MOT SO VAN OE LY LUAN VE OAO DQC MOI TRUONG Vu Dung Vie?2 Tarn ly hoc. Moi truang va xay dirng moi tmong ben virng la van de loan cau va ciia mm niroc. Trong boi canh phat trien kmh te, loan cau hoa, hoi nhap ciia cac quoc gia, moi trirong dang bi khai thac can kiet, su 6 nhiSm moi tmong ngay cang cao anh hirdng nghiem trong den sue khoe cua con ngiroi, den sir phat trien ben viing cua cac quoc gia. Truoc thuc trang tren da c6 nhieu dign dan quoc te dugc to chuc ban ve van de moi truong. Hoi nghi thuong dinh dau tien ve moi tru-ong dugc to chuc tai Stockhom nam 1972. Hoi nghi da dua ra tuyen bo chung CO 7 diem va 26 nguyen tdc cu the ve bao ve moi truong. Hai muoi nam sau, nam 1992, Lien hop quoc t6 chuc Hoi nghi quoc te Ian thu 2 ve moi truong tai Rio de Janneiro. Hoi nghi nay lan dau tien da chinh thuc cong nhan ban chat toan ven, chinh the va phu thuoc lin nhau cua Trai dat - ngoi nha chung cua chiing ta, cac quoc gia phai hop lire mang tfnh toan cau de giil gin va bao ve moi truong Trai dat. Hoi nghi da dua ra 27 nguyen tk boat dong nham bao v^ moi truong ben vung. Ngoai ra. Lien hop quoc con dua ra mot so Cong udc ve bao ve moi truong. Chang han, Cong uoc quoc te ve buon ban cac loai dong thuc vat hoang da nguy cap (CITES, 1972), Cong uoc Vien ve bao ve tang Ozon (Vien, 1985), Cong uoc BASEL ve kiem soat van chuyen qua bien gioi cac phe thai nguy hiem va viec tieu buy chung (New York, 1990), Cong uoc khung ve thay doi khi hau ciia Lien hop quoc (New York, 1992), Cong uoc ve da dang sinh hoc (Rio de Janneiro, 1993), Nghi dinh thu Kyoto ve giam lugng khi thai gay hieu ung nha ki'nh lam cho Trai dat am dan len (Nhat Ban, 1997) va gan day nhat la Hoi nghj thuong dinh ve bien doi khi hau cua Lien hop quoc a Copehagen, Dan Mach, thang 12 nam 2009. Trong nhung nam qua, nhieu cuoc hoi thao quoc te ve moi truong da dugc to chuc Co the noi 6 pham vi quo'c te, van de moi truong da va dang dugc quan tarn rat Ion. Tir cac hgi nghi, cong uoc va cac hgi thao quoc te tren ngudi ta khong chi ban den thuc trang o nhiSm moi truong ngay mot dang lo ngai, ma da di ra nhieu chuain muc ve bao ve moi truong Trai dat. Cac chuSn muc da phan anh nhOng chuSn muc dao due moi truong can thiet ciia moi ca nhan va cua cong dong. TAPCHI'TAM LV HOC. SO 2 (131), 2 - 2010 6 nuoc ta, tii khi phat trien kinh te thi truong, mo ciia, hgi nhap quoc te, moi truong cung da va dang la van de thdi su c6 tinh quoc gia. Trong may thap ky gan day, nhieu nguon tai nguyen ciia chung ta bi khai thac can kiet den muc bao dong, moi truong bi 6 nhiem nghiem trgng. Chiing ta c6 the dua ra vai so lieu minh hoa sau: Theo thong ke ciia Ngan hang The gioi, Ngan hang phat trien Chau A, Chuong tiinh phat trien ciia Lien hgp quoc (2000), thi 82% nha may gay 6 nhiem nam trong cac khu dan cu; 90% so nha may xay dung truoc nam 1995 khong c6 phuong tien xii ly chat thai; miic do 6 nhiem khong khi vugt tieu chuan tii 2 - 5 lan; 6 nhiem bui chi, tieng on tir cac phuong tien giao thong ngay cang nghiem Irgng; neu nam 1945 do che phu ciia riing 6 Viet Nam la 45%, thi den nam 1998 do che phu chi con 29%; giai doan 1970 - 1995, m6i nam CO 350.000 ha rirng bi tnet pha, den nam 1998 van con 150.000 ha bi triet pha m6i nam; 19 trieu ha (chiem 50% dat d6ng bang) la dat suy thoai; 28 loai dong