NGHỆ THUẬT LÃNH ĐẠO MSMH: NS301DV01 Chapter 3: Individual Differences and Traits Purpose After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain the role of individual difference characteristics in leadership • Describe the difference between the past and current approaches to leadership traits • Discuss the role demographic characteristics play in leadership • Identify the impact of values on leadership • Present the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership • Highlight the role of the “Big Five” and other personality traits that are relevant in leadership • Understand cross-cultural differences in individual difference characteristics Content  Elements of individual difference characteristics  The demographic characteristics of leaders  Values  Abilities and skills  Relevant personality traits  Using individual characteristics Chapter 3 3.1- Elements of Individual Difference Characteristics 2 Elements of Individual Characteristics • 2 determinants of individual characteristics: Heredity and Environment – Heredity: consist of individuals’ gene pool, gender, race, end ethnic background. – Environment: include physical location, family, culture, religion, education, and friends. • Interaction between heredity and environment – Environment and social conditions can reinforce generic patterns to influence a leader’s personality, the education system, and parental upbringings. 4 Individual Difference Characteristics • Demographic factors: such as age, and ethnic background • Values: are stable, long-lasting beliefs end preference about what is worthwhile and desirable (Rokeach, 1973). – Values are closely related to personality. Personality refers to a person’ character and temperament; whereas values are principles that a person believes – Like personality traits, values guide a leader’s behavior and are influenced by a combination of biological and environmental factors (Zaccoro, 2007), values are shaped early in life and are resistant to change. – Values also are influenced heavily by one’s culture. Individual Difference Characteristics • Personality: is a stable set of physical and psychological characteristics that make each person unique. • Abilities and Skills: – Ability, or aptitude, is a natural talent for doing something mental or physical, such as intelligence. – A skill is an acquired talent that a person develops related to a specific task. – Ability is somewhat stable over time, skills change with training and experience from one task to another. – You cannot train leaders to develop an ability or aptitude; but you can train them in new leadership skills. Organizations, therefore, recruit and hire leaders with certain abilities and aptitudes, and then train them to acquire needed skills. Multiple Perspectives and the Impact of the Situation • When situations provide little guidance and are loosely structured, a person’ individual characteristics can have a strong impact (Barrick and Mount, 1993; Mischel, 1973; Weiss and Adler, 1984) • When situations provide strong behavioral cues – that signal what behaviors and actions are expected and appropriate – most people behave according to those cues regardless of their personality traits or other individual characteristics. [...]... the comfort zone challenge them and push them to their limits Individual Characteristics and Behaviors Leaders’ Individual Characteristics and Leader Behaviors Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) list a number of traits that facilitate a leader’s acquisition of needed leadership skills: – – – – – – Drive, which include motivation and energy Desire and motivation to lead Honesty and integrity Self-confidence... is right and wrong, good and bad Value System and Culture • The ways in which a person organizes and prioritizes values is that person’s value system • Each individual s value system is unique • Many factors influence what an individual s values are: gender and cultural differences in values (Golob and Bartlett, 2007; Schwartz, 2005) – Women place a higher value on family and social issues, whereas... emotional needs, and motivate and inspire them  social and interpersonal aspects of intelligence Components of Emotional Intelligence Component Description Self-awareness Being aware of and in touch with your own feelings and emotions Self-regulation Being able to manage various emotions and moods without denying or suppressing them Self-motivation Being able to remain positive and optimistic Empathy... experience – Tolerance and ambiguity Skills • Leadership skills are divided into 3 categories: technical, interpersonal, and conceptual • The impact of ability and skills on leadership depends to a great extent on the situation • Situational factors, such as the type of organization, level of leadership, ability and needs of followers, and type of task at hand, all influence what abilities and skills leaders... lead Honesty and integrity Self-confidence Intelligence Knowledge of the business Leaders’ Individual Characteristics and Leader Behaviors • Some of the traits, namely intelligence and drive, cannot be acquired through training Others, such as knowledge of the industry and self-confidence, can be acquired with time and appropriate experience • The trait of honesty is a simple choice • Integrity, or a lack.. .Individual Characteristics Provide a Range Each individual characteristic provides a behavioral zone of comfort • The zone of comfort includes a range of behaviors that come naturally and feel comfortable to perform because they reflect individual characteristics Behaving outside of that zone is difficult, takes practice • Although individuals are ease in their behavioral comfort zone, they learn and. .. processes, methods, tools, and techniques Interpersonal skills Knowledge of interpersonal relationships including communication, conflict management, negotiation, and team building Conceptual skills Know of problem solving, logical thinking, decision making, creativity, and reasoning in general Chapter 3 3.5- Relevant Personality Traits Relevant Personality Traits No specific traits can predict who will... personality traits shown to affect work-related behaviors can help leaders develop their self-awareness and aid them in their learning and development • Traits can be strong predictors of leadership when considered in an integrated system that includes several individual difference characteristics and situational and contextual variables The Big Five Personality Dimensions 1 2 3 4 5 Conscientiousness Extraversion-Introversion... Conscientiousness The extent to which individuals are hardworking, organized, dependable, and persevering (high conscientiousness) versus lazy, disorganized, and unreliable (low conscientiousness) The Big Five Personality Dimensions Extraversion-Introversion The degree to which individuals are gregarious, assertive, and sociable (extraverts) versus being reserved, timid, and quiet (introverts) The Big... Personality Dimensions Agreeableness The extent to which individuals are cooperative and warm (highly agreeable) versus cold and belligerent (highly disagreeable) The Big Five Personality Dimensions Emotional Stability The degree to which individuals are insecure, anxious, depressed, and emotional (emotionally unstable) versus calm, self-confident, and secure (emotionally stable)  . and push them to their limits. Individual Characteristics and Behaviors Leaders’ Individual Characteristics and Leader Behaviors Kirkpatrick and. intelligence and leadership • Highlight the role of the “Big Five” and other personality traits that are relevant in leadership • Understand cross-cultural differences