3. Tran HCru Son (1996), \dn hod Hmdng. XXB Van hoa dan toe. Ha Noi, tr 55-56. 20 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 . Thuc te khao sat ciia chting tdi d 2 tinh Lai Chau va Dien Bien cQng cho thay ket qua tuong tu. Trong khoang 40 can bg ca'p tinh. buyen va xa ma. vdi Cdng giao. Tin Lanh de cao vi tri Kinh thanh, coi dd la chuain muc duy nha't ciia giao ly va diic tin. Dieu dac biet la Tin Lanh khdng