vat c6 vii, 10 loai chim, 21 loai luong cu va bo sat dang bi de doa, 10.837 loai dong thuc vat bien dang bi de doa v.v Truoc thuc trang tren, Dang va Nha nuoc ta da c6 mot so Nghi quyet, chi thi ve bao ve moi truong nhu Nghi quyet 41 ciia Eg Chinh tri, ban hanh Luat bao ve moi truong, thanh lap mot so co quan chuyen ve moi truong. Tuy vay, viec khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen khong hgp ly, su o nhiem moi truong dang c6 xu huong tang va dang d miic ra't dang lo ngai. Mot trong nhirng nguyen nhan ciia thuc trang tren la nhieu ngudi dan va cong dong chua c6 y thiic bao ve moi truong, chua c6 cac hanh vi giu gin va bao ve moi truong. Hay noi each khac la chua hinh thanh d nhieu nguoi dan dao due ve moi truong. Mat khac, cac cong trinh nghien cuu ve dao due moi truong 6 nuoc ta hien nay rat khiem ton. Hau nhu chiing ta vln chua c6 nhirng nghien cuu mot each he thong ve dao due moi truong, chua c6 nhung danh gia, khao sat 6 pham vi long ve dao due moi truong. Co the noi, viec nghien cuu ve ly luan va thuc trang dao due moi truong, tren co so do de gop phan vao viec xay dung va nang cao dao due moi truong 6 nuoc ta hien nay la viec lam ra't can thiet, co y nghia thuc tien cao. Trong bai viet nay chung toi chi de cap de'n mot so van de ly luan ve dao due moi truong. 1. Khai niem dao due moi truong Dao due la mot hien tugng xa hgi phan anh cac moi quan he hien thuc bat ngu6n tij ban than cugc song ciia con nguoi. Trong doi song xa hgi, doi hoi tat yeu mgi nguoi phai y thuc dugc y nghla. muc dich boat dong ciia minh trong qua khu, hien tai va tuong lai. Nhilng boat dong do bao gid cung co sir chi phoi ciia nhflng quan he giira cac ca nhan, ca nhan va xa hgi. Nhung moi quan he do qui dinh gioi han nhat dinh nham dam bao Igi ich cua cong dong va xa hgi. Nhung qui dinh nay tu giac tao thanh dong luc cho sir phat trien xa hgi. Do la cac qui tac, chuain muc hoan toan tu giac trong hanh dong ciia mgi ca nhan TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. SO 2 (131), 2 - 2010 trong tat ca cac quan he xa hgi. Noi each khac, do chinh la dao diic ciia con nguoi trong xa hgi. Dao due co the dinh nghia theo cac khi'a canh sau: - Dao due la mot hlnh thai y thuc xa hgi, la tong hgp cac qui tac, nguyen lac, chuain muc xa hgi nho no con nguoi tir giac dieu chinh hanh vi ciia minh sao cho phii hgp voi Igi fch va hanh phiic ciia con nguoi, vai tien bg xa hgi trong quan he ca nhan - ca nhan va quan he ca nhan - xa hgi. - Dao due la toan bo nhiing qui tac, chuain muc nham dieu chinh va danh gia each ling xii cua con ngUOi voi nhau trong quan he xa hoi va quan he voi tu nhien. - Dao due la he thong cac qui tac, chuan muc bidu hien su tu giac trong quan he con ngUoi voi con nguoi, con nguoi voi cong dong xa hgi. voi tu nhien va voi ca ban than minh. Mot so pham trii co ban cua dao di'fc: Khi nghien ciiu dao due, chiing ta can quan tarn den mot so pham trii co ban sau: a) NghTa vii Nghia vu ciia dao diic the hien o chg khi con nguoi tham gia vao boat dong san xua't va boat dong song anh ta y thiic dugc trach nhiem ciia ban than do'i voi nguoi khac va doi voi cong dong. Ngay tii the ky XVll - XVIII, cac nha duy vat Phap da chi ro "Nghia vu dao due la cai tat yeu doi voi ta't ca mgi nguoi thuc hien trach nhiem ciia minh". NghTa vu dao due da xua't hien rat sdm va no ton tai voi thoi gian, ton tai qua cac giai doan phat trien ciia lich sii loai ngUoi. Dieu do cho thay, 6 bat ky che do xa hgi nao, 6 thdi ky phat trie'n xa hgi nao thi nghia vu cung rat can thiet. NghTa vu the hien nhu la y thiic. tinh cam con ngifoi ve moi quan he hai hoa giiia nhu cau va Igi ich ca nhan voi nhu cau va Igi I'ch ciiia cong dong, xa hgi. Dieu dang chii y la viec thuc hien nghTa vu dao diic bao gio cung mang tfnh tu giac va do chinh ban than d~, nhan thii'c ro van de. Do vay, khi thuc hien nghTa vu dao due. con nguoi luon co cam giac hanh phiic. hai long vi tinh cam cao thugng, vi long tu trgng va phaim gia ciia con nguoi. NghTa vu dao diic la y thuc va tinh cam ciia con ngUOi tu nguyen, tu giac thuc hien cac hanh dong ciia minh theo cac chufin mu'c chung ciia xa hgi. NghTa vu dao due ciia con ngudi co moi lien he chat che vdi nghia vu phap ly. Nghia vu dao due va nghia vu phap ly ciia con nguoi deu co chung muc di'ch la nham dieu chinh hanh vi ciia con ngudi cho phTi hgp vdi qui tac. chuiin muc chung ciia xa hoi. TAP CHI TAM LY HOC. SO 2 (13 1). 2 - 2010 Nghia vu khgng hlnh thanh mot each tu nhien, nhat thdi ma no dugc hlnh thanh va hoan thien trong ca qua trinh giao due, tu giao due, ren luyen trong boat dgng thuc tien ciia mdi ca nhan, tham chi qua qua trinh dau tranh, thii thach ciia cugc song. b) Lifolii^ tarn Luong tarn cd the dugc hieu nhu tieng noi ben trong day quydn uy chi din, thdi thiic con ngudi ta lam nhiJng dieu tot, ngan can, chi trich lam nhung dieu xau. Theo quan diem bien chung ciia dao due hgc thi luong tarn la y thiic trach nhiem va tinh cam dao due ciia ca nhan ve su tu danh gia nhiing hanh vi, each cu xii ciia minh trong ddi song xa hgi. Sir hinh thanh luong tam la qua trinh phat trien lau dai tir thap den cao trong qua trinh lao dgng san xuat va giao tie'p xa hgi. Cd the neu ra cac miic do phat trien ciia luong tarn nhu sau: - Y thuc ve cai can phai lam do sir sg hai bi triing phat boi thiet che xa hgi hoac y niem tam linh. - Y thiic ve cai can phai lam, can phai tranh vi xau hg trudc ngudi khac va trudc du luan xa hgi. - Y thuc ve cai can phai lam vi xau ho vdi ban than. Khi ca nhan xa'u ho vdi ban than, vdi nhiing hanh vi ciia minh la budc dau ciia cam giac luong tam. Tir cam giac do den su phan xet cac suy nghi, hanh vi ciia minh thi do chinh la luong tam. Vi the, luong tam cd quan he chat che vdi y thuc nghTa vu cua con ngudi. Khi con ngudi lam nhirng dieu xau, doe ac thi luong tam can riit. Trai lai. khi ca nhan lam nhu'ng dieu tot, cao thugng thi luong tam thanh than. Do vay, trong cau triic cua luong tam ton tai khai niem xau ho, hoi han. Giir cho Immg tam trong sach la mot tieu chi hanh phiic va tieu chi song cua con ngudi. c) llueii rd dc TTiien va ac la cap pham trii ddi lap nhaii trong mgi thdi dai, la thudc do ddi song dao due cua mgi ca nhan. Thien va ac ciing la pham trii co ban lam thudc do ddi song dao dii'c cua con ngudi. Cai thien la cai tot dcp bieu hien Idng nhan ai ciia con ngudi trong cugc song hang ngay. Do chinh la hanh vi the hien Igi ich cua ca nhan phii hgp vdi yeu ciiu va su tien bo xa hdi. Cai thien phai dugc the hien qua viec gdp phan thuc day su tien bo xa hgi, dem lai Igi ich cho mgi ngudi trong xa hoi. Ho Chi Minh da ndi: "'Vice thien thi du nhd den ma'y cung lam, viec ac thi dii nhd den TAP CHI TAM LY HOC. SO 2 (1 31), 2 - 2010 may cung tranh"*". Cai thien la phan dau cho cugc song ciia con ngudi ngay cang trd nen cao thugng hon, tot dep hon va giau linh nhan van hon. Ca^ ac la cai dang ghet, ghe tdm, cai can phai gat bd trong ddi song ca nhan va xa hgi. Cai cac lam mat di cai van minh, cao thuong cua cude song con ngudi C^uan diem ve thien va ac mang tinh lich sir va cd the hoan doi cho nhau. Cai thien va ac dugc chiing ta danh gia tuy vao nd cd thiic day hay can trd su phat trien ciia xa hgi, hanh phiic ciia con ngudi. Trong nghien cuu ve dao diic moi trudng, cac pham trii nay can dugc quan tam vi chung phan anh nhirng bieu hien co ban cua dao due moi trudng. Trong viec thuc hien dao due moi trudng cac ca nhan va to chuc can thuc hien nghTa vu, trach nhiem va luong tam ciia minh ddi vdi viec bao ve moi trudng. Chinh qua hanh vi ciia con ngudi ddi vdi moi trudng nd cung phan anh cai thien va cai ac ciia con ngudi, hay ndi each khac, cai cao thugng, van minh ciia con ngudi va cai xa'u xa cua con ngudi. Dao due moi trudng la mot dang cua dao due xa hgi. Nd the hien quan he cua con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng Tir phan tich khai mem dao dire d tren ta cd the dua ra khai niem dao due mdi trudng nhu sau: - Dao di'rc moi tntdng Id mot hinh thdi y thi'rc xd hoi, la tong hop cac qui tac, nguyen tac, chuan mitc nhc} do con ngifdi tu gidc dieu chinh hdnh vi cua minh vcfi moi trudng sao cho phu hcrp vdi Ic/i ich va hanh phiic ciia con ngudi, vdi tien bg xd hgi vd vdi suphdt trien mdi trudng mot each ben vilng. Tir dinh nghTa ve dao due mdi trudng ta thay can chii y mot so diem sau: - Dao due mdi trudng la toan bg nhirng qui tac, chuain muc dieu chinh hanh vi cua con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng nham dem lai Igi ich va hanh phiic cho con ngudi va dam bao sir phat trien mdi trudng mot each ben vung. Dao dire mgi trudng la toan bg nhung qui tac, chuain muc nham dieu chinh va danh gia each ung xir ciia con ngudi vdi mdi trudng. - Nhd cac qui tac va chuan muc nay ma con ngudi tu giac dieu chinh hanh vi cua minh vdi mdi trudng. Nhu vay, dao dire moi trudng the hien hanh vi ciia con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng vira mang tinh bat budc va vira mang tinh tu giac. Nd mang tinh bat budc vi dd la nhirng chuan muc va qui tdc cua xa hgi (nhirng chuain muc danh cho mgi ngudi). Mat khac, mdi trudng lien quan den mgi ngudi trong cong dong va xa hgi. Do vay, thuc hien cac chuain muc ddi vdi mdi trudng la trach nhiem, nghia vu va luong tam ciia mgi ca nhan va td chiic TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 xa hgi. Bao ve rirng dau ngudn khdng chi de bao ve Igi ich true tiep ciia nhirng ngudi song true tiep trong khu vuc dd (lam cho dat khdng bi trdi mau, giir khdng khi, mdi trudng sinh thai trong lanh, chd'ng Id dat, lu quet ), mii cdn bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai cua cac khu vuc khac (dam bao khdng khi trong lanh, giam lu lilt cho mien xudi, gdp phan phat trien ben virng ciia khu vuc va dat nude ). Nd mang tinh tu giac vi d day khi ca nhan va cong dong thuc hien cac qui tac va chuan muc ddi vdi mdi trudng do bi thdi thiic cua luong tam, do tu y thiic dugc trach nhiem va nghia vu cua minh ddi vdi mdi trudng. Hg nhan thuc dugc su can thiet phai bao ve mdi trudng vi cugc song ciia minh, ciia cong dong va xa hgi. Day la su khac biet cua dao dire mdi trudng vdi cac hanh vi ddi vdi mdi trudng do yeu cau ciia cac qui chuan phap luat - nhirng hanh vi ddi vdi mdi trudng mang tinh bat budc. 2. Mot sd tieu ehi danh gia dao dire moi trudng Dao diic mdi trudng ciia ca nhan va cong dong khdng phai la cai gl dd trim tugng, ma nd dugc the hien qua nhung hanh vi cu the ciia con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng. Do vay, danh gia dao diic mdi trudng ciia con ngudi can dugc danh gia qua cac hanh vi irng xir cua con ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng. Cd the dua ra mot sd tieu chi co ban de danh gia hanh vi dao diic mdi trudng ciia con ngudi hien nay: a. Hanh vi dao due mdi trudng la hanh vi thuc hien cac chuan muc ve mdi trudng. Ndi each khac, hanh vi dao diic mdi trudng trudc bet phai la hanh vi mang tinh chuan muc. Trong nhirng nam qua da cd nhieu chuan mirc ciia nude ta va qud'c te ve bao ve mdi trudng, dae biet la Luat bao ve mdi trudng de bao ve mdi trudng. Hanh vi mang tinh dao diic mdi trudng phai la nhirng hanh vi thuc hien cae chuan muc nay de dam bao su phat trien mdi trudng mot each ben virng. Cd khia canh can chii y khi thuc hien cac chuan mue mdi trudng: - Mdi trudng xanh: Mdi trudng xanh la tieu chuan co ban va lau dai ddi vdi boat dgng san xua't, sii' dung, khai thac tai nguyen va xay dung mdi trudng hien nay. Mdi trudng xanh the hien d cac ydu cau cu the sau: Chinh sach xanh, cdng nghe sach, san xua't xanh, tang trudng xanh, ddi song xanh, mdi trudng trong lanh, khdng d nhiem. - Su phat trien ciia mdi trudng cd tinh ben vii'ng. - Hanh dgng ciia con ngudi vi mdi trudng tu nhien. - Tdn trgng sir phong phu, da dang ciia mdi trudng sinh thai, he sinh thai. b. Y ihirc ve nghia vu ciia chii the ddi vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng. TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010 c. Y thiic tu gidc, tu nguyen cua chu the dd'i vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng. d. Su tac dgng ciia liuyng tdm chii the ddi vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng (tu y thiic ciia chii the ve nhu'ng dieu can lam de bao ve mdi trudng, su lo sg, sg hai, xau ho ciia chii the khi cd hanh vi trai vdi nhirng qui dinh ve bao ve mdi trudng, sir tu phan xet, tu danh gia ciia chii the ve nhirng hanh vi cua minh dd'i vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng). e. Viec bao ve mdi trudng gan vdi viec hai hoa ve Igi ich - hai hoa Igi ich cua con ngudi va Igi ich ciia thien nhien. g. Chia se trdch nhiem de duy tri sir toan ven ciia mgi trudng toan cau. Tren day chi la nhirng nghien ciiu budc dau ve mot sd van de ly luan cua dao diic mdi trudng. De cd dugc nhung van de ly luan ve dao diic mdi trudng mang tinh he thd'ng, chiing ta can cd nhung nghien ciiu sau ve ca ly luan va thuc tien ve van de nay. Song nhung van de trinh bay tren la nhiing co sd co ban de xac djnh va danh gia ve dao diic mdi trudng d nude ta hien nay. Chu thich (1). Ho Chi Minh, Ve van de giao due, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 1990, tr. 55. TAP CHI TAM LY HOC. Sd 2 (131), 2 - 2010